Wood framing — studs, plates, bearing and uplift

Grounded in the retrieved California Residential Code — click a citation to read the verbatim passage:

• CRC § 23-43 High relevance — show source text

  Increases in unsupported height are permitted where justified by
  an analysis.
  b. Shall not be used in exterior walls.
  c. Utility-grade studs shall not be spaced more than 16 inches on center or support more than a roof and ceiling, or exceed 8 feet in height for exterior walls and load-bearing
  walls or 10 feet for interior nonload-bearing walls.|

  2025 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE 23-43

  on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

  WOOD

  2308.9.2 Framing details. Studs shall be placed with their wide dimension perpendicular to the wall. Not less than three studs shall be installed at each corner of an exterior wall.

  Exceptions:

  1. In interior nonbearing walls and partitions, studs are permitted to be set with the long dimension parallel to the wall.
  2. At corners, two studs are permitted, provided that wood spacers or backup cleats of [3] / 8 -inch-thick (9.5 mm) wood structural panel, [3] / 8 -inch (9.5 mm) Type M “Exterior Glue” particleboard, 1-inch-thick (25 mm) lumber or other approved devices that will serve as an adequate backing for the attachment of facing materials are used. Where fireresistance ratings or shear values are involved, wood spacers, backup cleats or other devices shall not be used unless specifically approved for such use. 2308.9.3 Plates and sills. Studs shall have plates and sills in accordance with this section. 2308.9.3.1 Bottom plate or sill. Studs shall have full bearing on a plate or sill. Plates or sills shall be not less than 2 inches (51 mm) nominal in thickness and have a width not less than the width of the wall studs.

  2308.9.3.2 Top plates. Bearing and exterior wall studs shall be capped with double top plates installed to provide overlapping at corners and at intersections with other partitions. End joints in double top plates shall be offset not less than 48 inches (1219 mm), and shall be nailed in accordance with Table 2304.10.2. Plates shall be a nominal 2 inches (51 mm) in depth and have a width not less than the width of the studs.

  Exception: A single top plate is permitted, provided that the plate is adequately tied at corners and intersecting walls by not less than the equivalent of 3-inch by 6-inch (76 mm by 152 mm) by 0.036-inch-thick (0.914 mm) galvanized steel plate that is nailed to each wall or segment of wall by six 8d [2 [1] / 2 -inch by 0.113-inch (64-mm by 2.87 mm)] box nails or equivalent on each side of the joint. For the butt-joint splice between adjacent single top plates, not less than the equivalent of a 3-inch by 12inch (76 mm by 304 mm) by 0.036-inch-thick (0.914 mm) galvanized steel plate that is nailed to each wall or segment of wall by 12 8d [2 [1] / 2 -inch by 0.113-inch (64 mm by 2.87 mm)] box nails on each side of the joint shall be required, provided that the rafters, joists or trusses are centered over the studs with a tolerance of not more than 1 inch (25 mm).

• CRC § 2.4 High relevance — show source text

  Framing members that are both load-bearing and stabilization members shall meet the requirements of Section R602 and this section. Nonstructural stabilization members shall be not more than 32 inches (813 mm) on center. 2. Horizontal stabilization shall be installed at not more than 24 inches (610 mm) on center and in accordance with Figure BI103.2.4(1), BI103.2.4(2) or BI103.2.4(3). Horizontal stabilization shall be of any of the following with the stated minimum dimensions: [3] / 4 -inch (19.1 mm) bamboo, [1] / 2 -inch (12.7 mm) fiberglass rod, 1-inch (25 mm) wood dowel or nominal 1-inch by 2-inch (25 mm by 51 mm) wood.

