CFC · California Fire Code

Egress path markings and stairway floor signs (high-rise & exceptions)

If you manage an existing high‑rise, the California Fire Code requires stairway floor signs per § 1104.24 (see § 1023.9 for sign size, placement and lettering) and luminous egress path markings per § 1104.25 (see § 1025 for strip widths, placement, door and handrail markings, and material standards). Historic open stairwells and certain lobby discharge levels have narrow exceptions; photoluminescent materials must meet UL/ASTM standards and receive the required charging illumination.

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Last reviewed: July 6, 2026

What the code requires — 2-4 sentences

Existing stairways must display stairway floor number signs in accordance with § 1023.9, as required by § 1104.24 of the California Fire Code. Existing high‑rise buildings in the listed occupancies must be provided with luminous egress path markings per § 1025, as required by § 1104.25. The CFC adds one narrow exception for open, unenclosed stairwells in historic buildings; other technical details are in the referenced Building Code sections.

The single most important rule: existing high‑rise buildings identified in § 1104.25 must have luminous exit‑path markings that meet the placement, dimension and material standards in § 1025 so occupants can locate exits in low‑visibility conditions.

Requirements in detail

Note: § 1104.24 and § 1104.25 are the controlling CFC triggers; the technical requirements live in the referenced CBC sections § 1023.9 (signs) and § 1025 (luminous markings). All requirements below are grounded in those referenced sections.

Stairway floor number signs — what to install

  • Where required by § 1104.24, install stairway identification / floor‑level signs that comply with § 1023.9.
  • Key sign attributes required by § 1023.9.1:
    • Minimum sign size: 18 × 12 inches.
    • Stair identifier lettering (e.g., “STAIR NO. 1”): at least 1.5 inches high.
    • Floor number characters: at least 5 inches high.
    • Other lettering: at least 1 inch high; terminus text and lower/upper terminus text 1‑inch high.
    • Contrast and nonglare finish required (light on dark or dark on light).
    • Placement: signs at each floor‑level landing adjacent to the door on the latch side; tactile/raised & Braille where required by accessibility rules (ICC A117.1).
    • Where the building is subject to luminous markings under § 1025, the stair signs must be made of the same materials as required by § 1025.4.

Luminous egress path markings — where and what

  • The CFC mandates luminous egress path markings for existing high‑rise buildings in the listed occupancies via § 1104.25, which references § 1025 for details.
  • General placement: markings are required in interior exit stairways, interior exit ramps, and exit passageways.
  • Dimensional and placement rules from § 1025 (decision‑critical values shown in the table below).

Table — decision‑relevant dimensions and values

Item Required dimension / limit Code Reference
Step outlining stripe width (min) 1 inch (25 mm) § 1025.2.1
Step outlining stripe width (max) 2 inches (51 mm) § 1025.2.1
Distance from stripe leading edge to step leading edge ≤ 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) § 1025.2.1
Overlap down vertical face of step ≤ 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) § 1025.2.1
Handrail stripe width (min) 1 inch (25 mm) § 1025.2.3
Allowed gap on handrail turns ≤ 4 inches (102 mm) § 1025.2.3
Perimeter demarcation line width 1–2 inches (25–51 mm) § 1025.2.4
Placement of floor demarcation from wall within 4 inches (102 mm) § 1025.2.4.1
Demarcation to landing edge distance extend to within 2 inches (51 mm) § 1025.2.4.1
Obstacle outline min width 1 inch (25 mm) § 1025.2.5
Emergency exit symbol height (door) ≥ 4 inches (102 mm); top ≤ 18 inches (457 mm) above floor § 1025.2.6.1
Door‑hardware luminous area ≥ 16 in² (10 323 mm²) § 1025.2.6.2
Door frame stripe width 1–2 inches (25–51 mm) § 1025.2.6.3
Stairway sign size (min) 18 × 12 inches § 1023.9.1 (signage reqs)
Floor number character height 5 inches (127 mm) § 1023.9.1
Stair identifier lettering height 1.5 inches (38 mm) § 1023.9.1
Photoluminescent charging (when used) ≥ 1 fc (11 lux) for 60 minutes prior to occupancy; min luminance levels per § 1025.4 § 1025.5 and § 1025.4

Materials and performance

  • Luminous markings may be self‑luminous or photoluminescent (including paint) provided they do not require an electrical charge to maintain luminance; materials must meet UL 1994 or ASTM E2072 (with the ASTM variant specifying charging and luminance criteria) per § 1025.4.
  • If photoluminescent materials are used, they must be provided with at least 1 footcandle (11 lux) of illumination for 60 minutes prior to occupancy and continuously during occupancy per § 1025.5.

Exceptions & special cases

  • Historic open, unenclosed stairwells that are designated historic under a state or local program are exempt from the § 1104.25 luminous‑marking requirement. § 1104.25 Exception.
  • Luminous egress path markings are not required on the level of exit discharge in lobbies that serve as part of the exit path (see § 1025.1 Exception).
  • The minimum width requirements (for outlining stripes, handrails, etc.) contain an exception for materials listed to UL 1994—listed products may use smaller widths where the listing justifies it. § 1025.2.x exceptions.
  • Where stair signs are required in buildings that must have luminous markings, signs must be made from materials consistent with § 1025.4 (the same luminous/photoluminescent or self‑luminous standards). § 1023.9.1 Item 8.

Common mistakes

  • Assuming luminous markings are required for all existing buildings — the CFC requires them only in existing high‑rise buildings and only for the occupancies listed in § 1104.25 (A, B, E, I, M and R‑1). Always confirm "high‑rise" applicability.
  • Using photoluminescent products without providing the required charging illumination (1 fc for 60 min) or without verifying manufacturer data that meets § 1025.4/1025.5.
  • Wrong sign placement: stairway floor signs must be located at the landing adjacent to the door on the latch side; installing signs away from this location is noncompliant. § 1023.9.
  • Incorrect stripe sizes or placement — common errors include stripes that overlap the step nosing too far, are too wide or too narrow (and not UL‑listed), or demarcation lines that don’t continue across door thresholds as required. § 1025.2.1, § 1025.2.4.1.
  • Forgetting the historic‑stairwell exception — a designated historic open stair may be exempt; don’t retrofit unnecessarily without checking the designation. § 1104.25 Exception.

