CRC · California Residential Code
What are the basic requirements for studs, top/bottom plates and rodent-proofing?
For a homeowner: The CRC requires wall studs to be the right grade and run continuously from the bottom plate to the top plate, top plates to be built and spliced the way the code prescribes (double top plates are normal), bottom plates to be at least a nominal 2‑inch thickness, and any holes in exterior bottom plates around pipes or wires to be sealed to keep rodents out (the CRC points you to CALGreen for approved sealing methods).
Last reviewed: July 6, 2026
What the code requires — 2-4 sentences
In plain English: studs must be sized, graded and spaced per the CRC sizing table and must run continuously from the sole plate to the top plate; top plates must be the required plate assembly (double top plates or an approved single‑plate splice) and bottom (sole) plates must be at least a nominal 2‑inch thickness and be as wide as the studs; any annular gaps at exterior sole/bottom plates where pipes, wires or conduits pass through must be closed to prevent rodent entry in accordance with California Green Building Standards Code requirements. These rules are primarily in § R602.3.1, § R602.3.2 and § R602.3.4.1 of the California Residential Code.
The single most important obligation: studs must be continuous from the sole plate to the top plate and plates must be sized and joined so the wall transfers loads and resists pests—follow § R602.3.1, § R602.3.2 and § R602.3.4.1.
Requirements in detail
Studs — size, grade, continuity and table reference
- Stud continuity: Studs shall be continuous from support at the sole plate to a support at the top plate to resist loads perpendicular to the wall; limited exceptions apply to jack, trimmer and cripple studs at openings. § R602.3.1.
- Grade: Studs must be minimum No. 3 (standard or stud grade) lumber unless exceptions apply (utility grade allowed for certain nonbearing or limited-bearing uses). § R602.2.
- Size / spacing: The permitted size, height and spacing of studs is set by the CRC table referenced in § R602.3.1 (Table R602.3(5)). The section points you to that table for the detailed allowable combinations of stud nominal size, unsupported height and spacing. § R602.3.1.
Top plates — double top plate and single‑plate splice rules
- Double top plate (default): Bearing and exterior wall studs are normally capped with double top plates installed to overlap at corners and intersections (this provides continuity and load transfer). § R602.3.2 (see Text/Table).
- Single top plate alternative: A single top plate is permitted only where it is tied at corners, intersecting walls and butt splices in the manner shown in the code (i.e., by splice plates and specified nail counts/locations in Table R602.3.2). § R602.3.2.
Table (decision‑relevant dimensions / values)
| Item | Required / Value | Code Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum stud grade | No. 3 (standard or stud grade) | § R602.2 |
| Stud continuity | Continuous from sole plate to top plate (exceptions for jack/trimmer/cripple) | § R602.3.1 |
| Stud size/spacing | See Table R602.3(5) (size/height/spacing combinations) | § R602.3.1 |
| Top plate depth / width | Plates nominal 2‑inch depth; width not less than studs | § R602.3.2 and § R602.3.4 (top/bottom plate sizing references) |
| Single top‑plate splice (corner/intersections) | Splice plate sizes and minimum nails per side shown in Table R602.3.2 (examples: 3"×6" plate with 6–8d box nails each side in SDC A–C; larger plates/nail counts for higher SDC or braced line spacing) | § R602.3.2 (Table R602.3.2) |
| Bottom (sole) plate thickness | Nominal 2‑by (51 mm) minimum; width not less than stud width | § R602.3.4 |
| Rodent‑proofing of annular spaces | Close annular spaces at exterior bottom/sole plates in accordance with CALGreen Ch.4 Div.4.4 (e.g., cement mortar, concrete masonry or similar) | § R602.3.4.1 and CALGreen § 4.406.1 |
Notes:
- When the code text tells you “see Table …” you must use that table for the exact numeric combinations for your wall condition (height, loads, snow/wind, etc.). § R602.3.1.
- The code requires double top plates for bearing and exterior wall studs unless you meet the single‑plate splice provisions in Table R602.3.2. § R602.3.2.
Bottom (sole) plates and rodent‑proofing
- Bottom plate bearing: Studs must have full bearing on a nominal 2‑by or larger plate or sill whose width is not less than the stud width. § R602.3.4.
- Rodent proofing requirement: Annular spaces around pipes, cables, conduits or other openings in bottom/sole plates at exterior walls shall be protected against the passage of rodents by closing such openings in accordance with CALGreen (Chapter 4, Division 4.4). The CALGreen mandatory method (example) is closing with cement mortar, concrete masonry or similar method acceptable to the enforcing agency. § R602.3.4.1; see CALGreen § 4.406.1.
Exceptions & special cases
- Utility‑grade studs: Utility grade studs are permitted only in limited uses and with limitations (e.g., not more than 16 inches o.c., not supporting more than a roof and ceiling, height limits). § R602.3.1 and § R602.2 exceptions.
- Bearing studs / joist alignment: If joists, trusses or rafters are spaced more than 16 inches o.c. and bearing studs beneath are 24 inches o.c., the upper members must bear within 5 inches (127 mm) of the studs below — or meet the top plate/third plate/blocking exceptions. § R602.3.3.
- Single top plate allowed only when tied per Table R602.3.2 and when rafters/joists are centered over studs within 1 inch (25 mm) (the table shows splice plate and nail counts by SDC and braced‑wall spacing). § R602.3.2.
- Where the CRC defers to CALGreen: Rodent closure methods are required by § R602.3.4.1 but CALGreen § 4.406.1 prescribes acceptable materials/methods (cement mortar, concrete masonry, or similar). If the CALGreen text is silent on a detail, the enforcing agency’s acceptable alternative applies.
Common mistakes
- Relying on a single top plate without following Table R602.3.2 splice/tie requirements — leads to improper butt splices and weak load paths. § R602.3.2.
- Cutting or notching studs deeper than permitted or not observing the difference between exterior/bearing studs and nonbearing studs — see drilling/notching rules (R602.6). § R602.6 (referenced from R602).
- Using undersized or non‑continuous plates — bottom plates must be at least nominal 2‑by and the plate width must be at least the stud width. § R602.3.4.
- Forgetting to close annular spaces at exterior bottom plates (e.g., around irrigation, gas or electrical penetrations). Inspectors commonly look for cement mortar, concrete masonry or equivalent filling per CALGreen § 4.406.1. § R602.3.4.1.
Worked example — concrete scenario with numbers
Scenario: You are framing an exterior bearing wall with nominal 2×4 studs, supporting one floor plus roof in Exposure B. You plan 16‑inch stud spacing and standard No. 2 or better studs.
Step‑by‑step application:
- Verify stud sizing/spacing: The CRC requires stud sizing and spacing per § R602.3.1 (use Table R602.3(5) to confirm that 2×4 studs at 16" o.c. are permitted for your specific unsupported height and loads). § R602.3.1.
- Provide continuity: Install studs continuous from the sole plate to the double top plate (unless at openings where jack/cripple studs are used). § R602.3.1.
- Top plates: Install double top plates (standard) and offset butt joints per the code (or, if you prefer a single top plate, build the splice per Table R602.3.2 — e.g., use the 3"×6" galvanized splice plate with the minimum nail schedule shown for your SDC). § R602.3.2.
- Bottom plate: Use a nominal 2‑by bottom plate (actual 1½" thickness) with width at least the stud width; ensure full bearing of studs on the plate. § R602.3.4.
