CFC · California Fire Code

What minimum means-of-egress upgrades are required for existing buildings?

For homeowners: the California Fire Code requires existing buildings to meet specific, limited minimum egress rules found in Table 1103.1 and Section 1104 — not a full modern retrofit. Check the table first, then verify stair rise/run, handrails, ramp slopes, exit signage, emergency illumination and limits on fire escape/elevator use; where older and Chapter 11 rules conflict, the **most restrictive** rule governs.

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Last reviewed: July 6, 2026

What the code requires — 2–4 sentences

The California Fire Code requires that means of egress in existing buildings meet the minimum egress requirements listed in Table 1103.1 as further explained in Sections 1104.2 through 1104.25; where those provisions conflict with the building code that applied at the time of construction, the most restrictive requirement applies. In short: apply Table 1103.1 and the Section 1104 subsections to determine the baseline upgrades for existing buildings — and always use the more restrictive rule if older code and Chapter 11 disagree. See § 1104.1 for the controlling statement of scope and application.

For existing buildings, comply with the minimum egress items listed in Table 1103.1 and the Section 1104 details — and where there’s a conflict, the most restrictive rule governs.

Requirements in detail

The Chapter 11 provisions are written as retroactive minimums (not a full retrofit to current new-construction code). The Section 1104 subsections set the specific minimums you must check and, where required, upgrade. Below are the principal, decision-relevant dimensions and thresholds you will use when evaluating an existing building.

Quick reference table — decision dimensions and minimums

What to check Minimum or threshold Code reference
Apply baseline rule for existing egress (when to apply Table 1103.1) Existing buildings shall comply with Table 1103.1 and Sections 1104.2–1104.25; if conflict with original building code, most restrictive applies § 1104.1
Stair allowable maximum rise (existing) 8 1/4 inches (210 mm) § 1104.10
Stair minimum tread (existing) 9 inches (229 mm) § 1104.10
Replacement stairways Not required to meet new Section 1011 where existing space prevents pitch reduction § 1104.10.1
Winder tread depth (existing) min 6 in at narrowest, min 9 in at 12 in from narrow edge § 1104.11
Curved stairs (existing) min tread 10 in (254 mm); radius ≥ twice width § 1104.12
Handrails Handrail on at least one side; required egress width within 44 in of a handrail § 1104.13
Handrail height (existing) 30–42 inches (762–1067 mm) measured above tread nosing § 1104.13.1
Ramp slope (egress ramps) Ramps used as means of egress: max 1:10 (10%) slope; other ramps 1:8 (12.5%) § 1104.14
Minimum ramp width (existing) 30 inches (762 mm) minimum (but not less than width required by occupant load per §1005.1) § 1104.15
Use of elevators/escalators in egress Prohibited as a component of required means of egress (with stated exceptions) § 1104.2
Exit sign illumination (face lit) External illumination intensity not less than 5 footcandles (54 lux); internally-lit signs shall provide equivalent luminance § 1104.3
Means-of-egress illumination emergency power (when required) Emergency illumination from an emergency system is required upon power failure for certain occupancies/conditions (see §1104.5 list: e.g., Group A ≥50 occupants, Group B three or more stories or specified occupant counts, Group E classrooms/dense areas, Group F >100 occupants, Group I, etc.) § 1104.5
Fire escape stairways Permitted but may not provide more than 50% of required exit capacity; additional dimensional, access and protective requirements apply § 1104.16
Minimum aisle clear width (assembly seating etc.) Typical: 42 in for stepped aisles both sides; 36 in in many cases; multiple exceptions reduce width for small seat counts — see §1104.23 for details § 1104.23
Stairway marking Existing stairways shall be marked per Section 1023.9 § 1104.24
High‑rise egress path markings Existing high‑rise buildings of Group A, B, E, I, M and R‑1 require luminous egress path markings per Section 1025 (with historic-building exception) § 1104.25

Notes:

  • The table above collects the explicit minimums that Chapter 11 allows to remain or requires; apply Table 1103.1 first to identify which minimums apply to a given building and then confirm the detailed subsection.
  • Where the code references other sections (for sizing by occupant load, accessible egress, etc.), the referenced sections remain applicable (for example, §1005.1 for sizing by occupants).