Worked example — concrete scenario

Scenario: An existing 20‑story hotel (Group R‑1) is considered a high‑rise for purposes of the CFC triggers in § 1104.25. The owner must install luminous egress path markings per § 1025.

What that looks like, floor by floor:

  • Steps: apply a 1.5‑inch photoluminescent stripe to the horizontal leading edge of every step, placed 1/4 inch from the leading edge and overlapping no more than 1/2 inch down the riser (meets § 1025.2.1).
  • Landings & perimeter lines: place 1‑ to 2‑inch demarcation lines within 4 inches of the wall and extend to within 2 inches of the landing edge so the floor path is continuous (meets § 1025.2.4.1).
  • Handrails: add a 1‑inch luminous stripe on top of handrails; ensure gaps at corners ≤ 4 inches. § 1025.2.3.
  • Doors within the path: mount a 4‑inch exit symbol centered on doors, top of symbol ≤ 18 inches above the floor; mark door hardware with ≥ 16 in² luminous material; stripe door frames 1–2 inches. §§ 1025.2.6.1–.3.
  • Stair signs: at each landing locate a sign 18 × 12 inches with the floor number at 5 inches high, adjacent to the door latch side; signs in luminous stair enclosures must use materials consistent with § 1025.4. § 1023.9.1.
  • Materials/testing: use photoluminescent products that comply with UL 1994 or ASTM E2072 (with the ASTM charging/luminance spec) and ensure the stairways receive ≥1 fc for 60 minutes before occupancy so the photoluminescent charge requirement is met. § 1025.4–1025.5.

Related provisions (quick list)

  • § 1104.24 — Stairway floor number signs (CFC).
  • § 1104.25 — Egress path markings (CFC).
  • § 1023.9 / § 1023.9.1 — Stairway identification sign specifications (CBC).
  • § 1023.11 — Tactile floor‑level signs (CBC).
  • § 1025.1 — General luminous markings requirement and lobby exception (CBC).
  • § 1025.2 — Markings within exit components (steps, landings, handrails, demarcation lines) (CBC).
  • § 1025.2.6.1–.3 — Door symbol, hardware and frame marking details (CBC).
  • § 1025.3 — Uniformity requirement (CBC).
  • § 1025.4 — Acceptable luminous materials and referenced standards (UL 1994; ASTM E2072) (CBC).
  • § 1025.5 — Photoluminescent charging illumination requirement (CBC).

Code references

Grounded in the retrieved California Fire Code — click a citation to read the verbatim passage:

  • CFC § 1104.24 High relevance — show source text

    1104.24 Stairway floor number signs. Existing stairways shall be marked in accordance with Section 1023.9.

    1104.25 Egress path markings. Existing high-rise buildings of Group A, B, E, I, M and R-1 occupancies shall be provided with luminous egress path markings in accordance with Section 1025.

    Exception: Open, unenclosed stairwells in historic buildings designated as historic under a state or local historic preservation

    program.

    SECTION 1105 —CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR EXISTING GROUP I-2

    1105.1 General. Existing Group I-2 shall meet all of the following requirements:

    1. The minimum fire safety requirements in Section 1103.
    2. The minimum means of egress requirements in Section 1104.
    3. The additional egress and construction requirements in Section 1105.

    Where the provisions of this chapter conflict with the construction requirements that applied at the time of construction, the most restrictive provision shall apply.

    1105.2 Applicability. The provisions of Sections 1105.3 through 1105.8, 1105.10 and 1105.11 shall apply to the existing Group I-2 fire area.

    1105.3 Construction. Group I-2, Condition 2 shall not be located on a floor level higher than the floor level limitation in Table 1105.3 based on the type of construction.

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    TABLE 1105.3—FLOOR LEVEL LIMITATIONS FOR GROUP I-2, CONDITION 2 Col2 Col3 Col4 Col5 Col6
    CONSTRUCTION TYPE AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM ALLOWABLE FLOOR LEVELa ALLOWABLE FLOOR LEVELa ALLOWABLE FLOOR LEVELa ALLOWABLE FLOOR LEVELa
    CONSTRUCTION TYPE AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM 1 2 3 4 or more
    IA Note b P P P P
    IA Note c P P P P
    IB Note b P P P P
    IB Note c P P P P
    IIA Note b P P P NP
    IIA Note c P NP NP NP
    IIB Note b P P NP NP
    IIB Note c NP NP NP NP
    IIIA Note b P P NP NP
    IIIA Note c P NP NP NP
    IIIB Note b P NP NP NP
    IIIB Note c NP NP NP NP
    IV Note b P P NP NP
    IV Note c NP NP NP NP
    VA Note b P P NP NP
    VA Note c NP NP NP NP
    VB Note b P NP NP NP
    VB Note c NP NP NP NP
    P = Permitted; NP = Not Permitted.
    a.
  • CFC § 1025.1 High relevance — show source text

    SECTION 1025—LUMINOUS EGRESS PATH MARKINGS

    1025.1 General. Approved luminous egress path markings delineating the exit path shall be provided in high-rise buildings of Group A, B, E, M or R-1 occupancies in accordance with this section.

    Exception: Luminous egress path markings shall not be required on the level of exit discharge in lobbies that serve as part of the exit path in accordance with Section 1028.2, Exception 1.

    1025.2 Markings within exit components. Egress path markings shall be provided in interior exit stairways, interior exit ramps and exit passageways, in accordance with Sections 1025.2.1 through 1025.2.6.3.