- Penetrations at the exterior bottom plate: If you run a 1‑inch pipe through the sole plate to the outside, close the annular gap around the pipe with cement mortar or equivalent to prevent rodents per § R602.3.4.1, applying CALGreen § 4.406.1 method. § R602.3.4.1 and CALGreen § 4.406.1.
If you follow those steps (confirming the exact stud height/spacing entry in Table R602.3(5) for your wall height and load case), the framing will comply with the referenced CRC provisions.
Related provisions
- § R602.2 — Stud grade (No. 3 minimum; exceptions for utility grade).
- § R602.3.3 — Bearing studs and requirement for joists/trusses to bear within 5 inches when certain spacing conditions exist.
- § R602.3.4 — Bottom (sole) plate sizing and bearing requirements.
- § R602.6 — Drilling and notching limits for studs.
- § R602.7 — Header supports and required studs at openings.
- CALGreen § 4.406.1 — Specific rodent‑proofing materials/methods referenced by CRC § R602.3.4.1.
Code references
Grounded in the retrieved California Residential Code — click a citation to read the verbatim passage:
CRC § 0.113 High relevance — show source text
036″
galvanized steel
plate or equivalent|(6) 8d box
(21/2″ × 0.113″) nails|3″× 12″ × 0.036″
galvanized steel
plate or equivalent|(12) 8d box
(21/2″ × 0.113″) nails| |Structures in SDC D0, D1 and D2, with braced wall
line spacing greater than or equal to 25 feet|3″ × 8″ × 0.036″
galvanized steel
plate or equivalent|(9) 8d box
(21/2″ × 0.113″) nails|3″ × 16″ × 0.036″
galvanized steel
plate or equivalent|(18) 8d box
(21/2″ × 0.113″) nails| |For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.|R602.3.3 Bearing studs. Where joists, trusses or rafters are spaced more than 16 inches (406 mm) on center and the bearing studs below are spaced 24 inches (610 mm) on center, such members shall bear within 5 inches (127 mm) of the studs beneath.
Exceptions:
- The top plates are two 2-inch by 6-inch (38 mm by 140 mm) or two 3-inch by 4-inch (64 mm by 89 mm) members.
- A third top plate is installed.
- Solid blocking equal in size to the studs is installed to reinforce the double top plate.
R602.3.4 Bottom (sole) plate. Studs shall have full bearing on a nominal 2-by (51 mm) or larger plate or sill having a width not less than to the width of the studs.
R602.3.4.1 Rodent proofing. Annular spaces around pipes, electric cables, conduits or other openings in bottom/sole plates at exterior walls shall be protected against the passage of rodents by closing such openings in accordance with the California Green Building Standards Code, Chapter 4, Division 4.4.
R602.3.5 Braced wall panel uplift load path. Braced wall panels located at exterior walls that support roof rafters or trusses (including stories below top story) shall have the framing members connected in accordance with one of the following:
- Fastening in accordance with Table R602.3(1) where: 1.1. The ultimate design wind speed does not exceed 115 mph (51 m/s), the wind exposure category is B, the roof pitch is 5:12 or greater, and the roof span is 32 feet (9754 mm) or less.
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WALL CONSTRUCTION
CRC § 3.4 High relevance — show source text
Exceptions:
- The top plates are two 2-inch by 6-inch (38 mm by 140 mm) or two 3-inch by 4-inch (64 mm by 89 mm) members.
- A third top plate is installed.
- Solid blocking equal in size to the studs is installed to reinforce the double top plate.
R602.3.4 Bottom (sole) plate. Studs shall have full bearing on a nominal 2-by (51 mm) or larger plate or sill having a width not less than to the width of the studs.
R602.3.4.1 Rodent proofing. Annular spaces around pipes, electric cables, conduits or other openings in bottom/sole plates at exterior walls shall be protected against the passage of rodents by closing such openings in accordance with the California Green Building Standards Code, Chapter 4, Division 4.4.
R602.3.5 Braced wall panel uplift load path. Braced wall panels located at exterior walls that support roof rafters or trusses (including stories below top story) shall have the framing members connected in accordance with one of the following:
- Fastening in accordance with Table R602.3(1) where: 1.1. The ultimate design wind speed does not exceed 115 mph (51 m/s), the wind exposure category is B, the roof pitch is 5:12 or greater, and the roof span is 32 feet (9754 mm) or less.
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WALL CONSTRUCTION
1.2. The net uplift value at the top of a wall does not exceed 100 plf (146 N/mm). The net uplift value shall be determined in accordance with Section R802.11 and shall be permitted to be reduced by 60 plf (86 N/mm) for each full wall above.
- Where the net uplift value at the top of a wall exceeds 100 plf (146 N/mm), installing approved uplift framing connectors to provide a continuous load path from the top of the wall to the foundation or to a point where the uplift force is 100 plf (146 N/mm) or less. The net uplift value shall be as determined in Item 1.2.
- Wall sheathing and fasteners designed to resist combined uplift and shear forces in accordance with accepted engineering practice.
R602.4 Interior load-bearing walls. Interior load-bearing walls shall be constructed, framed and fireblocked as specified for exterior walls.
R602.5 Interior nonbearing walls. Interior nonbearing walls shall be permitted to be constructed with 2-inch by 3- inch (51 mm by 76 mm) studs spaced 24 inches (610 mm) on center or, where not part of a braced wall line, 2-inch by 4- inch (51 mm by 102 mm) flat studs spaced at 16 inches (406 mm) on center. Interior nonbearing walls shall be capped with not less than a single top plate. Interior nonbearing walls shall be fireblocked in accordance with Section R602.8.
R602.6 Drilling and notching of studs. Drilling and notching of studs shall be in accordance with the following:
- Notching. A stud in an exterior wall or bearing partition shall not be cut or notched to a depth exceeding 25 percent of its depth. Studs in nonbearing partitions shall not be notched to a depth exceeding 40 percent of a single stud depth.
CRC § 3.6 Medium relevance — show source text
Staples used for framing and sheathing connections shall have minimum average bending moments as follows: 3.6 in.-lbs (0.41 N-m) for No. 16 gage staples, 4.0 in.-lbs (0.45 N-m) for No. 15 gage staples, and 4.3 in.-lbs (0.49 N-m) for No. 14 gage staples.
2303.7 Shrinkage. Consideration shall be given in design for the effects of wood cross-grain dimensional changes that occur as a result of changes in the wood moisture content after installation.
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WOOD
SECTION 2304—GENERAL CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
2304.1 General. The provisions of this section apply to design methods specified in Section 2302.1.
2304.2 Size of structural members. Computations to determine the required sizes of members shall be based on the net dimensions (actual sizes) and not nominal sizes.
2304.3 Wall framing. The framing of exterior and interior walls shall be in accordance with the provisions specified in Section 2308 unless a specific design is furnished. 2304.3.1 Bottom plates. Studs shall have full bearing on a 2-inch-thick (actual 1 [1] / 2 -inch, 38 mm) or larger plate or sill having a width not less than equal to the width of the studs.
2304.3.1.1 [HCD 1] Rodent proofing. Annular spaces around pipes, electric cables, conduits or other openings in bottom/sole plates at exterior walls shall be protected against the passage of rodents by closing such openings in accordance with the Califor- nia Green Building Standards Code (CALGreen), Chapter 4, Division 4.4.
2304.3.2 Framing over openings. Headers, double joists, trusses or other approved assemblies that are of adequate size to transfer loads to the vertical members shall be provided over window and door openings in load-bearing walls and partitions.
