Useful — California Mechanical Code (Title 24, Part 4)

CONVERSION TABLES

Note: The information contained in these tables are not part of this American National Standard (ANS) and have not been processed in accordance with ANSI’s requirements for an ANS. As such, these tables may contain material that has not been subjected to public review or a consensus process. In addition, they do not contain requirements necessary for conformance to the standard.

UNIT CONVERSIONS

MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN

Acres.........................................................................43 560 ............................Square feet (ft [2] ) Acre-feet...................................................................43 560 ............................Cubic feet (ft [3] )

Acre-feet.................................................................325 851 ............................Gallons (U. S. liquid)

Atmosphere (atm).........................................................76.0 ............................Centimeters of mercury (0°C)

Atmosphere (standard) (atm)........................................76.0 ............................Centimeters of mercury (0°C)

Atmosphere (standard) (atm)......................................33.90 ............................Feet of water (4°C)

Atmosphere (standard) (atm)......................................29.92 ............................Inches of mercury

Atmosphere (standard) (atm)..............................101.32501 ............................Kilopascals (kPa) Atmosphere (standard) (atm)......................................14.70 ............................Pounds-force/square inch (lbf/in [2] )

Barrels..............................................................................42 ............................Gallons (gal)

Barrels...................................................................158.9873 ............................Liters (L)

British thermal units (Btu)....................................1055.055 ............................Joules (J)

British thermal units/hour (Btu/h) ........................0.000293 ............................Kilowatts (kW)

British thermal units/hour (Btu/h) ..............................0.293 ............................Watts (W)

British thermal unit hour (Btu/h)..........................1.055056 ............................Kilojoules (kJ)

British thermal unit hour (Btu/h)..........................1055.056 ............................Joule (J)

British thermal units/minute (Btu/min) ......................12.97 ............................Foot pounds-force/second (ft•lbf/s)

British thermal units/minute (Btu/min) ..................0.02358 ............................Horsepower (hp) (international)

British thermal unit per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btu/(h•ft [2] - °F)] .............5.678263 ............................Watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m [2] - K)]

British thermal unit inch per hour foot degree Fahrenheit [Btu•in/(h•ft•°F)] ......0.14442279 ............................Watt per meter kelvin [W/(m•K)] Candelas per square inch (cd/in [2] )................1.550003 x 10 [3] ............................Candela per square meters (cd/m [2] )

Celsius (°C)......................................................°C + 273.15 ............................Kelvin (k)

Celsius (°C)....................................................1.8 x °C + 32 ............................Fahrenheit (°F)

Centimeters (cm) ......................................................0.3937 ............................Inches (in)

Centimeters of mercury (0°C) ................................0.01316 ............................Atmosphere (standard)

Centimeters of mercury (0°C) ....................................0.446 ............................Feet of water (4°C) Centimeters of mercury (0°C) ....................................27.84 ............................Pounds-force/square feet (lbf/ft [2] ) Centimeters of mercury (0°C) ..................................0.1934 ............................Pounds-force/square inch (lbf/in [2] )

Circumference ............................................................6.283 ............................Radians (rad) Cubic feet (ft [3] ) .............................................................1728 ............................Cubic inches (in [3] ) Cubic feet (ft [3] ) ..........................................................0.0283 ............................Cubic meters (m [3] ) Cubic feet (ft [3] ) ........................................................0.03704 ............................Cubic yards (yd [3] ) Cubic feet (ft [3] ) ........................................................7.48052 ............................Gallons (U.S. liquid) (gal) Cubic feet (ft [3] ) ............................................................28.32 ............................Liters (L) Cubic feet (ft [3] ) ............................................................29.92 ............................Quarts (U.S. liquid) Cubic feet/hour (ft [3] /h)...............................................0.0283 ............................Cubic meters/hour (m [3] /h)

UNIT CONVERSIONS (continued)

MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN

Cubic feet/minute (ft [3] /min )..................................0.000472 ............................Cubic meters/second (m [3] /s) Cubic feet/minute (ft [3] /min )......................................0.1247 ............................Gallons/second Cubic feet/minute (ft [3] /min )....................................0.47194 ............................Liters/second (L/s) Cubic feet/second (ft [3] /s) ....................................646 316.89 ............................Gallons/day Cubic feet/second (ft [3] /s) .........................................448.831 ............................Gallons/minute (gpm) Cubic inches (in [3] )...............................................1.64 x 10 [-5] ............................Cubic meters (m [3] ) Cubic inches (in [3] ) ...................................................0.01639 ............................Liters (L) Cubic meters (m [3] ).....................................................264.17 ............................Gallons (U.S. liquid) Cubic yards (yd [3] ).............................................................27 ............................Cubic feet (ft [3] ) Cubic yards (yd [3] )....................................................0.76455 ............................Cubic meters (m [3] ) Cubic yards (yd [3] )......................................................201.97 ............................Gallons (U.S. liquid)

Degrees (deg)............................................................0.0174 ............................Radians (rad)

Fahrenheit (°F)...................................................(°F-32)/1.8 ............................Celsius (°C)

Feet (ft) .....................................................................0.3048 ............................Meters (m)

Feet (ft) .......................................................................304.8 ............................Millimeters (mm)

Feet of water (4°C)...................................................0.0295 ............................Atmosphere (standard) (atm)

Feet of water (4°C)...................................................0.8827 ............................Inches of mercury (0°C)

Feet of water (4°C).....................................................62.43 ............................Pounds-force/square feet

Feet of water (4°C)...................................................0.4335 ............................Pounds-force/square inch

Feet/minute (ft/min)................................................0.01667 ............................Feet/second (ft/s)

Feet/minute (ft/min)................................................0.01136 ............................Miles/hour (mi/h)

Feet/second (ft/s) ......................................................0.3048 ............................Meters/second (m/s)

Feet/second (ft/s) ......................................................0.6818 ............................Miles/hour (mi/h)

Feet/second (ft/s) ....................................................0.01136 ............................Miles/minute (mi/min) Foot lambert (fL) ..................................................3.426259 ............................Candela per square meter (cd/m [2] )

Foot pounds-force (ft•lbf)...........................................1.355 ............................Joules (J) Foot pounds-force/minute (ft•lbf/min).............2.260 x 10 [-5] ............................Kilowatts (kW) Foot pounds-force/second (ft•lbf/s)..................1.356 x 10 [-3] ............................Kilowatts (kW) Gallons (U.S. liquid) (gal).............................................231 ............................Cubic inches (in [3] ) Gallons (U.S. liquid) (gal)....................................0.003785 ............................Cubic meters (m [3] ) Gallons (U.S. liquid) (gal)........................................0.1337 ............................Cubic feet (ft [3] )

Gallons (U.S. liquid) (gal)..........................................3.785 ............................Liters (L)

Gallons (U.S. liquid) (gal).................................................4 ............................Quarts (U.S. liquid) Gallons/day...........................................................4.3 x 10 [-5] ............................Liters/second Gallons/minute (gal/min) (gpm)...............................8.0208 ............................Cubic feet/hour (ft [3] /h) Gallons/minute (gal/min) (gpm).....................0.003785412 ............................Cubic meters/minute (m [3] /min) Gallons/minute (gal/min) (gpm).............................0.00223 ............................Cubic feet/second (ft [3] /s) Gallons/minute (gal/min) (gpm).................6.309020 x 10 [-5] ............................Cubic meters/second (m [3] /s)

Gallons/minute (gal/min) (gpm).............................0.06309 ............................Liters/second (L/s)

Grains (gr) ........................................................0.00006479 ............................Kilograms (kg)

Horsepower (hp).......................................................0.7457 ............................Kilowatts (kW) Horsepower-hours............................................2.684 x 10 [+6] ............................Joules (J)

Horsepower-hours ....................................................0.7457 ............................Kilowatt-hours (kW•h)

Inch (water column at 60°F)...................................0.24884 ............................Kilopascals (kPa)

Inches (in).....................................................................2.54 ............................Centimeters (cm)

UNIT CONVERSIONS (continued)

MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN

Inches (in).....................................................................25.4 ............................Millimeters (mm)

Inches/hour ...................................................................25.4 ............................Millimeters/hour (mm/h)

Inches of mercury (0°C).........................................0.03342 ............................Atmosphere (standard) (atm)

Inches of mercury (0°C).............................................1.133 ............................Feet of water (4°C)

Inches mercury (0°C) ...............................................3.3863 ............................Kilopascals (kPa)

Inches of mercury (0°C)...........................................0.4912 ............................Pounds-force/square inch

Inches of water (4°C)............................................0.002458 ............................Atmosphere (standard) (atm)