  FIGURE BI103.2.4(1)—LIGHT STRAW-CLAY WALL WITH LARSEN TRUSSES

  DOUBLE TOP PLATE

  VERTICAL SOLID BLOCKING

  FLAT SOLID BLOCKING

  LADDER (LARSEN) TRUSSES MADE WITH 2x4s AND GUSSETS PER SECTION BI103.2.4, ITEM 1

  GUSSETS: [3] / 8 ″ x 3 ″ PLYWOOD OR 1x4 FASTENERS: 4–4d NAILS OR 4–1¾ ″ STAPLES

  WOOD OR METAL STRAP BRACING (LIB) PER TABLE 602.10.4 WHERE APPLICABLE PER SECTION R602.10

  LIGHT STRAW-CLAY INFILL

  HORIZONTAL STABILIZATION OF LIGHT STRAW-CLAY PER SECTION BI103.4, ITEM 2

  ANCHORAGE PER SECTION R403.1.6

  2X SILL PLATE

  CONCRETE OR MASONRY FOUNDATION PER SECTION R401

  FRAMING FASTENERS PER TABLE R602.3(1)

  For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

  APPENDIX BI-4 2025 CALIFORNIA RESIDENTIAL CODE

  on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

  APPENDIX BI — LIGHT STRAW-CLAY CONSTRUCTION

  FIGURE BI103.2.4(2)—LIGHT STRAW-CLAY WALL, SINGLE STUD WIDTH

  DOUBLE TOP PLATE

  FLAT SOLID BLOCKING

  WOOD METAL STRAP BRACING (LIB) PER TABLE R602.10.4 WHERE APPLICABLE PER SECTION R602.10

  2X STUDS PER SECTION BI103.2.4, ITEM 1

  1x1 CLEAT CENTERED ON EACH STUD FACE BETWEEN HORIZONTAL STABILIZATION

  HORIZONTAL STABILIZATION OF LIGHT STRAW-CLAY PER SECTION BI103.2.4, ITEM 2

  LIGHT STRAY-CLAY INFILL

  ANCHORAGE PER SECTION R403.1.6

  2X SILL PLATE

  CONCRETE OR MASONRY FOUNDATION PER SECTION R401

  FRAMING FASTENERS PER TABLE R602.3(1)

  FIGURE BI103.2.4(3)—LIGHT STRAW-CLAY WALL WITH BLIND STUDS

  DOUBLE TOP PLATES

  2X LET-IN PLATE

  WOOD METAL BRACING (LIB) PER TABLE R602.10.4 WHERE APPLICABLE PER SECTION R602.10

  2x6 MINIMUM STUDS PER SECTION BI103.2.4, ITEM 1

  LIGHT STRAW-CLAY INFILL

• CRC § 0.113 High relevance — show source text

  036″
  galvanized steel
  plate or equivalent|(6) 8d box
  (21/2″ × 0.113″) nails|3″× 12″ × 0.036″
  galvanized steel
  plate or equivalent|(12) 8d box
  (21/2″ × 0.113″) nails| |Structures in SDC D0, D1 and D2, with braced wall
  line spacing greater than or equal to 25 feet|3″ × 8″ × 0.036″
  galvanized steel
  plate or equivalent|(9) 8d box
  (21/2″ × 0.113″) nails|3″ × 16″ × 0.036″
  galvanized steel
  plate or equivalent|(18) 8d box
  (21/2″ × 0.113″) nails| |For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.|

  R602.3.3 Bearing studs. Where joists, trusses or rafters are spaced more than 16 inches (406 mm) on center and the bearing studs below are spaced 24 inches (610 mm) on center, such members shall bear within 5 inches (127 mm) of the studs beneath.

  Exceptions:

  1. The top plates are two 2-inch by 6-inch (38 mm by 140 mm) or two 3-inch by 4-inch (64 mm by 89 mm) members.
  2. A third top plate is installed.
  3. Solid blocking equal in size to the studs is installed to reinforce the double top plate.

  R602.3.4 Bottom (sole) plate. Studs shall have full bearing on a nominal 2-by (51 mm) or larger plate or sill having a width not less than to the width of the studs.

  R602.3.4.1 Rodent proofing. Annular spaces around pipes, electric cables, conduits or other openings in bottom/sole plates at exterior walls shall be protected against the passage of rodents by closing such openings in accordance with the California Green Building Standards Code, Chapter 4, Division 4.4.

  R602.3.5 Braced wall panel uplift load path. Braced wall panels located at exterior walls that support roof rafters or trusses (including stories below top story) shall have the framing members connected in accordance with one of the following:

  1. Fastening in accordance with Table R602.3(1) where: 1.1. The ultimate design wind speed does not exceed 115 mph (51 m/s), the wind exposure category is B, the roof pitch is 5:12 or greater, and the roof span is 32 feet (9754 mm) or less.