2304.3.3 Shrinkage. Wood walls and bearing partitions shall not support more than two floors and a roof unless an analysis satisfactory to the building official shows that shrinkage of the wood framing will not have adverse effects on the structure or any plumbing, electrical or mechanical systems or other equipment installed therein due to excessive shrinkage or differential movements caused by shrinkage. The analysis shall show that the roof drainage system and the foregoing systems or equipment will not be adversely affected or, as an alternate, such systems shall be designed to accommodate the differential shrinkage or movements.
2304.3.4 Additional requirements. [DSA-SS, DSA-SS/CC and OSHPD 1, 1R, 2, 4 & 5] The following additional requirements apply: 1. Engineering analysis shall be furnished that demonstrates compliance of wall framing elements and connections with Section 2302.1, Item 1 or 2.
2. Construction documents shall include detailing of sill plate anchorage to supporting masonry or concrete for all exterior _and interior bearing, nonbearing and shear walls.
CRC § 2.4 Medium relevance — show source text
Framing members that are both load-bearing and stabilization members shall meet the requirements of Section R602 and this section. Nonstructural stabilization members shall be not more than 32 inches (813 mm) on center. 2. Horizontal stabilization shall be installed at not more than 24 inches (610 mm) on center and in accordance with Figure BI103.2.4(1), BI103.2.4(2) or BI103.2.4(3). Horizontal stabilization shall be of any of the following with the stated minimum dimensions: [3] / 4 -inch (19.1 mm) bamboo, [1] / 2 -inch (12.7 mm) fiberglass rod, 1-inch (25 mm) wood dowel or nominal 1-inch by 2-inch (25 mm by 51 mm) wood.
FIGURE BI103.2.4(1)—LIGHT STRAW-CLAY WALL WITH LARSEN TRUSSES
DOUBLE TOP PLATE
VERTICAL SOLID BLOCKING
FLAT SOLID BLOCKING
LADDER (LARSEN) TRUSSES MADE WITH 2x4s AND GUSSETS PER SECTION BI103.2.4, ITEM 1
GUSSETS: [3] / 8 ″ x 3 ″ PLYWOOD OR 1x4 FASTENERS: 4–4d NAILS OR 4–1¾ ″ STAPLES
WOOD OR METAL STRAP BRACING (LIB) PER TABLE 602.10.4 WHERE APPLICABLE PER SECTION R602.10
LIGHT STRAW-CLAY INFILL
HORIZONTAL STABILIZATION OF LIGHT STRAW-CLAY PER SECTION BI103.4, ITEM 2
ANCHORAGE PER SECTION R403.1.6
2X SILL PLATE
CONCRETE OR MASONRY FOUNDATION PER SECTION R401
FRAMING FASTENERS PER TABLE R602.3(1)
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
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APPENDIX BI — LIGHT STRAW-CLAY CONSTRUCTION
FIGURE BI103.2.4(2)—LIGHT STRAW-CLAY WALL, SINGLE STUD WIDTH
DOUBLE TOP PLATE
FLAT SOLID BLOCKING
WOOD METAL STRAP BRACING (LIB) PER TABLE R602.10.4 WHERE APPLICABLE PER SECTION R602.10
2X STUDS PER SECTION BI103.2.4, ITEM 1
1x1 CLEAT CENTERED ON EACH STUD FACE BETWEEN HORIZONTAL STABILIZATION
HORIZONTAL STABILIZATION OF LIGHT STRAW-CLAY PER SECTION BI103.2.4, ITEM 2
LIGHT STRAY-CLAY INFILL
ANCHORAGE PER SECTION R403.1.6
2X SILL PLATE
CONCRETE OR MASONRY FOUNDATION PER SECTION R401
FRAMING FASTENERS PER TABLE R602.3(1)
FIGURE BI103.2.4(3)—LIGHT STRAW-CLAY WALL WITH BLIND STUDS
DOUBLE TOP PLATES
2X LET-IN PLATE
WOOD METAL BRACING (LIB) PER TABLE R602.10.4 WHERE APPLICABLE PER SECTION R602.10
2x6 MINIMUM STUDS PER SECTION BI103.2.4, ITEM 1
LIGHT STRAW-CLAY INFILL
CRC § 0.131 Medium relevance — show source text
At top and bottom plates where the wood structural panel is in direct contact with the framing, 8d common nail (21/2 inches × 0.131 inch) shall be permitted.
b. Full round head nail with minimum head diameter of 0.281 inch (7 mm).
c. Nails are in accordance with ASTM F1667.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
a. At top and bottom plates where the wood structural panel is in direct contact with the framing, 8d common nail (21/2 inches × 0.131 inch) shall be permitted.
b. Full round head nail with minimum head diameter of 0.281 inch (7 mm).
c. Nails are in accordance with ASTM F1667.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
a. At top and bottom plates where the wood structural panel is in direct contact with the framing, 8d common nail (21/2 inches × 0.131 inch) shall be permitted.
b. Full round head nail with minimum head diameter of 0.281 inch (7 mm).
c. Nails are in accordance with ASTM F1667.|BN102.3 Wall bracing. Wall bracing for EPW construction shall comply with the requirements for WSP or CS-WSP or CS-G bracing methods in Section R602.10, except that the sheathing fasteners shall comply with Table BN102.2.
BN102.3.1 Simplified wall bracing. With the exception of Section R602.12.2, Item 2, provisions of Section R602.12 shall be applicable to EPW construction. The fastening schedule for wood structural panels shall comply with Table BN102.2.
BN102.4 Rim joists. Rim joists supporting an EPW shall comply with Figure BN102.4(1) or BN102.4(2). Sawn 2× lumber or engineered wood rim board shall be used to construct rim (band) joists. Engineered wood rim board shall comply with Section R602.1.7. The minimum bearing length requirements for the floor joists shall be satisfied or joists shall be supported with metal hangers.
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For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
APPENDIX BN — EXTENDED PLATE WALL CONSTRUCTION
FIGURE BN102.4(1)—RIM JOIST CONSTRUCTION FOR EPW—DOUBLE MEMBER
FIGURE BN102.4(2)—RIM JOIST CONSTRUCTION FOR EPW—INSET DOUBLE MEMBER
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APPENDIX BN — EXTENDED PLATE WALL CONSTRUCTION
BN102.4.1 Rim joist used as rim header. Wood rim boards, or band joists, that serve as rim board headers shall be constructed in accordance with Section R602.7.2.
CRC § 4.406.1 Medium relevance — show source text
4.406.1 Rodent proofing. Annular spaces around pipes, electric cables, conduits or other openings in sole/bottom plates at exterior walls shall be protected against the passage of rodents by closing such openings with cement mortar, concrete masonry or a similar method acceptable to the enforcing agency.
SECTION 4.407—WATER RESISTANCE AND MOISTURE MANAGEMENT (RESERVED)
SECTION 4.408—CONSTRUCTION WASTE REDUCTION, DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING
4.408.1 Construction waste management. Recycle and/or salvage for reuse a minimum of 65 percent of the nonhazardous construction and demolition waste in accordance with either Section 4.408.2, 4.408.3 or 4.408.4, or meet a more stringent local construction and demolition waste management ordinance.
Exceptions:
- Excavated soil and land-clearing debris.
- Alternate waste reduction methods developed by working with local agencies if diversion or recycle facilities capable of compliance with this item do not exist or are not located reasonably close to the jobsite.
- The enforcing agency may make exceptions to the requirements of this section when isolated jobsites are located in areas beyond the haul boundaries of the diversion facility.