Inches of water (4°C)..............................................0.07356 ............................Inches of mercury (0°C)

Inches of water (4°C)..................................................5.202 ............................Pounds-force/square feet

Inches of water (4°C)..............................................0.03613 ............................Pounds-force/square inch Joules (J)...........................................................9.480 x 10 [-4] ............................British thermal units (Btus)

Joules (J)...................................................................0.7376 ............................Foot-pounds Joules (J)...........................................................2.778 x 10 [-4] ............................Watt-hours

Kelvin (K).........................................................°K - 273.15 ............................Celsius (°C)

Kilograms (kg)..........................................................2.2046 ............................Pounds (lbs) Kilograms (kg) .................................................1.102 x 10 [-3] ............................Tons (short)

Kilopascals (kPa)..................................................0.145038 ............................Pounds-force/square inch

Kilometers (km)........................................................0.6214 ............................Miles (statute)

Kilometers/hour (km/h)............................................0.6214 ............................Miles/hour (mi/h)

Kilowatts (kW) .......................................................3412.14 ............................British thermal units/hour (Btus/hour)

Kilowatts (kW) ...........................................................1.341 ............................Horsepower (hp)

Kilowatt-hours.............................................................3413 ............................British thermal units (Btus) Kilowatt-hours.................................................2.655 x 10 [+6] ............................Foot-pounds (ft•lbs) Kilowatt-hours.....................................................3.6 x 10 [+6] ............................Joules (J)

Kip (1000 lbf).......................................................4.448222 ............................Kilonewtons (kN)

Kip-foot ..................................................................1.35671 ............................Kilonewton meters (kN•m) Kips per square inch (kip/in [2] )...................................6.8947 ............................Megapascals (MPa) Lambert (la).................................................3.183099 x 10 [3] ............................Candela per square meter (cd/m [2] ) Liters (L).................................................................0.03531 ............................Cubic feet (ft [3] ) Liters (L).....................................................................61.02 ............................Cubic inches (in [3] ) Liters (L).....................................................................0.001 ............................Cubic meters (m [3] )

Liters (L)...................................................................0.2642 ............................Gallons (U.S. liquid) Lumens per square foot (lm/ft [2] ) (footcandle).......10.76391 ............................Lux (lx)

Meters (m) ..................................................................3.281 ............................Feet (ft)

Meters (m) ..................................................................39.37 ............................Inches (in)

Meters (m) ..................................................................1.094 ............................Yards

Meters/second (m/s) ...................................................3.281 ............................Feet/second (ft/s)

Meters/second (m/s) ...................................................2.237 ............................Miles/hour (mi/h)

Miles (mi) ....................................................................5280 ............................Feet (ft)

Miles (statute).............................................................1.609 ............................Kilometers (km)

Miles/hour (mi/h).............................................................88 ............................Feet/minute (ft/min)

Miles/hour (mi/h)........................................................1.467 ............................Feet/second (ft/s)

Miles/hour (mi/h)..................................................1.609344 ............................Kilometers/hour (km/h)

Miles/hour (mi/h)........................................................26.82 ............................Meters/minute (m/min)

Miles/hour (mi/h)....................................................0.44704 ............................Meters/second (m/s)

UNIT CONVERSIONS (continued)

MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN

Millimeters (mm)............................................................0.1 ............................Centimeters (cm)

Millimeters (mm)....................................................0.03937 ............................Inches (in)

Millimeters (mm)........................................................0.001 ............................Meters (m) Minutes (min).............................................2.908882 x 10 [-4] ............................Radians (rads) Ounces/square inch (oz/in [2] )..................................43.94185 ............................Kilograms/square meter (kg/m [2] )

Ounces/square feet (oz/ft [2] ) ...............................0.03051517 ............................Kilograms/square meter (kg/m [2] )

Ounces (oz).............................................................0.02834 ............................Kilograms (kg)

Ounces (oz)...........................................................29.57353 ............................Millimeters (mL)

Pints....................................................................0.4731765 ............................Liters (L)

Pound-force feet (lbf•ft) .......................................1.355818 ............................Newton meters (N•m)

Pound-force inch (lbf•in)....................................0.1129848 ............................Newton meters (N•m)

Pound-force per foot (lbf/ft) ...................................14.5939 ............................Newton meters (N•m) Pound-force per square foot (lbf/ft [2] ) ....................47.88026 ............................Pascals (Pa) Pound-force per square inch (lbf/in [2] ) .....................6.89476 ............................Kilopascals (kPa)