    1025.2.1 Steps. A solid and continuous stripe shall be applied to the horizontal leading edge of each step and shall extend for the full length of the step. Outlining stripes shall have a minimum horizontal width of 1 inch (25 mm) and a maximum width of 2 inches (51 mm). The leading edge of the stripe shall be placed not more than [1] / 2 inch (12.7 mm) from the leading edge of the step and the stripe shall not overlap the leading edge of the step by not more than [1] / 2 inch (12.7 mm) down the vertical face of the step.

    Exception: The minimum width of 1 inch (25 mm) shall not apply to outlining stripes listed in accordance with UL 1994.

    1025.2.2 Landings. The leading edge of landings shall be marked with a stripe consistent with the dimensional requirements for steps.

    1025.2.3 Handrails. Handrails and handrail extensions shall be marked with a solid and continuous stripe having a minimum width of 1 inch (25 mm). The stripe shall be placed on the top surface of the handrail for the entire length of the handrail, including extensions and newel post caps. Where handrails or handrail extensions bend or turn corners, the stripe shall not have a gap of more than 4 inches (102 mm).

    Exception: The minimum width of 1 inch (25 mm) shall not apply to outlining stripes listed in accordance with UL 1994.

    1025.2.4 Perimeter demarcation lines. Stair landings and other floor areas within interior exit stairways, interior exit ramps and exit passageways, with the exception of the sides of steps, shall be provided with solid and continuous demarcation lines on the floor or on the walls or a combination of both. The stripes shall be 1 to 2 inches (25 mm to 51 mm) wide with interruptions not exceeding 4 inches (102 mm).

    Exception: The minimum width of 1 inch (25 mm) shall not apply to outlining stripes listed in accordance with UL 1994.

    1025.2.4.1 Floor-mounted demarcation lines. Perimeter demarcation lines shall be placed within 4 inches (102 mm) of the wall and shall extend to within 2 inches (51 mm) of the markings on the leading edge of landings. The demarcation lines shall continue across the floor in front of all doors.

    Exception: Demarcation lines shall not extend in front of exit discharge doors that lead out of an exit and through which occupants must travel to complete the exit path.

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  • CFC § 1104.23 High relevance — show source text

    Where clear openings are provided, they shall be located so as to minimize the accumulation of smoke or toxic gases.

    1104.23 Minimum aisle width. The minimum clear width of aisles shall comply with the following:

    1. Forty-two inches (1067 mm) for stepped aisles having seating on each side.

    Exception: Thirty-six inches (914 mm) where the stepped aisle serves fewer than 50 seats. 2. Thirty-six inches (914 mm) for stepped aisles having seating on only one side.

    Exceptions:

    1. Thirty inches (760 mm) for catchment areas serving not more than 60 seats.

    2. Twenty-three inches (584 mm) between a stepped aisle handrail and seating where a stepped aisle does not serve more than five rows on one side.

    3. Twenty inches (508 mm) between a stepped aisle handrail or guard and seating where the aisle is subdivided by a mid-aisle handrail.

    4. Forty-two inches (1067 mm) for level or ramped aisles having seating on both sides.

    Exceptions:

    1. Thirty-six inches (914 mm) where the aisle serves fewer than 50 seats.
    2. Thirty inches (760 mm) where the aisle serves fewer than 15 seats and does not serve as part of an accessible route.
    3. Thirty-six inches (914 mm) for level or ramped aisles having seating on only one side.

    Exception: Thirty inches (760 mm) for catchment areas serving not more than 60 seats and not serving as part of an accessible route.

    1. In Group I-2, where aisles are used for movement of patients in beds, aisles shall comply with Section 1105.6.8.

    1104.24 Stairway floor number signs. Existing stairways shall be marked in accordance with Section 1023.9.

    1104.25 Egress path markings. Existing high-rise buildings of Group A, B, E, I, M and R-1 occupancies shall be provided with luminous egress path markings in accordance with Section 1025.

    Exception: Open, unenclosed stairwells in historic buildings designated as historic under a state or local historic preservation

    program.

    SECTION 1105 —CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR EXISTING GROUP I-2

    1105.1 General. Existing Group I-2 shall meet all of the following requirements:

    1. The minimum fire safety requirements in Section 1103.
    2. The minimum means of egress requirements in Section 1104.
    3. The additional egress and construction requirements in Section 1105.

    Where the provisions of this chapter conflict with the construction requirements that applied at the time of construction, the most restrictive provision shall apply.

    1105.2 Applicability. The provisions of Sections 1105.3 through 1105.8, 1105.10 and 1105.11 shall apply to the existing Group I-2 fire area.

    1105.3 Construction. Group I-2, Condition 2 shall not be located on a floor level higher than the floor level limitation in Table 1105.3 based on the type of construction.

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    |TABLE 1105.3—FLOOR LEVEL LIMITATIONS FOR GROUP I-2,

  • CFC § 1023.9.1 High relevance — show source text

    In addition to the stairway identification sign, raised characters and braille floor identification signs that comply with Chapter 11B of the California Building Code shall be located at the landing of each floor level, placed adjacent to the door on the latch side, in all enclosed stairways in buildings two or more stories in height to identify the floor level. At the exit discharge level, the sign shall include a raised five pointed star located to the left of the identifying floor level. The outside diameter of the star shall be the same as the height of the raised characters.