4.408.2 Construction waste management plan. Submit a construction waste management plan in conformance with Items 1 through 5. The construction waste management plan shall be updated as necessary and shall be available during construction for examination by the enforcing agency.
Identify the construction and demolition waste materials to be diverted from disposal by recycling, reuse on the project or salvage for future use or sale.
Specify if construction and demolition waste materials will be sorted on-site (source-separated) or bulk mixed (single stream).
Identify diversion facilities where the construction and demolition waste material will be taken.
Identify construction methods employed to reduce the amount of construction and demolition waste generated.
Specify that the amount of construction and demolition waste materials diverted shall be calculated by weight or volume, but not by both.
4.408.3 Waste management company. Utilize a waste management company, approved by the enforcing agency, which can provide verifiable documentation that the percentage of construction and demolition waste material diverted from the landfill complies with Section 4.408.1.
Note: The owner or contractor may make the determination if the construction and demolition waste materials will be diverted by a waste management company.
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RESIDENTIAL MANDATORY MEASURES
4.408.4 Waste stream reduction alternative [LR]. Projects that generate a total combined weight of construction and demolition waste disposed of in landfills, which do not exceed 3.4 pounds per square foot of the building area shall meet the minimum 65 percent construction waste reduction requirement in Section 4.408.1.
4.408.4.1 Waste stream reduction alternative. Projects that generate a total combined weight of construction and demolition waste disposed of in landfills, which do not exceed 2 pounds per square foot of the building area, shall meet the minimum 65 percent construction waste reduction requirement in Section 4.408.1.
4.408.5 Documentation. Documentation shall be provided to the enforcing agency which demonstrates compliance with Section 4.408.2, Items 1 through 5, Section 4.408.3 or Section 4.408.4.
Notes:
CRC § 2304.3.1.1 Medium relevance — show source text
2304.3.1.1 [HCD 1] Rodent proofing. Annular spaces around pipes, electric cables, conduits or other openings in bottom/sole plates at exterior walls shall be protected against the passage of rodents by closing such openings in accordance with the Califor- nia Green Building Standards Code (CALGreen), Chapter 4, Division 4.4.
2304.3.2 Framing over openings. Headers, double joists, trusses or other approved assemblies that are of adequate size to transfer loads to the vertical members shall be provided over window and door openings in load-bearing walls and partitions.
2304.3.3 Shrinkage. Wood walls and bearing partitions shall not support more than two floors and a roof unless an analysis satisfactory to the building official shows that shrinkage of the wood framing will not have adverse effects on the structure or any plumbing, electrical or mechanical systems or other equipment installed therein due to excessive shrinkage or differential movements caused by shrinkage. The analysis shall show that the roof drainage system and the foregoing systems or equipment will not be adversely affected or, as an alternate, such systems shall be designed to accommodate the differential shrinkage or movements.
2304.3.4 Additional requirements. [DSA-SS, DSA-SS/CC and OSHPD 1, 1R, 2, 4 & 5] The following additional requirements apply: 1. Engineering analysis shall be furnished that demonstrates compliance of wall framing elements and connections with Section 2302.1, Item 1 or 2.
2. Construction documents shall include detailing of sill plate anchorage to supporting masonry or concrete for all exterior and interior bearing, nonbearing and shear walls. Unless specifically designed in accordance with Item 1 above, sills under exterior walls, bearing walls and shear walls shall be bolted to masonry or concrete with [5] / 8 inch diameter by 12-inch (16 mm by 305 mm) bolts spaced not more than four (4) feet (1219 mm) on center, with a minimum of two (2) bolts for each piece of sill plate. Anchor bolts shall have a 4 inch minimum and a 12-inch maximum clearance to the end of the sill plate, and 7-inch minimum embedment into concrete or masonry. Unless specifically designed in accordance with Item 1 above, sill plates under nonbearing interior partitions on concrete floor slabs shall be anchored at not more than four (4) feet (1219 mm) on center to resist a minimum allowable stress shear of 100 pounds per linear foot (1.4 kN/m) acting either parallel or perpendicular to the wall. 3. Construction documents shall include detailing and limitations for notches and bored holes in wall studs, plates and sills.
2304.4 Floor and roof framing. The framing of wood-joisted floors and wood-framed roofs shall be in accordance with the provisions specified in Section 2308 unless a specific design is furnished.
2304.4.1 Additional requirements. [DSA-SS, DSA-SS/CC and OSHPD 1, 1R, 2, 4 & 5] The following additional requirements apply: 1. Engineering analysis shall be furnished that demonstrates compliance of floor, roof and ceiling framing elements and connections with Section 2302.1, Items 1 or 2.
2. Construction documents shall include detailing and limitations for notches and bored holes in floor and roof framing members.
CRC § 2.1 Medium relevance — show source text
R602.3 Design and construction. Exterior walls of wood-frame construction shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the provisions of this chapter and Figures R602.3(1) and R602.3(2), or in accordance with AWC NDS. Components of exterior walls shall be fastened in accordance with Tables R602.3(1) through R602.3(4). Wall sheathing shall be fastened directly to framing members and, where placed on the exterior side of an exterior wall, shall be capable of resisting the wind pressures listed in Table R301.2.1(1) adjusted for height and exposure using Table R301.2.1(2) and shall conform to the requirements of Table R602.3(3). Wall sheathing used only for exterior wall covering purposes shall comply with Section R703.
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WALL CONSTRUCTION
Studs shall be continuous from support at the sole plate to a support at the top plate to resist loads perpendicular to the wall. The support shall be a foundation or floor, ceiling or roof diaphragm or shall be designed in accordance with accepted engineering practice.
Exception: Jack studs, trimmer studs and cripple studs at openings in walls that comply with Tables R602.7(1) and R602.7(2).