Pound-force per inch (lbf/in)................................175.1268 ............................Newton meters (N•m) Pounds/cubic inch (lb/in [3] )...........................2.767990 x 10 [4] ............................Kilograms/cubic meter (kg/m [3] ) Pounds/cubic yard (lb/yd [3] ) .................................0.5932764 ............................Kilograms/cubic meter (kg/m [3] )

Pounds (lb)..............................................................0.45359 ............................Kilograms (kg) Pounds/cubic foot (lb/ft [3] ) .......................................16.0184 ............................Kilograms/cubic meters (kg/m [3] )

Pounds/foot (lb/ft) ....................................................1.4881 ............................Kilograms/meters (kg/m) Pounds/square inch (lb/in [2] ).........................................703.1 ............................Kilograms-force/square meter (kg/m [2] ) Pounds/square foot (lb/ft [2] )....................................4.882427 ............................Kilograms-force/square meter (kg/m [2] )

Pounds-force (lbf).....................................................4.4482 ............................Newtons (N)

Pounds-force/square inch (psi)...............................0.06805 ............................Atmosphere (standard) (atm)

Pounds-force/square inch (psi)...................................2.307 ............................Feet of water (4°C)

Pounds-force/square inch (psi)...................................2.036 ............................Inches of mercury (0°C)

Pounds-force/square inch (psi)...............................6.89476 ............................Kilopascals (kPa) Quarts (U.S. dry) (dry qt) ...........................................67.20 ............................Cubic inches (in [3] ) Quarts (U.S. liquid) (liq qt) ........................................57.75 ............................Cubic inches (in [3] )

Quarts (liquid) ....................................................0.9463529 ............................Liters (L)

Radians (rads).............................................................57.30 ............................Degrees (deg) Seconds (s) ..................................................4.848137 x10 [-6] ............................Radians (rads) Square acre ...........................................................0.404687 ............................Square kilometers (km [2] ) Square feet (ft [2] )..............................................................144 ............................Square inches (in [2] ) Square feet (ft [2] ).........................................................0.0929 ............................Square meters (m [2] ) Square inches (in [2] )....................................................645.16 ............................Square millimeters (mm [2] ) Square inches (in [2] )................................................0.000645 ............................Square meters (m [2] ) Square meters (m [2] ) ......................................................1550 ............................Square inches (in [2] ) Square miles (mi [2] ) .........................................................640 ............................Acres Square miles (mi [2] ) ................................................2.589988 ............................Square kilometers (km [2] ) Square millimeters (mm [2] ) ................................1.550 x 10 [-3] ............................Square inches (in [2] ) Square yards (yd [2] ) .............................................................9 ............................Square feet (ft [2] ) Square yards (yd [2] ) ..............................................0.8361274 ............................Square meters (m [3] )

Temperature (°C) + 17.28 ..............................................1.8 ............................Temperature (°F) Temperature (°F) – 32 .................................................... 5 ⁄ 9 ............................Temperature (°C)

UNIT CONVERSIONS (continued)

MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN

Ton-force (tonf) (2000 lbf)...................................8.896443 ............................Kilonewtons (kN)

Ton-force foot (tonf•f/ft) ........................................2.71342 ............................Kilonewton meters (kN•m) Ton-force per square foot (tonf/ft [2] ) ........................95.7605 ............................Kilopascals (kPa) Ton-force per square inch (tonf/in [2] ).......................13.7895 ............................Megapascals (MPa)

Tons (metric) ...............................................................1000 ............................Kilograms (kg)

Tons (long) (2240 lbs)..........................................1016.047 ............................Kilograms (kg)

Tons (short) .................................................................2000 ............................Pounds (lbs)

Watts.........................................................................3.4121 ............................British thermal units per hour (Btus/hour) Watts.................................................................1.341 x 10 [-3] ............................Horsepower (hp)

Yards (y)...................................................................0.9144 ............................Meters (m)