  2025 CALIFORNIA RESIDENTIAL CODE 6-13

  on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

  WALL CONSTRUCTION

• CRC § 25.4 Medium relevance — show source text

  STUDS OR
  TRIMMERS|JACK STUDS OR
  TRIMMERS|JACK STUDS OR
  TRIMMERS|JACK STUDS OR
  TRIMMERS|JACK STUDS OR
  TRIMMERS|JACK STUDS OR
  TRIMMERS|JACK STUDS OR
  TRIMMERS|JACK STUDS OR
  TRIMMERS|JACK STUDS OR
  TRIMMERS||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

  APPLY APPROVED SHEATHING OR BRACE EXTERIOR WALLS WITH 1 IN. BY 4 IN. BRACES LET INTO STUDS AND PLATES AND EXTENDING FROM BOTTOM PLATE TO TOP PLATE, OR OTHER APPROVED METAL STRAP DEVICES INSTALLED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE MANUFACTURER’S SPECIFICATIONS. SEE SECTION R602.10.

  For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

  NOTE: A THIRD STUD AND/OR PARTITION INTERSECTION BACKING STUDS SHALL BE PERMITTED TO BE OMITTED THROUGH THE USE OF WOOD BACKUP CLEATS, METAL DRYWALL CLIPS OR OTHER APPROVED DEVICES THAT WILL SERVE AS ADEQUATE BACKING FOR THE FACING MATERIALS.

  6-12 2025 CALIFORNIA RESIDENTIAL CODE

  on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

  WALL CONSTRUCTION

  R602.3.1 Stud size, height and spacing. The size, height and spacing of studs shall be in accordance with Table R602.3(5).

  Exceptions:

  1. Utility grade studs shall not be spaced more than 16 inches (406 mm) on center, shall not support more than a roof and ceiling, and shall not exceed 8 feet (2438 mm) in height for exterior walls and load-bearing walls or 10 feet (3048 mm) for interior nonload-bearing walls.
  2. Where ground snow loads are less than or equal to 25 pounds per square foot (1.2 kPa), and the ultimate design wind speed is less than or equal to 130 mph (58.1 m/s), 2-inch by 6-inch (38 mm by 140 mm) studs supporting a roof load with not more than 6 feet (1829 mm) of tributary length shall have a maximum height of 18 feet (5486 mm) where spaced at 16 inches (406 mm) on center, or 20 feet (6096 mm) where spaced at 12 inches (305 mm) on center. Studs shall be No. 2 grade lumber or better.
  3. Exterior load-bearing studs not exceeding 12 feet (3658 mm) in height provided in accordance with Table R602.3(6). The minimum number of full-height studs adjacent to openings shall be in accordance with Section R602.7.5. The building shall be located in Exposure B, the roof live load shall not exceed 20 psf (0.96 kPa), and the ground snow load shall not exceed 30 psf (1.4 kPa). Studs and plates shall be No. 2 grade lumber or better.
• CRC § 3.00 Medium relevance — show source text