TABLE R602.3(1)—FASTENING SCHEDULE Col2 Col3 Col4 ITEM DESCRIPTION OF BUILDING ELEMENTS NUMBER AND TYPE OF FASTENERa, b, c SPACING AND LOCATION Roof Roof Roof Roof 1 Blocking between ceiling joists, rafters or trusses to
top plate or other framing below4-8d box (21/2″ × 0.113″); or
3-8d common (21/2″ × 0.131″); or
3-10d box (3″ × 0.128″); or
3-3″ × 0.131″ nailsToe nail 1 Blocking between rafters or truss not at the wall
top plates, to rafter or truss2-8d common (21/2″ × 0.131″); or
2-3″ × 0.131″ nailsEach end toe nail 1 Blocking between rafters or truss not at the wall
top plates, to rafter or truss2-16d common (31/2″ × 0.162″); or
3-3″ × 0.131″ nailsEnd nail 1 Flat blocking to truss and web filler 16d common (31/2″ × 0.162″); or
3″ × 0.131″ nails6″ o.c. face nail 2 Ceiling joists to top plate 4-8d box (21/2″ × 0.113″); or
3-8d common (21/2″ × 0.131″); or
3-10d box (3″ × 0.128″); or
3-3″ × 0.131″ nailsPer joist, toe nail 3 Ceiling joist not attached to parallel rafter, laps
over partitions [see Section R802.5.CRC § 15-1.12 Medium relevance — show source text
Exterior or
interior walls—
continued|15-1.12q|2" × 6" wood studs at 16" with double top plates, single
bottom plate; interior and exterior sides covered with5/8" Type
X gypsum wallboard, 4′ wide, applied horizontally or vertically
with vertical joints over studs, and fastened with 21/4" Type S
drywall screws, spaced 12" on center. Cavity to be filled with
51/2" mineral wool insulation.|—|—|—|63/4| |15. Exterior or
interior walls—
continued|15-1.13q|2" × 6" wood studs at 16" with double top plates, single
bottom plate; interior and exterior sides covered with5/8" Type
X gypsum wallboard, 4′ wide, applied vertically with all joints
over framing or blocking and fastened with 21/4" Type S
drywall screws, spaced 12" on center. R-19 mineral fiber insu-
lation installed in stud cavity.|—|—|—|63/4| |15. Exterior or
interior walls—
continued|15-1.14q|2" × 6" wood studs at 16" with double top plates, single
bottom plate; interior and exterior sides covered with5/8" Type
X gypsum wallboard, 4′ wide, applied horizontally or vertically
with vertical joints over studs, and fastened with 21/4" Type S
drywall screws, spaced 7" on center.|—|—|—|63/4| |15. Exterior or
interior walls—
continued|15-1.15q|2" × 4" wood studs at 16" with double top plates, single
bottom plate; interior and exterior sides covered with5/8" Type
X gypsum wallboard and sheathing, respectively, 4′ wide,
applied horizontally or vertically with vertical joints over
studs, and fastened with 21/4" Type S drywall screws, spaced
12" on center. Cavity to be filled with 31/2" mineral wool
insulation.|—|—|—|43/4| |15. Exterior or
interior walls—
continued|15-1.16q|2" × 6" wood studs at 24" centers with double top plates,
single bottom plate; interior and exterior side covered with
two layers of5/8" Type X gypsum wallboard, 4′ wide, applied
horizontally with vertical joints over studs. Base layer fastened
with 21/4" Type S drywall screws, spaced 24" on center and
face layer fastened with Type S drywall screws, spaced 8" on
center, wallboard joints covered with paper tape and joint
compound, fastener heads covered with joint compound.
Cavity to be filled with 51/2" mineral wool insulation.|—|—|8|—|2025 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE 7-53
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES
CRC § 25.4 Medium relevance — show source text
SECTION
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.
Notes:
a. The top and bottom plates shall be continuous at header location. b. Jack studs shall be used for spans over 4 feet. c. Cripple spacing shall be the same as for studs. d. Wood structural panel faces shall be single pieces of [15] / 32 -inch-thick Exposure 1 (exterior glue) or thicker, installed on the interior or exterior or both sides of the header. e. Wood structural panel faces shall be nailed to framing and cripples with 8d common or galvanized box nails spaced 3 inches on center, staggering alternate nails [1] / 2 inch. Galvanized nails shall be hot-dipped or tumbled.
R602.7.4 Nonbearing walls. Load-bearing headers are not required in interior or exterior nonbearing walls. A single flat 2-inch by 4-inch (51 mm by 102 mm) member shall be permitted to be used as a header in interior or exterior nonbearing walls for openings up to 8 feet (2438 mm) in width if the vertical distance to the parallel nailing surface above is not more than 24 inches (610 mm). For such nonbearing headers, cripples or blocking are not required above the header.
R602.7.5 Supports for headers. Headers shall be supported on each end with one or more jack studs or with approved framing anchors in accordance with Table R602.7(1) or R602.7(2). The full-height stud adjacent to each end of the header shall be end nailed to each end of the header in accordance with Table R602.3(1). The minimum number of full-height studs at each end of a header shall be in accordance with Table R602.7.5.
TABLE R602.7.5—MINIMUM NUMBER OF FULL-HEIGHT STUDS AT EACH END OF HEADERS IN EXTERIOR WALLSa Col2 Col3 ** MAXIMUM HEADER SPAN**
(feet)** ULTIMATE DESIGN WIND SPEED AND EXPOSURE CATEGORY** ** ULTIMATE DESIGN WIND SPEED AND EXPOSURE CATEGORY** ** MAXIMUM HEADER SPAN**
(feet)** < 140 mph, Exposure B or < 130 mph, Exposure C** ** ≤ 115 mph, Exposure Bb** 4 1 1 6 2 1 8 2 1 10 3 2 12 3 2 14 3 2 16 4 2 18 4 2 For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 mile per hour = 0.447 m/s.
a. For header spans between those given, use the minimum number of full-height studs associated with the larger header span.
b. The tabulated minimum number of full-height studs is applicable where jack studs are provided to support the header at each end in accordance with Table R602.7(1). Where
a framing anchor is used to support the header in lieu of a jack stud in accordance with Note d of Table R602.7(1), the minimum number of full-height studs at each end of a
header shall be in accordance with requirements for wind speed < 140 mph, Exposure B.For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 mile per hour = 0.447 m/s.
a.CRC § 2.7 Medium relevance — show source text
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
RESIDENTIAL MANDATORY MEASURES
Notes:
- The Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance (MWELO) is located in the California Code of Regulations, Title 23, Chapter 2.7, Division 2.
MWELO and supporting documents, including a water budget calculator, are available at: https://www.water.ca.gov/
SECTION 4.305—WATER REUSE SYSTEMS (RESERVED)
4-10 2025 CALIFORNIA GREEN BUILDING STANDARDS CODE
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
4 RESIDENTIAL MANDATORY MEASURES
DIVISION 4.4 – MATERIAL CONSERVATION AND RESOURCE EFFICIENCY
SECTION 4.401—GENERAL
4.401.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall outline means of achieving material conservation and resource efficiency through protection of buildings from exterior moisture; construction waste diversion; employment of techniques to reduce pollution through recycling of materials; and building commissioning or testing, adjusting and balancing.
SECTION 4.402—DEFINITIONS
4.402.1 Definitions. Reserved.
SECTION 4.403 —FOUNDATION SYSTEMS (RESERVED)
SECTION 4.404—EFFICIENT FRAMING TECHNIQUES (RESERVED)
SECTION 4.405—MATERIAL SOURCES (RESERVED)
SECTION 4.406—ENHANCED DURABILITY AND REDUCED MAINTENANCE
4.406.1 Rodent proofing. Annular spaces around pipes, electric cables, conduits or other openings in sole/bottom plates at exterior walls shall be protected against the passage of rodents by closing such openings with cement mortar, concrete masonry or a similar method acceptable to the enforcing agency.
SECTION 4.407—WATER RESISTANCE AND MOISTURE MANAGEMENT (RESERVED)
SECTION 4.408—CONSTRUCTION WASTE REDUCTION, DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING
4.408.1 Construction waste management. Recycle and/or salvage for reuse a minimum of 65 percent of the nonhazardous construction and demolition waste in accordance with either Section 4.408.2, 4.408.3 or 4.408.4, or meet a more stringent local construction and demolition waste management ordinance.
Exceptions:
- Excavated soil and land-clearing debris.
- Alternate waste reduction methods developed by working with local agencies if diversion or recycle facilities capable of compliance with this item do not exist or are not located reasonably close to the jobsite.
- The enforcing agency may make exceptions to the requirements of this section when isolated jobsites are located in areas beyond the haul boundaries of the diversion facility.
4.408.2 Construction waste management plan. Submit a construction waste management plan in conformance with Items 1 through 5. The construction waste management plan shall be updated as necessary and shall be available during construction for examination by the enforcing agency.
- Identify the construction and demolition waste materials to be diverted from disposal by recycling, reuse on the project or salvage for future use or sale.
- Specify if construction and demolition waste materials will be sorted on-site (source-separated) or bulk mixed (single stream).