    [BE] 1023.9.1 Signage requirements. Stairway identification signs shall comply with all of the following requirements:

    1. The signs shall be a minimum size of 18 inches (457 mm) by 12 inches (305 mm).
    2. The letters designating the identification of the stair enclosure, such as STAIR NO. 1 or WEST STAIR, shall be placed at the top of the sign and shall be not less than 1 [1] / 2 inches (38 mm) in height block lettering with [1] / 4 -inch (6 mm) strokes.
    3. The number designating the floor level shall be not less than 5 inches (127 mm) in height with [3] / 4 -inch (19 mm) strokes and located in the center of the sign. The mezzanine levels shall have the letter “M” preceding the floor level. basement levels shall have the letter “B” preceding the floor number.
    4. Other lettering and numbers shall be not less than 1 inch (25 mm) in height. 5. The stairway’s upper terminus, such as ROOF ACCESS or NO ROOF ACCESS, shall be placed under the stairway identification in 1-inch-high (25 mm) block lettering with [1] / 4 -inch (6 mm) strokes. 6. The lower and upper terminus of the stairway shall be placed at the bottom of the sign in 1-inch-high (25 mm) block lettering with [1] / 4 -inch (6 mm) strokes. 7. Characters and their background shall have a nonglare finish. Characters shall contrast with their background, with either light characters on a dark background or dark characters on a light background. 8. Where signs required by Section 1023.9 are installed in the interior exit stairways and ramps of buildings subject to Section 1025, the signs shall be made of the same materials as required by Section 1025.4.

    [BE] 1023.10 Elevator lobby identification signs. At landings in interior exit stairways where two or more doors lead to the floor level, any door with direct access to an enclosed elevator lobby shall be identified by signage located on the door or directly adjacent to the door stating “Elevator Lobby.” Signage shall be in accordance with Section 1023.9.1, Items 4, 5 and 6.

    [BE] 1023.11 Tactile floor-level signs. Where floor-level signs are provided in interior exit stairways and ramps, a floor-level sign identifying the floor level in visual characters, raised characters and braille complying with ICC A117.1 shall be located at each floorlevel landing adjacent to the door leading from the interior exit stairway and ramp into the corridor.

  • CFC § 1024.8 High relevance — show source text

    In each case, openings into the fire-resistance-rated construction shall be limited to those needed for maintenance and operation and shall be protected by opening protectives in accordance with Section 716 of the California Building Code for shaft enclosures.

    Exit passageway ventilation systems shall be independent of other building ventilation systems.

    [BE] 1024.8 Exit passageway exterior walls. Exterior walls of the exit passageway shall comply with Section 705 of the California Building Code . Where nonrated walls or unprotected openings enclose the exterior of the exit passageway and the walls or openings are exposed by other parts of the building at an angle of less than 180 degrees (3.14 rad), the building exterior walls within 10 feet (3048 mm) horizontally of a nonrated wall or unprotected opening shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less than 1 hour. Openings within such exterior walls shall be protected by opening protectives having a fire protection rating of not less than [3] / 4 hour. This construction shall extend vertically from the ground to a point 10 feet (3048 mm) above the floor of the exit passageway or to the roof line, whichever is lower.

    [BE] 1024.9 Standpipes. Standpipes and standpipe hose connections shall be provided where required by Sections 905.3 and 905.4.

    SECTION 1025—LUMINOUS EGRESS PATH MARKINGS

    [BE] 1025.1 General. Approved luminous egress path markings delineating the exit path shall be provided in high-rise buildings of Group A, B, E, I-1, M or R-1 occupancies in accordance with this section.

    Exception: Luminous egress path markings shall not be required on the level of exit discharge in lobbies that serve as part of the exit path in accordance with Section 1028.2, Exception 1.

    [BE] 1025.2 Markings within exit components. Egress path markings shall be provided in interior exit stairways, interior exit ramps and exit passageways, in accordance with Sections 1025.2.1 through 1025.2.6.3.

    [BE] 1025.2.1 Steps. A solid and continuous stripe shall be applied to the horizontal leading edge of each step and shall extend for the full length of the step. Outlining stripes shall have a minimum horizontal width of 1 inch (25 mm) and a maximum width of 2 inches (51 mm). The leading edge of the stripe shall be placed not more than [1] / 2 inch (12.7 mm) from the leading edge of the step and the stripe shall not overlap the leading edge of the step by not more than [1] / 2 inch (12.7 mm) down the vertical face of the step.

    Exception: The minimum width of 1 inch (25 mm) shall not apply to outlining stripes listed in accordance with UL 1994.

    [BE] 1025.2.2 Landings. The leading edge of landings shall be marked with a stripe consistent with the dimensional requirements for steps.

    [BE] 1025.2.3 Handrails. Handrails and handrail extensions shall be marked with a solid and continuous stripe having a minimum width of 1 inch (25 mm). The stripe shall be placed on the top surface of the handrail for the entire length of the handrail, including extensions and newel post caps. Where handrails or handrail extensions bend or turn corners, the stripe shall not have a gap of more than 4 inches (102 mm).

  • CFC § 1024.8 High relevance — show source text
    1. Where the equipment and ductwork is located within the exit passageway, the intake air shall be taken directly from the outdoors and the exhaust air shall be discharged directly to the outdoors, or the air shall be conveyed through ducts enclosed in construction as required for shafts.
    2. Where located within the building, the equipment and ductwork shall be separated from the remainder of the building, including other mechanical equipment, with construction as required for shafts.

    In each case, openings into the fire-resistance-rated construction shall be limited to those needed for maintenance and operation and shall be protected by opening protectives in accordance with Section 716 for shaft enclosures.

    Exit passageway ventilation systems shall be independent of other building ventilation systems.

    1024.8 Exit passageway exterior walls. Exterior walls of the exit passageway shall comply with Section 705. Where nonrated walls or unprotected openings enclose the exterior of the exit passageway and the walls or openings are exposed by other parts of the building at an angle of less than 180 degrees (3.14 rad), the building exterior walls within 10 feet (3048 mm) horizontally of a nonrated wall or unprotected opening shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less than 1 hour. Openings within such exterior walls shall be protected by opening protectives having a fire protection rating of not less than [3] / 4 hour. This construction shall extend vertically from the ground to a point 10 feet (3048 mm) above the floor of the exit passageway, or to the roof line, whichever is lower.