  120" diameter nail|12|3.00|0.70|DR|DR|2.15|DR|DR|DR| |Wood Framing
  (minimum 11/4- inch
  penetration)b|0.131" diameter nail|6|4.00|2.15|1.20|0.75|4.00|1.35|0.70|DR| |Wood Framing
  (minimum 11/4- inch
  penetration)b|0.131" diameter nail|8|4.00|1.55|0.80|DR|4.00|0.90|DR|DR| |Wood Framing
  (minimum 11/4- inch
  penetration)b|0.131" diameter nail|12|4.00|0.90|DR|DR|2.70|0.50|DR|DR| |Wood Framing
  (minimum 11/4- inch
  penetration)b|0.162" diameter nail|6|4.00|3.55|2.05|1.40|4.00|2.25|1.25|0.80| |Wood Framing
  (minimum 11/4- inch
  penetration)b|0.162" diameter nail|8|4.00|2.55|1.45|0.95|4.00|1.60|0.85|0.50| |Wood Framing
  (minimum 11/4- inch
  penetration)b|0.162" diameter nail|12|4.00|1.60|0.85|0.50|4.00|0.95|DR|DR| |For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 pound per square foot (psf) = 0.0479 kPa.
  DR = Design Required, o.c. = on center.
  a. Wood framing shall be spruce-pine-fir or any wood species with a specific gravity of 0.42 or greater in accordance with ANSI/AWC NDS.
  b. The thickness of wood structural panels complying with the specific gravity requirement of Note a shall be permitted to be included in satisfying the minimum penetration
  into framing.
  c. Nail fasteners shall comply with ASTM F1667, except nail length shall be permitted to exceed ASTM F1667 standard lengths.
  d. Foam sheathing shall have a minimum compressive strength of 15 psi in accordance with ASTM C578 or ASTM C1289.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 pound per square foot (psf) = 0.0479 kPa.
  DR = Design Required, o.c. = on center.
  a. Wood framing shall be spruce-pine-fir or any wood species with a specific gravity of 0.42 or greater in accordance with ANSI/AWC NDS.
  b. The thickness of wood structural panels complying with the specific gravity requirement of Note a shall be permitted to be included in satisfying the minimum penetration
  into framing.
  c. Nail fasteners shall comply with ASTM F1667, except nail length shall be permitted to exceed ASTM F1667 standard lengths.
  d. Foam sheathing shall have a minimum compressive strength of 15 psi in accordance with ASTM C578 or ASTM C1289.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 pound per square foot (psf) = 0.0479 kPa.
  DR = Design Required, o.c. = on center.
  a.

• CRC § 4.4 Medium relevance — show source text

  [BS] C103.3 Material specifications for retrofits. Materials for retrofitting gable end walls shall comply with Table C103.3.

  [BS] TABLE C103.3—MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR RETROFITSa	Col2	Col3	Col4
  COMPONENT	MINIMUM SIZE OR THICKNESS	MINIMUM MATERIAL GRADE	MINIMUM CAPACITY
  Anchor blocks, compression blocks and horizontal braces	2 × 4 nominal lumber	#2 Spruce-Pine-Fir or better	NA
  Nail plates	20 gage thickness 8d minimum nail holes	Galvanized sheet steel	NA
  Retrofit studs	2 × 4 nominal lumber	#2 Spruce-Pine-Fir or better	NA
  Gusset angle	14 gage thickness	Galvanized sheet steel	350 pounds uplift and lateral load
  Stud-to-plate connector	20 gage thickness	Galvanized sheet steel	500 pounds uplift
  Metal plate connectors, straps and anchors	20 gage thickness	Galvanized sheet steel	NA
  For SI: 1 pound = 4.4 N. NA = Not Applicable. a. Metal plate connectors, nail plates, stud-to-plate connectors, straps and anchors shall be products approved for connecting wood-to-wood or wood-to-concrete as appropriate.	For SI: 1 pound = 4.4 N. NA = Not Applicable. a. Metal plate connectors, nail plates, stud-to-plate connectors, straps and anchors shall be products approved for connecting wood-to-wood or wood-to-concrete as appropriate.	For SI: 1 pound = 4.4 N. NA = Not Applicable. a. Metal plate connectors, nail plates, stud-to-plate connectors, straps and anchors shall be products approved for connecting wood-to-wood or wood-to-concrete as appropriate.	For SI: 1 pound = 4.4 N. NA = Not Applicable. a. Metal plate connectors, nail plates, stud-to-plate connectors, straps and anchors shall be products approved for connecting wood-to-wood or wood-to-concrete as appropriate.

  [BS] C103.4 Twists in straps. Straps shall be permitted to be twisted or bent where they transition between framing members or connection points. Straps shall be bent only once at a given location though it is permissible that they be bent or twisted at multiple locations along their length.

  [BS] C103.5 Fasteners. Fasteners shall meet the requirements of Table C103.5, Sections C103.5.1 and C103.5.2, and shall be permitted to be screws or nails meeting the minimum length requirement shown in the figures and specified in the tables of this appendix. Fastener spacing shall meet the requirements of Section C103.5.3.