Sl SYMBOLS AND PREFIXES

SI PREFIXES

MULTIPLICATION FACTOR	PREFIX	SYMBOL
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = E+18	exa	E
1 000 000 000 000 000 = E+15	peta	P
1 000 000 000 000 = E+12	tera	T
1 000 000 000 = E+09	giga	G
1 000 000 = E+06	mega	M
1 000 = E+03	kilo	k
100 = E+02	hecto	h
10 = E+01	deka	da
0.1 = E-01	deci	d
0.01 = E-02	centi	c
0.001 = E-03	milli	m
0.000 001 = E-06	micro	µ
0.000 000 001 = E-09	nano	n
0.000 000 000 001 = E-12	pico	p
0.000 000 000 000 001 = E-15	femto	f
0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = E-18	atto	a

AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES

DIAMETER		CIRCUMFERENCE		AREA
Inches	mm	Inches	mm	Inches2	mm2
1⁄8	6	0.40	10	0.01227	8.0
1⁄4	8	0.79	20	0.04909	31.7
3⁄8	10	1.18	30	0.11045	71.3
1⁄2	15	1.57	40	0.19635	126.7
3⁄4	20	2.36	60	0.44179	285.0
1	25	3.14	80	0.7854	506.7
11⁄4	32	3.93	100	1.2272	791.7
11⁄2	40	4.71	120	1.7671	1140.1
2	50	6.28	160	3.1416	2026.8
21⁄2	65	7.85	200	4.9087	3166.9
3	80	9.43	240	7.0686	4560.4
4	100	12.55	320	12.566	8107.1
5	125	15.71	400	19.635	12 667.7
6	150	18.85	480	28.274	18 241.3
7	175	21.99	560	38.485	24 828.9
8	200	25.13	640	50.265	32 428.9
9	225	28.27	720	63.617	41 043.1
10	250	31.42	800	78.540	50 670.9

APPROXIMATE MINIMUM THICKNESS FOR CARBON SHEET STEEL CORRESPONDING

TO MANUFACTURER’S STANDARD GAUGE AND GALVANIZED SHEET GAUGE NUMBERS

CARBON SHEET STEEL			GALVANIZED SHEET
MANUFACTURER’S STANDARD GAUGE NO.	DECIMAL AND NOMINAL THICKNESS EQUIVALENT (inch)	RECOMMENDED MINIMUM THICKNESS EQUIVALENT *(inch)	GALVANIZED SHEET GAUGE NO.	DECIMAL AND NOMINAL THICKNESS EQUIVALENT (inch)	RECOMMENDED MINIMUM THICKNESS EQUIVALENT *(inch)
8	0.1644	0.156	8	0.1681	0.159
9	0.1495	0.142	9	0.1532	0.144
10	0.1345	0.127	10	0.1382	0.129
11	0.1196	0.112	11	0.1233	0.114
12	0.1046	0.097	12	0.1084	0.099
13	0.0897	0.083	13	0.0934	0.084
14	0.0747	0.068	14	0.0785	0.070
15	0.0673	0.062	15	0.0710	0.065
16	0.0598	0.055	16	0.0635	0.058
17	0.0538	0.050	17	0.0575	0.053
18	0.0478	0.044	18	0.0516	0.047
19	0.0418	0.038	19	0.0456	0.041
20	0.0359	0.033	20	0.0396	0.036
21	0.0329	0.030	21	0.0366	0.033
22	0.0299	0.027	22	0.0336	0.030
23	0.0269	0.024	23	0.0306	0.027
24	0.0239	0.021	24	0.0276	0.024
25	0.0209	0.018	25	0.0247	0.021
26	0.0179	0.016	26	0.0217	0.019
27	0.0164	0.014	27	0.0202	0.017
28	0.0149	0.013	28	0.0187	0.016
—	—	—	29	0.0172	0.014
—	—	—	30	0.0157	0.013

For SI units: 1 inch = 25.4 mm

The thickness of the sheets set forth in the code correspond to the thickness shown under these columns. They are the approximate minimum thicknesses

and are based on the following references:

Carbon Sheet Steel—Thickness 0.071 inch (1.803 mm) and over:

ASTM A 568, Table 3, Thickness Tolerances of Hot-Rolled Sheet (Carbon Steel).

Carbon Sheet Steel—Thickness less than 0.071 inch (1.803 mm):

ASTM A 568, Table 23, Thickness Tolerances of Cold-Rolled Sheet (Carbon and High-Strength Low Alloy).

Galvanized Sheet Steel—All thicknesses:

ASTM A 653, Table 4, Thickness Tolerances of Hot-Dip Galvanized Sheet.

Minimum thickness is the difference between the thickness equivalent of each gauge and the maximum negative tolerance for the widest rolled width.