    1024.9 Standpipes. Standpipes and standpipe hose connections shall be provided where required by Sections 905.3 and 905.4.

    SECTION 1025—LUMINOUS EGRESS PATH MARKINGS

    1025.1 General. Approved luminous egress path markings delineating the exit path shall be provided in high-rise buildings of Group A, B, E, M or R-1 occupancies in accordance with this section.

    Exception: Luminous egress path markings shall not be required on the level of exit discharge in lobbies that serve as part of the exit path in accordance with Section 1028.2, Exception 1.

    1025.2 Markings within exit components. Egress path markings shall be provided in interior exit stairways, interior exit ramps and exit passageways, in accordance with Sections 1025.2.1 through 1025.2.6.3.

    1025.2.1 Steps. A solid and continuous stripe shall be applied to the horizontal leading edge of each step and shall extend for the full length of the step. Outlining stripes shall have a minimum horizontal width of 1 inch (25 mm) and a maximum width of 2 inches (51 mm). The leading edge of the stripe shall be placed not more than [1] / 2 inch (12.7 mm) from the leading edge of the step and the stripe shall not overlap the leading edge of the step by not more than [1] / 2 inch (12.7 mm) down the vertical face of the step.

    Exception: The minimum width of 1 inch (25 mm) shall not apply to outlining stripes listed in accordance with UL 1994.

    1025.2.2 Landings. The leading edge of landings shall be marked with a stripe consistent with the dimensional requirements for steps.

  • CFC § 1023.9.1 High relevance — show source text

    1023.9.1 Signage requirements. Stairway identification signs shall comply with all of the following requirements:

    1. The signs shall be a minimum size of 18 inches (457 mm) by 12 inches (305 mm).

    2. The letters designating the identification of the interior exit stairway and ramp such as STAIR NO. 1 or WEST STAIR, shall be placed at the top of the sign and shall be not less than 1 [ 1] / 2 inches (38 mm) in height block lettering with [1] / 4 -inch (6 mm) strokes.

    3. The number designating the floor level shall be not less than 5 inches (127 mm) in height with [3] / 4 -inch (19 mm) strokes and located in the center of the sign. The mezzanine levels shall have the letter “M” preceding the floor level. Basement levels shall have the letter “B” preceding the floor number.

    4. Other lettering and numbers shall be not less than 1 inch (25 mm) in height. 5. The stairway’s upper terminus, such as ROOF ACCESS or NO ROOF ACCESS, shall be placed under the stairway identification in 1-inch-high (25 mm) block lettering with [1] / 4 -inch (6 mm) strokes.

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    MEANS OF EGRESS

    6. The lower and upper terminus of the stairway shall be placed at the bottom of the sign in 1-inch-high (25 mm) block lettering with [1] / 4 -inch (6 mm) strokes. 7 . Characters and their background shall have a nonglare finish. Characters shall contrast with their background, with either light characters on a dark background or dark characters on a light background. 8 . Where signs required by Section 1023.9 are installed in the interior exit stairways and ramps of buildings subject to Section 1025, the signs shall be made of the same materials as required by Section 1025.4.

    1023.10 Elevator lobby identification signs. At landings in interior exit stairways where two or more doors lead to the floor level, any door with direct access to an enclosed elevator lobby shall be identified by signage located on the door or directly adjacent to the door stating “Elevator Lobby.” Signage shall be in accordance with Section 1023.9.1, Items 4, 5 and 6.

    1023.11 Tactile floor-level signs. Where floor level signs are provided in interior exit stairways and ramps, a floor-level sign identifying the floor level in visual characters, raised characters and braille complying with Chapter 11A, Section 1143A shall be located at each floor-level landing adjacent to the door leading from the interior exit stairway and ramp into the corridor.

    1023.12 Smokeproof enclosures. Where required by Section 403.5.4, 405.7.2 or 412.2.2.1, interior exit stairways and ramps shall be smokeproof enclosures in accordance with Section 909.20.

  • CFC § 0.010 High relevance — show source text

    1. Security systems.

    2. Two-way communication systems.

    3. Electrical raceway for fire department communication.

    4. Electrical raceway serving the exit passageway and terminating at a steel box not exceeding 16 square inches (0.010 m [2] ).

    5. Structural elements, such as beams or joists, supporting a floor or roof at the top of the exit passageway.

    Such penetrations shall be protected in accordance with Section 714 of the California Building Code . There shall not be penetrations or communicating openings, whether protected or not, between adjacent exit passageways.

    Exception: Membrane penetrations shall be permitted on the outside of the exit passageway. Such penetrations shall be protected in accordance with Section 714.4.2 of the California Building Code .

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    [BE] 1024.7 Ventilation. Equipment and ductwork for exit passageway ventilation as permitted by Section 1024.6 shall comply with one of the following:

    1. The equipment and ductwork shall be located exterior to the building and shall be directly connected to the exit passageway by ductwork enclosed in construction as required for shafts.
    2. Where the equipment and ductwork is located within the exit passageway, the intake air shall be taken directly from the outdoors and the exhaust air shall be discharged directly to the outdoors, or the air shall be conveyed through ducts enclosed in construction as required for shafts.
    3. Where located within the building, the equipment and ductwork shall be separated from the remainder of the building, including other mechanical equipment, with construction as required for shafts.

    In each case, openings into the fire-resistance-rated construction shall be limited to those needed for maintenance and operation and shall be protected by opening protectives in accordance with Section 716 of the California Building Code for shaft enclosures.

    Exit passageway ventilation systems shall be independent of other building ventilation systems.