• CRC § 1.1 Medium relevance — show source text

  SECTION R602—WOOD WALL FRAMING

  R602.1 General. Wood and wood-based products used for load-supporting purposes shall conform to the applicable provisions of this section.

  R602.1.1 Sawn lumber. Sawn lumber shall be identified by a grade mark of an accredited lumber grading or inspection agency and have design values certified by an accreditation body that complies with DOC PS 20. In lieu of a grade mark, a certification of inspection issued by a lumber grading or inspection agency meeting the requirements of this section shall be accepted.

  Note: See Section R301.1.1.1 for limited-density owner- built rural dwellings.

  R602.1.2 End-jointed lumber. Approved end-jointed lumber identified by a grade mark conforming to Section R602.1 shall be permitted to be used interchangeably with solid-sawn members of the same species and grade. End-jointed lumber used in an assembly required elsewhere in this code to have a fire-resistance rating shall have the designation “Heat Resistant Adhesive” or “HRA” included in its grade mark.

  R602.1.3 Structural glued-laminated timbers. Glued-laminated timbers shall be manufactured and identified as required in ANSI A190.1, ANSI 117 and ASTM D3737.

  R602.1.4 Structural log members. Structural log members shall comply with the provisions of ICC 400.

  R602.1.5 Structural composite lumber. Structural capacities for structural composite lumber shall be established and monitored in accordance with ASTM D5456.

  R602.1.6 Cross-laminated timber. Cross-laminated timber shall be manufactured and identified as required by ANSI/APA PRG 320.

  R602.1.7 Engineered wood rim board. Engineered wood rim boards shall conform to ANSI/APA PRR 410 or shall be evaluated in accordance with ASTM D7672. Structural capacities shall be in accordance with either ANSI/APA PRR 410 or established in accordance with ASTM D7672. Rim boards conforming to ANSI/APA PRR 410 shall be marked in accordance with that standard.

  R602.1.8 Wood structural panels. Wood structural panel sheathing shall conform to DOC PS 1, DOC PS 2 or, when manufactured in Canada, CSA O325 or CSA O437. Panels shall be identified for grade, bond classification, and performance category by a grade mark or certificate of inspection issued by an approved agency.

  R602.1.9 Particleboard. Particleboard shall conform to ANSI A208.1. Particleboard shall be identified by the grade mark or certificate of inspection issued by an approved agency.

  R602.1.10 Fiberboard. Fiberboard shall conform to ASTM C208. Fiberboard sheathing, where used structurally, shall be identified by an approved agency as conforming to ASTM C208.

  R602.1.11 Structural insulated panels. Structural insulated panels shall be manufactured and identified in accordance with ANSI/APA PRS 610.1.

  R602.2 Grade. Studs shall be a minimum No. 3, standard or stud grade lumber.

  Exception: Bearing studs not supporting floors and nonbearing studs shall be permitted to be utility grade lumber, provided that the studs are spaced in accordance with Table R602.3(5).

• CRC § 0.131 Medium relevance — show source text

  At top and bottom plates where the wood structural panel is in direct contact with the framing, 8d common nail (21/2 inches × 0.131 inch) shall be permitted.
  b. Full round head nail with minimum head diameter of 0.281 inch (7 mm).
  c. Nails are in accordance with ASTM F1667.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
  a. At top and bottom plates where the wood structural panel is in direct contact with the framing, 8d common nail (21/2 inches × 0.131 inch) shall be permitted.
  b. Full round head nail with minimum head diameter of 0.281 inch (7 mm).
  c. Nails are in accordance with ASTM F1667.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
  a. At top and bottom plates where the wood structural panel is in direct contact with the framing, 8d common nail (21/2 inches × 0.131 inch) shall be permitted.
  b. Full round head nail with minimum head diameter of 0.281 inch (7 mm).
  c. Nails are in accordance with ASTM F1667.|

  BN102.3 Wall bracing. Wall bracing for EPW construction shall comply with the requirements for WSP or CS-WSP or CS-G bracing methods in Section R602.10, except that the sheathing fasteners shall comply with Table BN102.2.