CRC § 10.8.2 Medium relevance — show source text
Exception: Where the outside edge of truss vertical web members aligns with the outside face of the wall studs below, wood structural panel sheathing extending above the top plate as shown in Figure R602.10.8.2(3) shall be permitted to be fastened to each truss web with three-8d nails (2 [1] / 2 inches × 0.131 inch) and blocking between the trusses shall not be required. 2. For Seismic Design Categories D 0, D 1 and D 2, where the distance from the top of the braced wall panel to the top of the rafters or roof trusses is 15 [1] / 4 inches (387 mm) or less, blocking between rafters or roof trusses shall be provided above the braced wall panel in accordance with Figure R602.10.8.2(1). 3. Where the distance from the top of the braced wall panel to the top of rafters or roof trusses exceeds 15 [1] / 4 inches (387 mm), the top plates of the braced wall panel shall be connected to perpendicular rafters or roof trusses above in accordance with one or more of the following methods: 3.1. Soffit blocking panels constructed in accordance with Figure R602.10.8.2(2). 3.2. Vertical blocking panels constructed in accordance with Figure R602.10.8.2(3). 3.3. Blocking panels provided by the roof truss manufacturer and designed in accordance with Section R802. 3.4. Blocking, blocking panels or other methods of lateral load transfer designed in accordance with the AWC
FIGURE R602.10.8.2(1)—BRACED WALL PANEL CONNECTION TO PERPENDICULAR RAFTERS
SOLID BLOCKING BETWEEN RAFTERS ATTACHED TO TOP PLATES WITH 8d @ 6 ″ O.C. ALONG LENGTH OF BRACED WALL PANEL
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
2025 CALIFORNIA RESIDENTIAL CODE 6-47
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
WALL CONSTRUCTION
FIGURE R602.10.8.2(2)—BRACED WALL PANEL CONNECTION OPTION TO PERPENDICULAR RAFTERS OR ROOF TRUSSES
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm. a. Methods of bracing shall be as described in Section R602.10.4.
FIGURE R602.10.8.2(3)—BRACED WALL PANEL CONNECTION OPTION TO PERPENDICULAR RAFTERS OR ROOF TRUSSES
WHERE AIR GAP AT TOP IS NOT USED, CENTER W/3 AVAILABLE FOR VENT HOLES
Col1 Col2 Col3 Col4 Col5 W Col7 Col8 Col9 Col10 Col11 W/3ROOF SHEATHING Col2 Col3 Col4 Col5 Col6 Col7 BRACED WALL
PANEL
2x
BLK’G
VENTING
A
BRACING
a
EDGE NAILING PER
TABLE R602.CRC § 25.4 Medium relevance — show source text
STUDS OR
TRIMMERS|JACK STUDS OR
TRIMMERS|JACK STUDS OR
TRIMMERS|JACK STUDS OR
TRIMMERS|JACK STUDS OR
TRIMMERS|JACK STUDS OR
TRIMMERS|JACK STUDS OR
TRIMMERS|JACK STUDS OR
TRIMMERS|JACK STUDS OR
TRIMMERS||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||APPLY APPROVED SHEATHING OR BRACE EXTERIOR WALLS WITH 1 IN. BY 4 IN. BRACES LET INTO STUDS AND PLATES AND EXTENDING FROM BOTTOM PLATE TO TOP PLATE, OR OTHER APPROVED METAL STRAP DEVICES INSTALLED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE MANUFACTURER’S SPECIFICATIONS. SEE SECTION R602.10.
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.
NOTE: A THIRD STUD AND/OR PARTITION INTERSECTION BACKING STUDS SHALL BE PERMITTED TO BE OMITTED THROUGH THE USE OF WOOD BACKUP CLEATS, METAL DRYWALL CLIPS OR OTHER APPROVED DEVICES THAT WILL SERVE AS ADEQUATE BACKING FOR THE FACING MATERIALS.
6-12 2025 CALIFORNIA RESIDENTIAL CODE
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
WALL CONSTRUCTION
R602.3.1 Stud size, height and spacing. The size, height and spacing of studs shall be in accordance with Table R602.3(5).
Exceptions:
- Utility grade studs shall not be spaced more than 16 inches (406 mm) on center, shall not support more than a roof and ceiling, and shall not exceed 8 feet (2438 mm) in height for exterior walls and load-bearing walls or 10 feet (3048 mm) for interior nonload-bearing walls.
- Where ground snow loads are less than or equal to 25 pounds per square foot (1.2 kPa), and the ultimate design wind speed is less than or equal to 130 mph (58.1 m/s), 2-inch by 6-inch (38 mm by 140 mm) studs supporting a roof load with not more than 6 feet (1829 mm) of tributary length shall have a maximum height of 18 feet (5486 mm) where spaced at 16 inches (406 mm) on center, or 20 feet (6096 mm) where spaced at 12 inches (305 mm) on center. Studs shall be No. 2 grade lumber or better.
- Exterior load-bearing studs not exceeding 12 feet (3658 mm) in height provided in accordance with Table R602.3(6). The minimum number of full-height studs adjacent to openings shall be in accordance with Section R602.7.5. The building shall be located in Exposure B, the roof live load shall not exceed 20 psf (0.96 kPa), and the ground snow load shall not exceed 30 psf (1.4 kPa). Studs and plates shall be No. 2 grade lumber or better.
CRC § 23-43 Medium relevance — show source text
Increases in unsupported height are permitted where justified by
an analysis.
b. Shall not be used in exterior walls.
c. Utility-grade studs shall not be spaced more than 16 inches on center or support more than a roof and ceiling, or exceed 8 feet in height for exterior walls and load-bearing
walls or 10 feet for interior nonload-bearing walls.|2025 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE 23-43
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
WOOD
2308.9.2 Framing details. Studs shall be placed with their wide dimension perpendicular to the wall. Not less than three studs shall be installed at each corner of an exterior wall.
Exceptions:
- In interior nonbearing walls and partitions, studs are permitted to be set with the long dimension parallel to the wall.
- At corners, two studs are permitted, provided that wood spacers or backup cleats of [3] / 8 -inch-thick (9.5 mm) wood structural panel, [3] / 8 -inch (9.5 mm) Type M “Exterior Glue” particleboard, 1-inch-thick (25 mm) lumber or other approved devices that will serve as an adequate backing for the attachment of facing materials are used. Where fireresistance ratings or shear values are involved, wood spacers, backup cleats or other devices shall not be used unless specifically approved for such use. 2308.9.3 Plates and sills. Studs shall have plates and sills in accordance with this section. 2308.9.3.1 Bottom plate or sill. Studs shall have full bearing on a plate or sill. Plates or sills shall be not less than 2 inches (51 mm) nominal in thickness and have a width not less than the width of the wall studs.
2308.9.3.2 Top plates. Bearing and exterior wall studs shall be capped with double top plates installed to provide overlapping at corners and at intersections with other partitions. End joints in double top plates shall be offset not less than 48 inches (1219 mm), and shall be nailed in accordance with Table 2304.10.2. Plates shall be a nominal 2 inches (51 mm) in depth and have a width not less than the width of the studs.