    [BE] 1024.8 Exit passageway exterior walls. Exterior walls of the exit passageway shall comply with Section 705 of the California Building Code . Where nonrated walls or unprotected openings enclose the exterior of the exit passageway and the walls or openings are exposed by other parts of the building at an angle of less than 180 degrees (3.14 rad), the building exterior walls within 10 feet (3048 mm) horizontally of a nonrated wall or unprotected opening shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less than 1 hour. Openings within such exterior walls shall be protected by opening protectives having a fire protection rating of not less than [3] / 4 hour. This construction shall extend vertically from the ground to a point 10 feet (3048 mm) above the floor of the exit passageway or to the roof line, whichever is lower.

    [BE] 1024.9 Standpipes. Standpipes and standpipe hose connections shall be provided where required by Sections 905.3 and 905.4.

    SECTION 1025—LUMINOUS EGRESS PATH MARKINGS

    [BE] 1025.1 General. Approved luminous egress path markings delineating the exit path shall be provided in high-rise buildings of Group A, B, E, I-1, M or R-1 occupancies in accordance with this section.

  • CFC § 1032.6 Medium relevance — show source text

    1032.6 On rooftop 316.4 Portable fire extinguishers 906.6 Spraying operation ventilation 2404.9.4 Sprinkler discharge 315.3.1, 903.3.3 Occupancy, Change of (see Change of Occupancy) Occupancy Classification 203 Occupant Load 202 Calculating Table 1004.5 Posting 1004.3 Occupiable Roof 202, 1004.7, 1006.3,

    1009.2.1 Oil, Cooking 607 Oil, Fuel (see Fuel Oil and Combustible Liquid) Oil, Motor (see Combustible Liquid) Oil, Waste (see Waste Oil) Oil-Burning Equipment (see Fuel-Fired Appliances) On-Demand Mobile Fueling Operations 202 Flammable and combustible liquids 5707 Hydrogen 5809 Open Burning 307 Defined 202

    Permit 105.5.36, 307.2 Precautions in tire storage areas 3404.1

    Open Flames 308, 806.3, 2903.6, 5003.7.2, 5604.7.2, 5706.2.1 Devices 308.1.5

    Size of piles 2807.2, 2808.3 Waste removal 2803.3 Luminous Egress Path Markings 1025, 1104.25

    Magazine 202, 5604 Magnesium Defined 202

    Permit 105.5.32

    Storage 5906.2, 5906.3, 5906.4 Use 5906.5

    Maintenance 110 Mall (see Covered Mall Building) Manifolds Cylinders 3509.4 Identification 3509.5

    Piping 3509 Manual Fire Alarm Box 202, 907.4.2 Manufacture of Organic Coatings Chapter 29 Marinas 202, Chapter 36 Marine Motor Fuel-Dispensing Facility 2310, 3605 Defined 202

    Fire protection 2310.6 Fueling 2310.4 General 2310.1

    Nozzles 2310.3.3 Marking (see Placards; Placarding) 503.3, 909.14, 5003.5.1 Compressed gas 5303.2 Cryogenic containers 5503.4 Shaftway 316.2 Tank 5706.2.2

    Warnings 5003.8.7.4 Mass Notification Systems 917 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) (see Safety Data Sheet) Mattresses (in Groups I and R) 805 Maximum Allowable Quantity per Control Area 5003.1.1, Table 5003.1.1(1), Table 5003.1.1(2), Table 5003.1.1(3), Table 5003.1.1(4), 5003.11 Defined 202

    Means of Appeals 112 Means of Egress Chapter 10, 1104, 3312 Accessible means of egress 1009 Assembly 1030 Bleachers 1030.1.1 Buildings under construction or demolition 3312

  • CFC § 1006.3.2 Medium relevance — show source text

    1006.3.2 Path of egress travel. The path of egress travel to an exit shall not pass through more than one adjacent story.

    Exception: The path of egress travel to an exit shall be permitted to pass through more than one adjacent story in any of the following:

    1. In Group R-1, R-2 or R-3 occupancies, exit access stairways and ramps connecting four stories or less serving and contained within an individual dwelling unit, sleeping unit or live/work unit.
    2. Exit access stairways serving and contained within a Group R-3 congregate residence or a Group R-4 facility.
    3. Exit access stairways and ramps within an atrium complying with Section 404.
    4. Exit access stairways and ramps in open parking garages that serve only the parking garage.
    5. Exit access stairways and ramps serving smoke-protected assembly seating and open-air assembly seating complying with the exit access travel distance requirements of Section 1030.7.
    6. Exit access stairways and ramps between the balcony, gallery or press box and the main assembly floor in occupancies such as theaters, places of religious worship, auditoriums and sports facilities.
    7. Exterior exit access stairways and ramps between occupiable roofs.

    1006.3.3 Egress based on occupant load. Each story and occupiable roof shall have the minimum number of separate and distinct exits, or access to exits, as specified in Table 1006.3.3. A single exit or access to a single exit shall be permitted in accor

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    dance with Section 1006.3.4. The required number of exits, or exit access stairways or ramps providing access to exits, from any story or occupiable roof shall be maintained until arrival at the exit discharge or a public way.

    TABLE 1006.3.3—MINIMUM NUMBER OF EXITS OR ACCESS TO EXITS PER STORY OR OCCUPIABLE ROOFS Col2
    OCCUPANT LOAD PER
    STORY OR OCCUPIABLE ROOF    		 MINIMUM NUMBER OF EXITS OR ACCESS
    TO EXITS PER STORY OR OCCUPIABLE ROOF
    1-500 2
    501-1,000 3
    More than 1,000 4

    1006.3.4 Single exits. A single exit or access to a single exit shall be permitted from any story or occupiable roof where one of the following conditions exists:

    1. The occupant load, number of dwelling units and exit access travel distance do not exceed the values in Table 1006.3.4(1) or 1006.3.4(2).
    2. Rooms, areas and spaces complying with Section 1006.2.1 with exits that discharge directly to the exterior at the level of exit discharge, are permitted to have one exit or access to a single exit.
    3. Parking garages where vehicles are mechanically parked shall be permitted to have one exit or access to a single exit.
    4. Group R-3 and R-4 occupancies shall be permitted to have one exit or access to a single exit.
    5. Individual single-story or multistory dwelling units shall be permitted to have a single exit or access to a single exit from the dwelling unit provided that both of the following criteria are met: 5.1.
  • CFC § 1009.6.5 Medium relevance — show source text

    Exceptions:

    1. Areas of refuge located within an enclosure for interior exit stairways complying with Section 1023.
    2. Areas of refuge in outdoor facilities where exit access is essentially open to the outside.