  BN102.3.1 Simplified wall bracing. With the exception of Section R602.12.2, Item 2, provisions of Section R602.12 shall be applicable to EPW construction. The fastening schedule for wood structural panels shall comply with Table BN102.2.

  BN102.4 Rim joists. Rim joists supporting an EPW shall comply with Figure BN102.4(1) or BN102.4(2). Sawn 2× lumber or engineered wood rim board shall be used to construct rim (band) joists. Engineered wood rim board shall comply with Section R602.1.7. The minimum bearing length requirements for the floor joists shall be satisfied or joists shall be supported with metal hangers.

  APPENDIX BN-4 2025 CALIFORNIA RESIDENTIAL CODE

  on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

  For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

  For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

  APPENDIX BN — EXTENDED PLATE WALL CONSTRUCTION

  FIGURE BN102.4(1)—RIM JOIST CONSTRUCTION FOR EPW—DOUBLE MEMBER

  FIGURE BN102.4(2)—RIM JOIST CONSTRUCTION FOR EPW—INSET DOUBLE MEMBER

  2025 CALIFORNIA RESIDENTIAL CODE APPENDIX BN-5

  on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

  APPENDIX BN — EXTENDED PLATE WALL CONSTRUCTION

  BN102.4.1 Rim joist used as rim header. Wood rim boards, or band joists, that serve as rim board headers shall be constructed in accordance with Section R602.7.2.

• CRC § 25.4 Medium relevance — show source text

  Mesh shall be
  installed in accordance with Section BJ106.9.
  e. Sill plate attachment shall be with5/8-inch anchor bolts or approved equivalent at not more than 48 inches on center where staple spacing is required to be ≤ 4 inches.
  f. Bales shall be attached to the studs by an approved method. Horizontal framing and attachment at top and bottom of studs shall be in accordance with Section R602 or an
  approved alternative. Table R602.7(1) shall be used to determine the top framing member where load-bearing stud spacing exceeds 24 inches o.c.
  g.H is vertical height only.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 mile per hour = 0.447 m/s.
  NA = Not Applicable.
  a. Finishes applied to both sides of stacked bales. Where different finishes are used on opposite sides of a wall, the more restrictive requirements shall apply.
  b.H = Stacked bale height in feet (mm) between sill plate and top plate or other approved horizontal restraint, or the horizontal distance in feet (mm) between approved verti-
  cal restraints. For load-bearing walls,H refers to vertical height only.
  c.T = Bale thickness in feet (mm).
  d. Plaster reinforcement shall be any mesh allowed in Table BJ106.13(1) for the matching plaster type, and with staple spacing in accordance with this table. Mesh shall be
  installed in accordance with Section BJ106.9.
  e. Sill plate attachment shall be with5/8-inch anchor bolts or approved equivalent at not more than 48 inches on center where staple spacing is required to be ≤ 4 inches.
  f. Bales shall be attached to the studs by an approved method. Horizontal framing and attachment at top and bottom of studs shall be in accordance with Section R602 or an
  approved alternative. Table R602.7(1) shall be used to determine the top framing member where load-bearing stud spacing exceeds 24 inches o.c.
  g.H is vertical height only.|

  BJ105.4.1 Determination of out-of-plane loading. Out-of-plane loading for the use of Table BJ105.4 shall be in terms of the ultimate design wind speed and seismic design category as determined in accordance with Sections R301.2.1 and R301.2.2, respectively. An approved engineered design for out-of-plane load resistance in accordance with Section R301.2.1 shall be required where the building is located in a special wind region or where wind design is required in accordance with Figure R301.2(2) and Section R301.2.1.1.

  BJ105.4.2 Pins. Pins used for out-of-plane resistance shall comply with the following or shall be in accordance with an approved engineered design. Pins shall be external, internal or a combination of the two.

  1. Pins shall be [1] / 2 -inch-diameter (12.7 mm) steel, [3] / 4 -inch-diameter (19.1 mm) wood or [1] / 2 -inch-diameter (12.7 mm) bamboo.

  2. External pins shall be installed vertically on both sides of the wall at a spacing of not more than 24 inches (610 mm) on center.