Exception: A single top plate is permitted, provided that the plate is adequately tied at corners and intersecting walls by not less than the equivalent of 3-inch by 6-inch (76 mm by 152 mm) by 0.036-inch-thick (0.914 mm) galvanized steel plate that is nailed to each wall or segment of wall by six 8d [2 [1] / 2 -inch by 0.113-inch (64-mm by 2.87 mm)] box nails or equivalent on each side of the joint. For the butt-joint splice between adjacent single top plates, not less than the equivalent of a 3-inch by 12inch (76 mm by 304 mm) by 0.036-inch-thick (0.914 mm) galvanized steel plate that is nailed to each wall or segment of wall by 12 8d [2 [1] / 2 -inch by 0.113-inch (64 mm by 2.87 mm)] box nails on each side of the joint shall be required, provided that the rafters, joists or trusses are centered over the studs with a tolerance of not more than 1 inch (25 mm).
California Residential Code Medium relevance — show source text
; 2′ C.R.S. with 1″ cover on
both top and bottom flanges; 13′1″ span
restrained.|60 psf|2 hrs|||7|1, 3|2| |F/C-6-RC-34|61/4″|61/4″ thick; 43/4″ (5120 psi) concrete core;
1″ T&G board flooring;1/2″ plaster under-
coat; 4″ × 3″ × 10 lbs R.S.J.; 3′ C.R.S. flush
with top surface concrete; 12′ span simply
supported; 2″ × 1′3″ clinker concrete
insert.|100 psf|4 hrs|||7|1, 7|4| |F/C-6-RC-35|61/4″|43/4″ (3600 psi) concrete core; 1″ T&G
board flooring;1/2″ plaster undercoat; 4″ ×
3″ × 10 lbs R.S.J.; 3′ C.R.S. flush with top
surface concrete; 12′ span simply
supported; 2″ × 1′3″ clinker concrete
insert.|100 psf|2 hrs
30 min|||7|1, 5|21/2| |F/C-6-RC-36|61/4″|43/4″ (2800 psi) concrete core; 1″ T&G
board flooring;1/2″ plaster undercoat; 4″ ×
3″ × 10 lbs R.S.J.; 3′ C.R.S. flush with top
surface concrete; 12″ span simply
supported; 2″ × 1′3″ clinker concrete
insert.|80 psf|4 hrs|||7|1, 7|4| |F/C-7-RC-37|7″|(3640 psi) concrete deck;1/4″ reinforce-
ment bars at 6″ pitch with 11/2″ cover;1/4″
reinforcement bars at 5″ pitch perpendic-
ular with 11/2″ cover; 13′1″ span
restrained.|169 psf|6 hrs|||7|1, 14|6| |F/C-7-RC-38|7″|(4060 psi) concrete deck; 4″ × 3″ × 10 lbs
R.S.J.; 2′6″ C.R.S. with 11/2″ cover on both
top and bottom flanges; 4″ × 6″ × 13 SWG
mesh reinforcement 11/2″ from bottom of
slab; 13′1″ span restrained.|175 psf|6 hrs|||7|1, 14|6| |F/C-7-RC-39|71/4″|53/4″ (4010 psi) concrete core; 1″ T&G
board flooring;1/2″ plaster undercoat;
4″ × 3″ × 10 lbs R.S.J.; 2′6″ C.R.S.CRC § 1.6 Medium relevance — show source text
R602.1.6 Cross-laminated timber. Cross-laminated timber shall be manufactured and identified as required by ANSI/APA PRG 320.
R602.1.7 Engineered wood rim board. Engineered wood rim boards shall conform to ANSI/APA PRR 410 or shall be evaluated in accordance with ASTM D7672. Structural capacities shall be in accordance with either ANSI/APA PRR 410 or established in accordance with ASTM D7672. Rim boards conforming to ANSI/APA PRR 410 shall be marked in accordance with that standard.
R602.1.8 Wood structural panels. Wood structural panel sheathing shall conform to DOC PS 1, DOC PS 2 or, when manufactured in Canada, CSA O325 or CSA O437. Panels shall be identified for grade, bond classification, and performance category by a grade mark or certificate of inspection issued by an approved agency.
R602.1.9 Particleboard. Particleboard shall conform to ANSI A208.1. Particleboard shall be identified by the grade mark or certificate of inspection issued by an approved agency.
R602.1.10 Fiberboard. Fiberboard shall conform to ASTM C208. Fiberboard sheathing, where used structurally, shall be identified by an approved agency as conforming to ASTM C208.
R602.1.11 Structural insulated panels. Structural insulated panels shall be manufactured and identified in accordance with ANSI/APA PRS 610.1.
R602.2 Grade. Studs shall be a minimum No. 3, standard or stud grade lumber.
Exception: Bearing studs not supporting floors and nonbearing studs shall be permitted to be utility grade lumber, provided that the studs are spaced in accordance with Table R602.3(5).
R602.3 Design and construction. Exterior walls of wood-frame construction shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the provisions of this chapter and Figures R602.3(1) and R602.3(2), or in accordance with AWC NDS. Components of exterior walls shall be fastened in accordance with Tables R602.3(1) through R602.3(4). Wall sheathing shall be fastened directly to framing members and, where placed on the exterior side of an exterior wall, shall be capable of resisting the wind pressures listed in Table R301.2.1(1) adjusted for height and exposure using Table R301.2.1(2) and shall conform to the requirements of Table R602.3(3). Wall sheathing used only for exterior wall covering purposes shall comply with Section R703.
2025 CALIFORNIA RESIDENTIAL CODE 6-3
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
WALL CONSTRUCTION
Studs shall be continuous from support at the sole plate to a support at the top plate to resist loads perpendicular to the wall. The support shall be a foundation or floor, ceiling or roof diaphragm or shall be designed in accordance with accepted engineering practice.
Exception: Jack studs, trimmer studs and cripple studs at openings in walls that comply with Tables R602.7(1) and R602.7(2).
TABLE R602.3(1)—FASTENING SCHEDULE Col2 Col3 Col4 ITEM DESCRIPTION OF BUILDING ELEMENTS **NUMBER AND TYPE OF FASTENERa, b, CRC § 2308.8.5 Medium relevance — show source text
SECTION VIEW SECTION VIEW
2308.8.5 Joists supporting bearing partitions. Bearing partitions parallel to joists shall be supported on beams, girders, doubled joists, walls or other bearing partitions. Bearing partitions perpendicular to joists shall not be offset from supporting girders, walls or partitions more than the joist depth unless such joists are of sufficient size to carry the additional load.
2308.8.6 Lateral support. Floor and ceiling framing with a nominal depth-to-thickness ratio not less than 5 to 1 shall have one edge held in line for the entire span. Where the nominal depth-to-thickness ratio of the framing member exceeds 6 to 1, there shall be one line of bridging for each 8 feet (2438 mm) of span, unless both edges of the member are held in line. The bridging shall consist of not less than 1-inch by 3-inch (25 mm by 76 mm) lumber, double nailed at each end, or equivalent metal bracing of equal rigidity, full-depth solid blocking or other approved means. A line of bridging shall be required at supports where equivalent lateral support is not otherwise provided.
2308.8.7 Structural floor sheathing. Structural floor sheathing shall comply with the provisions of Section 2304.8.1.
2308.8.8 Under-floor ventilation. For under-floor ventilation, see Section 1202.4.
2308.8.9 Floor framing supporting braced wall panels. Where braced wall panels are supported by cantilevered floors or are set back from the floor joist support, the floor framing shall comply with Section 2308.10.7.
2308.8.10 Anchorage of exterior means of egress components in Seismic Design Categories D and E. Exterior egress balconies, exterior stairways and ramps and similar means of egress components in structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D or E shall be positively anchored to the primary structure at not more than 8 feet (2438 mm) on center or shall be designed for lateral forces. Such attachment shall not be accomplished by use of toenails or nails subject to withdrawal.