    1009.6.5 Two-way communication. Areas of refuge shall be provided with a two-way communication system complying with Sections 1009.8.1 and 1009.8.2.

    1009.7 Exterior areas for assisted rescue. Exterior areas for assisted rescue shall be accessed by an accessible route from the area served.

    Where the exit discharge does not include an accessible route from an exit located on the level of exit discharge to a public way, an exterior area of assisted rescue shall be provided on the exterior landing in accordance with Sections 1009.7.1 through 1009.7.4.

    1009.7.1 Size. Each exterior area for assisted rescue shall be sized to accommodate wheelchair spaces in accordance with Section 1009.6.3.

    1009.7.2 Separation. Exterior walls separating the exterior area of assisted rescue from the interior of the building shall have a minimum fire-resistance rating of 1 hour, rated for exposure to fire from the inside. The fire-resistance-rated exterior wall construction shall extend horizontally not less than 10 feet (3048 mm) beyond the landing on either side of the landing or equivalent fire-resistance-rated construction is permitted to extend out perpendicular to the exterior wall not less than 4 feet (1219 mm) on the side of the landing. The fire-resistance-rated construction shall extend vertically from the ground to a point not less than 10

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    feet (3048 mm) above the floor level of the area for assisted rescue or to the roof line, whichever is lower. Openings within such fire-resistance-rated exterior walls shall be protected in accordance with Section 716.

    Exception: The fire-resistance rating and opening protectives are not required in the exterior wall where the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

    1009.7.3 Openness. The exterior area for assisted rescue shall be open to the outside air. The sides other than the separation walls shall be not less than 50 percent open, and the open area shall be distributed so as to minimize the accumulation of smoke or toxic gases.

    1009.7.4 Stairways. Stairways that are part of the means of egress for the exterior area for assisted rescue shall provide a minimum clear width of 48 inches (1219 mm) between handrails.

    Exception: The minimum clear width of 48 inches (1219 mm) between handrails is not required at stairways serving buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

    1009.8 Two-way communication. A two-way communication system complying with Sections 1009.8.1 and 1009.8.2 shall be provided at the landing serving each elevator or bank of elevators on each accessible floor that is one or more stories above or below the level of exit discharge.

  • CFC § 10-46 Medium relevance — show source text

    1023 Interior Exit Stairways and Ramps. . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-46 1024 Exit Passageways. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-49 1025 Luminous Egress Path Markings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-50 1026 Horizontal Exits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-51

    1027 Exterior Exit Stairways and Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-52 1028 Exit Discharge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-53 1029 Egress Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-54 1030 Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-54 1031 Emergency Escape and Rescue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-61 1032 Maintenance of the Means of Egress . . . . . . . . . . . .10-64

    CHAPTER 11 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR

    EXISTING BUILDINGS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-3

    1101 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3

    1102 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3

    1103 Fire Safety Requirements for Existing Buildings. . . 11-3 1104 Means of Egress for Existing Buildings . . . . . . . . . .11-13 1105 Construction Requirements for Existing Group I-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-18 1106 Requirements for Outdoor Operations. . . . . . . . . .11-22 1107 Energy Storage Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-23 1108 Group A Public Address System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-23 1109 _through 1112 Reserved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  • CFC § 1025.2.4.2 Medium relevance — show source text

    Exception: Demarcation lines shall not extend in front of exit discharge doors that lead out of an exit and through which occupants must travel to complete the exit path.

    [BE] 1025.2.4.2 Wall-mounted demarcation lines. Perimeter demarcation lines shall be placed on the wall with the bottom edge of the stripe not more than 4 inches (102 mm) above the finished floor. At the top or bottom of the stairs, demarcation lines shall drop vertically to the floor within 2 inches (51 mm) of the step or landing edge. Demarcation lines on walls shall transition vertically to the floor and then extend across the floor where a line on the floor is the only practical method of outlining the path. Where the wall line is broken by a door, demarcation lines on walls shall continue across the face of the door or transition to the floor and extend across the floor in front of such door.

    Exception: Demarcation lines shall not extend in front of exit discharge doors that lead out of an exit and through which occupants must travel to complete the exit path.

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    [BE] 1025.2.4.3 Transition. Where a wall-mounted demarcation line transitions to a floor-mounted demarcation line, or viceversa, the wall-mounted demarcation line shall drop vertically to the floor to meet a complimentary extension of the floormounted demarcation line, thus forming a continuous marking.

    [BE] 1025.2.5 Obstacles. Obstacles at or below 6 feet 6 inches (1981 mm) in height and projecting more than 4 inches (102 mm) into the egress path shall be outlined with markings not less than 1 inch (25 mm) in width comprised of a pattern of alternating equal bands, of luminous material and black, with the alternating bands not more than 2 inches (51 mm) thick and angled at 45 degrees (0.79 rad). Obstacles shall include, but are not limited to, standpipes, hose cabinets, wall projections, and restricted height areas. However, such markings shall not conceal any required information or indicators including but not limited to instructions to occupants for the use of standpipes.

    Exception: The minimum width of 1 inch (25 mm) shall not apply to markings listed in accordance with UL 1994.