• CRC § 4.4 Medium relevance — show source text

  2025 CALIFORNIA EXISTING BUILDING CODE APPENDIX C-3

  on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

  APPENDIX C—GUIDELINES FOR THE WIND RETROFIT OF EXISTING BUILDINGS

  [BS] RETROFIT. The voluntary process of strengthening or improving buildings or structures, or individual components of buildings or structures for the purpose of making existing conditions better serve the purpose for which they were originally intended or the purpose that current building codes intend.

  [BS] RETROFIT STUD. A lumber member used to structurally supplement an existing gable end wall stud or gable end frame web.

  [BS] STUD-TO-PLATE CONNECTOR. A manufactured metal connector designed to connect studs to plates.

  SECTION C103—MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION

  [BS] C103.1 Existing materials. Existing wood materials that will be part of the retrofitting work (such as trusses, rafters, ceiling joists, top plates and wall studs) shall be in sound condition and free from defects or damage that substantially reduces the loadcarrying capacity of the member. Any wood materials found to be damaged or deteriorated shall be strengthened or replaced with new materials to provide a net dimension of sound wood equivalent to its undamaged original dimensions.

  [BS] C103.2 New materials. All new materials shall comply with the standards for those materials as specified in the California Build- ing Code or the California Residential Code .

  [BS] C103.3 Material specifications for retrofits. Materials for retrofitting gable end walls shall comply with Table C103.3.

  [BS] TABLE C103.3—MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR RETROFITSa	Col2	Col3	Col4
  COMPONENT	MINIMUM SIZE OR THICKNESS	MINIMUM MATERIAL GRADE	MINIMUM CAPACITY
  Anchor blocks, compression blocks and horizontal braces	2 × 4 nominal lumber	#2 Spruce-Pine-Fir or better	NA
  Nail plates	20 gage thickness 8d minimum nail holes	Galvanized sheet steel	NA
  Retrofit studs	2 × 4 nominal lumber	#2 Spruce-Pine-Fir or better	NA
  Gusset angle	14 gage thickness	Galvanized sheet steel	350 pounds uplift and lateral load
  Stud-to-plate connector	20 gage thickness	Galvanized sheet steel	500 pounds uplift
  Metal plate connectors, straps and anchors	20 gage thickness	Galvanized sheet steel	NA
  For SI: 1 pound = 4.4 N. NA = Not Applicable. a. Metal plate connectors, nail plates, stud-to-plate connectors, straps and anchors shall be products approved for connecting wood-to-wood or wood-to-concrete as appropriate.	For SI: 1 pound = 4.4 N. NA = Not Applicable. a. Metal plate connectors, nail plates, stud-to-plate connectors, straps and anchors shall be products approved for connecting wood-to-wood or wood-to-concrete as appropriate.	For SI: 1 pound = 4.4 N. NA = Not Applicable. a.