2308.9 Wall construction. Walls of conventional light-frame construction shall be in accordance with this section.
2308.9.1 Stud size, height and spacing. The size, height and spacing of studs shall be in accordance with Table 2308.9.1.
Studs shall be continuous from a support at the sole plate to a support at the top plate to resist loads perpendicular to the wall. The support shall be a foundation or floor, ceiling or roof diaphragm or shall be designed in accordance with accepted engineering practice.
Exception: Jack studs, trimmer studs and cripple studs at openings in walls that comply with Table 2308.8.1.1(1) or 2308.8.1.1(2).
|TABLE 2308.9.1—SIZE,
CRC § 25.4 Medium relevance — show source text
Bales shall be attached to the studs by an approved method. Horizontal framing and attachment at top and bottom of studs shall be in accordance with Section R602 or an
approved alternative. Table R602.7(1) shall be used to determine the top framing member where load-bearing stud spacing exceeds 24 inches o.c.
g.H is vertical height only.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 mile per hour = 0.447 m/s.
NA = Not Applicable.
a. Finishes applied to both sides of stacked bales. Where different finishes are used on opposite sides of a wall, the more restrictive requirements shall apply.
b.H = Stacked bale height in feet (mm) between sill plate and top plate or other approved horizontal restraint, or the horizontal distance in feet (mm) between approved verti-
cal restraints. For load-bearing walls,H refers to vertical height only.
c.T = Bale thickness in feet (mm).
d. Plaster reinforcement shall be any mesh allowed in Table BJ106.13(1) for the matching plaster type, and with staple spacing in accordance with this table. Mesh shall be
installed in accordance with Section BJ106.9.
e. Sill plate attachment shall be with5/8-inch anchor bolts or approved equivalent at not more than 48 inches on center where staple spacing is required to be ≤ 4 inches.
f. Bales shall be attached to the studs by an approved method. Horizontal framing and attachment at top and bottom of studs shall be in accordance with Section R602 or an
approved alternative. Table R602.7(1) shall be used to determine the top framing member where load-bearing stud spacing exceeds 24 inches o.c.
g.H is vertical height only.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 mile per hour = 0.447 m/s.
NA = Not Applicable.
a. Finishes applied to both sides of stacked bales. Where different finishes are used on opposite sides of a wall, the more restrictive requirements shall apply.
b.H = Stacked bale height in feet (mm) between sill plate and top plate or other approved horizontal restraint, or the horizontal distance in feet (mm) between approved verti-
cal restraints. For load-bearing walls,H refers to vertical height only.
c.T = Bale thickness in feet (mm).
d. Plaster reinforcement shall be any mesh allowed in Table BJ106.13(1) for the matching plaster type, and with staple spacing in accordance with this table. Mesh shall be
installed in accordance with Section BJ106.9.
e. Sill plate attachment shall be with5/8-inch anchor bolts or approved equivalent at not more than 48 inches on center where staple spacing is required to be ≤ 4 inches.
f. Bales shall be attached to the studs by an approved method. Horizontal framing and attachment at top and bottom of studs shall be in accordance with Section R602 or an
approved alternative. Table R602.7(1) shall be used to determine the top framing member where load-bearing stud spacing exceeds 24 inches o.c.
g.H is vertical height only.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 mile per hour = 0.447 m/s.
NA = Not Applicable.
a.CRC § 0.42 Medium relevance — show source text
Spacing of fasteners not included in this table shall be based on Table R602.3(2).
f. For wood structural panel roof sheathing attached to gable end roof framing and to intermediate supports within 48 inches of roof edges and ridges, nails shall be spaced at 4
inches on center where the ultimate design wind speed is greater than 130 mph in Exposure B or greater than 110 mph in Exposure C. Fastener spacing applies where roof
framing specific gravity is 0.42 or larger. Where roof framing specific gravity is greater than or equal to 0.35 but less than 0.42 in accordance with AWC NDS, fastening of roof
sheathing shall be with RSRS-03 (21/2″ × 0.131″ × 0.281″ head) nails.
g. Gypsum sheathing shall conform to ASTM C1396 and shall be installed in accordance with ASTM C1280 or GA 253 . Fiberboard sheathing shall conform to ASTM C208.
h. Spacing of fasteners on floor sheathing panel edges applies to panel edges supported by framing members and required blocking and at floor perimeters only. Spacing of fasteners
on roof sheathing panel edges applies to panel edges supported by framing members and required blocking. Blocking of roof or floor sheathing panel edges perpendicular to the
framing members need not be provided except as required by other provisions of this code. Floor perimeter shall be supported by framing members or solid blocking.
i. Where a rafter is fastened to an adjacent parallel ceiling joist in accordance with this schedule, provide two toe nails on one side of the rafter and toe nails from the ceiling joist
to top plate in accordance with this schedule. The toe nail on the opposite side of the rafter shall not be required.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 mile per hour = 0.447 m/s; 1 ksi = 6.895 MPa.
a. Nails are smooth-common, box or deformed shanks except where otherwise stated. Nails used for framing and sheathing connections are carbon steel and shall have mini-
mum average bending yield strengths as shown: 80 ksi for shank diameter of 0.192 inch (20d common nail), 90 ksi for shank diameters larger than 0.142 inch but not larger than
0.177 inch, and 100 ksi for shank diameters of 0.142 inch or less. Connections using nails and staples of other materials, such as stainless steel, shall be designed by accepted
engineering practice or approved under Section R104.2.2.
b. RSRS-01 is a Roof Sheathing Ring Shank nail meeting the specifications in ASTM F1667.
c. Nails shall be spaced at not more than 6 inches on center at all supports where spans are 48 inches or greater.
d. Four-foot by 8-foot or 4-foot by 9-foot panels shall be applied vertically.
e. Spacing of fasteners not included in this table shall be based on Table R602.3(2).
f. For wood structural panel roof sheathing attached to gable end roof framing and to intermediate supports within 48 inches of roof edges and ridges, nails shall be spaced at 4
inches on center where the ultimate design wind speed is greater than 130 mph in Exposure B or greater than 110 mph in Exposure C. Fastener spacing applies where roof
framing specific gravity is 0.42 or larger.
Frequently asked questions
How do I know which stud spacing is required for my wall?
The CRC requires you to use Table R602.3(5) to determine allowable combinations of stud size, unsupported height and spacing; consult § R602.3.1 and the table for your specific wall height and loading condition.
Can I use a single top plate on an exterior bearing wall?
Normally no — bearing and exterior walls use double top plates. A single top plate is allowed only when tied and spliced per Table R602.3.2 and rafters/joists are centered over studs per the exceptions in § R602.3.2.
What must I do about small pipes or cables through the bottom plate at an exterior wall?
Close the annular space to block rodent entry in accordance with CALGreen (e.g., cement mortar, concrete masonry or an approved equivalent). This is required by § R602.3.4.1 with CALGreen § 4.406.1 giving acceptable methods.
Is a nominal 2‑by plate required for bottom plates?
Yes — the code requires studs to bear on a nominal 2‑by (51 mm) or larger plate or sill whose width is not less than the stud width. § R602.3.4.
What common inspection failure should I watch for?
Inspectors commonly find unsealed annular gaps at exterior sole plates (rodent access), improperly spliced single top plates (missing splice plate / nails per Table R602.3.2), and studs not continuous to the top plate. Address these per § R602.3.4.1, § R602.3.2, and § R602.3.1 respectively.
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