    [BE] 1025.2.6 Doors within the exit path. Doors through which occupants must pass in order to complete the exit path shall be provided with markings complying with Sections 1025.2.6.1 through 1025.2.6.3.

    [BE] 1025.2.6.1 Emergency exit symbol. The doors shall be identified by a low-location luminous emergency exit symbol complying with NFPA 170. The exit symbol shall be not less than 4 inches (102 mm) in height and shall be mounted on the door, centered horizontally, with the top of the symbol not higher than 18 inches (457 mm) above the finished floor.

  • CFC § 10-37 Medium relevance — show source text

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-37

    1015 Guards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-38

    1016 Exit Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-40

    1017 Exit Access Travel Distance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-41

    1018 Aisles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-42

    1019 Exit Access Stairways and Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-43 1020 Corridors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-44

    1021 Egress Balconies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-46 1022 Exits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-46

    1023 Interior Exit Stairways and Ramps. . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-46 1024 Exit Passageways. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-49 1025 Luminous Egress Path Markings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-50 1026 Horizontal Exits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-51

    1027 Exterior Exit Stairways and Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-52 1028 Exit Discharge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-53 1029 Egress Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-54 1030 Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-54 1031 Emergency Escape and Rescue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-61 1032 Maintenance of the Means of Egress . . . . . . . . . . . .10-64

    CHAPTER 11 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR

    EXISTING BUILDINGS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-3

  • CFC § 1013.1 Medium relevance — show source text

    2. Each exit door that is required to comply with Section 1013.1, and that leads directly to a grade-level exterior exit by means of a stairway or ramp, shall be identified by a tactile exit sign with the following words, as appropriate:

    2.1. “EXIT STAIR DOWN”

    2.2. “EXIT RAMP DOWN”

    2.3. “EXIT STAIR UP”

    2.4. “EXIT RAMP UP”

    3. Each exit door that is required to comply with Section 1013.1, and that leads directly to a grade-level exterior exit by means of an exit enclosure or an exit passageway shall be identified by a tactile exit sign with the words, “EXIT ROUTE.” 4. Each exit access door from an interior room or area to a corridor or hallway that is required to comply with Section 1013.1 shall be identified by a tactile exit sign with the words “EXIT ROUTE.” 5. Each exit door through a horizontal exit that is required to comply with Section 1013.1 shall be identified by a sign with the words, “TO EXIT.”

    Raised characters and braille exit signs shall comply with Chapter 11B of the California Building Code.

    [BE] 1013.5 Internally illuminated exit signs. Electrically powered, self-luminous and photoluminescent exit signs shall be listed and labeled in accordance with UL 294 and shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and Section 1203. Exit signs shall be illuminated at all times.

    1013.5.1 Photoluminescent exit signs. Photoluminescent exit signs shall be provided with an illumination source to charge the exit sign in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

    [BE] 1013.6 Externally illuminated exit signs. Externally illuminated exit signs shall comply with Sections 1013.6.1 through 1013.6.3.

    [BE] 1013.6.1 Graphics. Every exit sign and directional exit sign shall have plainly legible letters not less than 6 inches (152 mm) high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than [3] / 4 inch (19.1 mm) wide. The word “EXIT” shall have letters having a width not less than 2 inches (51 mm) wide, except the letter “I,” and the minimum spacing between letters shall be not less than [3] / 8 inch (9.5 mm). Signs larger than the minimum established in this section shall have letter widths, strokes and spacing in proportion to their height.

    The word “EXIT” shall be in high contrast with the background and shall be clearly discernible when the means of exit sign illumination is or is not energized. If a chevron directional indicator is provided as part of the exit sign, the construction shall be such that the direction of the chevron directional indicator cannot be readily changed.

    [BE] 1013.6.2 Exit sign illumination. The face of an exit sign illuminated from an external source shall have an intensity of not less than 5 footcandles (54 lux).

  • CFC § 10-36 Medium relevance — show source text

    1014 Handrails. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-36

    1015 Guards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-37

    1016 Exit Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-39

    1017 Exit Access Travel Distance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-40

    1018 Aisles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-41

    1019 Exit Access Stairways and Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-42

    1020 Corridors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-42

    1021 Egress Balconies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-44

    1022 Exits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-44

    1023 Interior Exit Stairways and Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-45

    1024 Exit Passageways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-47

    1025 Luminous Egress Path Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-48

    1026 Horizontal Exits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-49

    1027 Exterior Exit Stairways and Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-50

    1028 Exit Discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-51

    1029 Egress Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-52

    1030 Assembly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-52

    1031 Emergency Escape and Rescue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-59

    CHAPTER 11 RESERVED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1

    CHAPTER 11A HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11A-1

Frequently asked questions

Who must comply with § 1104.25 — all existing buildings or only some?

Only existing high‑rise buildings of the occupancies listed in § 1104.25 (Groups A, B, E, I, M and R‑1) are required to have luminous egress path markings; the CFC directs these buildings to meet the technical standards in § 1025.

Can I use photoluminescent paint instead of strips or tapes?

Yes — photoluminescent materials (including paint) are permitted provided they meet the standards in § 1025.4 (UL 1994 or ASTM E2072 with the specified charging/luminance criteria) and you provide the charging illumination required in § 1025.5.

Are stair signs required to be tactile / Braille?

Where floor‑level signs are provided in interior exit stairways and ramps, tactile (raised) characters and Braille complying with ICC A117.1 are required at each floor‑level landing adjacent to the door into the corridor, per § 1023.11.

Is there an exception for historic stairwells?

Yes — open, unenclosed stairwells in buildings designated historic under a state or local historic preservation program are exempt from the luminous‑marking requirement under § 1104.25 Exception.

If my luminous stripes are UL‑listed, can they be narrower than 1 inch?

Yes — the CBC permits listed products (UL 1994) to be used without the 1‑inch minimum width where the listing justifies a smaller width; see the exceptions in § 1025.2.x.

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