• CRC § 25.4 Medium relevance — show source text

  2′ o.c.|≤ 140|A, B, C, D0, D1, D2|H g ≤ 10|NA|None required| |2 × 6 nonload-bearing wood studsf
  at max. 6′ o.c.|≤ 140|A, B, C, D0, D1, D2|H g ≤ 12|NA|None required| |For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 mile per hour = 0.447 m/s.
  NA = Not Applicable.
  a. Finishes applied to both sides of stacked bales. Where different finishes are used on opposite sides of a wall, the more restrictive requirements shall apply.
  b.H = Stacked bale height in feet (mm) between sill plate and top plate or other approved horizontal restraint, or the horizontal distance in feet (mm) between approved verti-
  cal restraints. For load-bearing walls,H refers to vertical height only.
  c.T = Bale thickness in feet (mm).
  d. Plaster reinforcement shall be any mesh allowed in Table BJ106.13(1) for the matching plaster type, and with staple spacing in accordance with this table. Mesh shall be
  installed in accordance with Section BJ106.9.
  e. Sill plate attachment shall be with5/8-inch anchor bolts or approved equivalent at not more than 48 inches on center where staple spacing is required to be ≤ 4 inches.
  f. Bales shall be attached to the studs by an approved method. Horizontal framing and attachment at top and bottom of studs shall be in accordance with Section R602 or an
  approved alternative. Table R602.7(1) shall be used to determine the top framing member where load-bearing stud spacing exceeds 24 inches o.c.
  g.H is vertical height only.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 mile per hour = 0.447 m/s.
  NA = Not Applicable.
  a. Finishes applied to both sides of stacked bales. Where different finishes are used on opposite sides of a wall, the more restrictive requirements shall apply.
  b.H = Stacked bale height in feet (mm) between sill plate and top plate or other approved horizontal restraint, or the horizontal distance in feet (mm) between approved verti-
  cal restraints. For load-bearing walls,H refers to vertical height only.
  c.T = Bale thickness in feet (mm).
  d. Plaster reinforcement shall be any mesh allowed in Table BJ106.13(1) for the matching plaster type, and with staple spacing in accordance with this table. Mesh shall be
  installed in accordance with Section BJ106.9.
  e. Sill plate attachment shall be with5/8-inch anchor bolts or approved equivalent at not more than 48 inches on center where staple spacing is required to be ≤ 4 inches.
  f. Bales shall be attached to the studs by an approved method. Horizontal framing and attachment at top and bottom of studs shall be in accordance with Section R602 or an
  approved alternative.

• CRC § 2.2.1 Medium relevance — show source text

  2025 CALIFORNIA RESIDENTIAL CODE APPENDIX BN-1

  on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

  APPENDIX BN-2 2025 CALIFORNIA RESIDENTIAL CODE

  on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

  BN EXTENDED PLATE WALL CONSTRUCTION

  The provisions contained in this appendix are not mandatory unless specifically adopted by a state agency or referenced in the adopting ordinance.

  User notes:

  About this appendix: This proposal contains requirements for extended plate wall (EPW) construction. EPW construction provides a practical compliance option for meeting energy code requirements for above-grade walls using conventional wood-framing materials.

  SECTION BN101—GENERAL

  BN101.1 General. Detached one- and two-family or townhouse buildings using extended plate wall (EPW) construction shall comply with this code and all of the following:

  1. Not more than two stories above grade plane in height.
  2. Limited to Seismic Design Categories A and B as determined from Figures R301.2.2.1(1) through (7).
  3. Limited to ultimate design wind speeds not more than 115 mph (185 kph) as determined from Figure R301.2(2).
  4. Comply with the provisions of Section R602, except as modified by the provisions of this appendix.

  Exception: Buildings using EPW construction in accordance with an approved design by a registered design professional.

  SECTION BN102—CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

  BN102.1 Framing. The 2 × 6 top and bottom plates and 2 × 4 studs shall be used in accordance with Figures BN102.1(1) and BN102.1(2). A single top plate shall not be permitted. Wall framing shall comply with the requirements for 2 × 4 framing in accordance with Section R602.

  FIGURE BN102.1(1)—EXTENDED PLATE WALL (EPW) CONSTRUCTION, SECTION VIEW

  2025 CALIFORNIA RESIDENTIAL CODE APPENDIX BN-3

  on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

  APPENDIX BN — EXTENDED PLATE WALL CONSTRUCTION

  FIGURE BN102.1(2)—EXTENDED PLATE WALL, ELEVATION VIEW

  BN102.2 Wood structural panel sheathing. Wood structural panel sheathing with a nominal thickness of [7] / 16 inch (11 mm) to [1] / 2 inch (12.7 mm) shall be installed vertically and attached to wall plates and studs in accordance with Figure BN102.1(2) and Table BN102.2. The vertical joints between adjacent wood structural panels shall occur only at framing members. Where used as part of wall bracing, each wood structural panel shall be installed without horizontal joints between the extended top and bottom plates.

  TABLE BN102.2—SHEATHING FASTENER REQUIREMENTS FOR EPW	Col2	Col3
  ** MINIMUM NAIL LENGTH AND DIAMETER**	** MAXIMUM FASTENER SPACING**	** MAXIMUM FASTENER SPACING**
  ** MINIMUM NAIL LENGTH AND DIAMETER**	At perimeter of wood structural panels (inches)	In field of wood structural panels (inches)
  No.