How the “most restrictive” rule works in practice

  • If the building was constructed under an older building code and Chapter 11’s minimums would be less protective than the old code, you must follow the old (more restrictive) requirement. Conversely, if Chapter 11’s minimums are more protective, you must follow Chapter 11. This conflict-resolution rule is explicitly stated in § 1104.1.

Exceptions & special cases

  • Elevators/escorts: Elevators, escalators and moving walks are not permitted components of required egress, but elevators used as an accessible means of egress where allowed by § 1009.4 and previously approved elevators are excepted. Do not assume elevator use without confirming the accessible‑egress exception in §1009.4. § 1104.2.
  • Exit sign power: Approved self‑luminous exit signs that meet luminance criteria are not required to be connected to the emergency electrical system. § 1104.4 (exception noted in §1104.4/§1104.3).
  • Fire escape relief when sprinklered: Opening protectives within 10 ft of a fire‑escape stairway are required unless the building is equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system. § 1104.16.2.
  • Historic buildings: Luminous egress path marking requirements for high‑rise buildings have an exception for open, unenclosed stairwells in historic buildings designated under a preservation program. § 1104.25.

Common mistakes

  • Applying new‑construction dimensions blindly. Chapter 11 intentionally permits many existing conditions to remain if they meet the minimums (e.g., existing stair rise/run), and replacement stairs may not be required to meet new‑construction Section 1011 if space prohibits it; cite § 1104.10 and § 1104.10.1.
  • Forgetting to consult Table 1103.1 first. Section 1104.1 makes Table 1103.1 the starting point for minimums; skipping it can lead to misidentifying which Section 1104 subsections apply.
  • Assuming elevators can be used for egress in existing buildings without verifying the narrow accessible‑egress exception in §1009.4. § 1104.2 prohibits elevators as a component of required egress except where clearly allowed.
  • Misreading occupant thresholds for emergency illumination. §1104.5 lists several occupancy/occupant thresholds that trigger emergency-power illumination (for example, Group A ≥50 occupants; Group B three or more stories or 100+ occupants above or below exit discharge level). Confirm the specific occupancy and counts before deciding emergency power is not required.

Worked example — applying the rule with numbers

Scenario: An existing three‑story office (Group B) building constructed decades ago — evaluate minimum egress upgrades.

  1. Start with Table 1103.1 to confirm which minimums apply to the building (see § 1104.1). If Table 1103.1 requires the Chapter 11 minimums for Group B, proceed to the subsections.
  2. Stair check: An existing interior stair has a measured rise of 7 3/4 in and a tread of 10 in. These dimensions are within the allowed existing limits (rise ≤ 8 1/4 in, run ≥ 9 in) so the stair can remain without replacement under § 1104.10.
  3. Handrails: The stair has a handrail at 34 in above nosing — that meets the allowed range (30–42 in) per § 1104.13.1. Only one side handrail is required for existing stairs; verify that required egress width is within 44 in of the handrail as required in § 1104.13.
  4. Ramps: If an egress ramp is used, its slope must be no steeper than 1:10 (10%). If the ramp in the building is 1:8 and used as an egress ramp, it would exceed the egress‑slope maximum and would need corrective work to reach 1:10 or be reconfigured. § 1104.14.
  5. Emergency illumination: Because the building is three stories and is Group B, § 1104.5 specifically lists Group B buildings three or more stories in height as requiring automatic emergency illumination of means of egress when such illumination is provided by the premises’ electrical supply (i.e., in an outage emergency lighting must be supplied). Therefore, install or verify the emergency system per § 1104.5.
  6. Exit signs: Verify exit signs are illuminated externally at ≥5 footcandles (54 lux) or internally with equivalent luminance (§ 1104.3).

Result: In this example the existing stair and handrail dimensions pass the Chapter 11 minimums and can remain; the ramp (if used and 1:8) would need correction; emergency egress illumination and properly illuminated exit signs would be required because of the building type/height per § 1104.5 and § 1104.3.

Related provisions (quick links to check)

  • § 1104.1 — General application: Table 1103.1 and conflict rule.
  • § 1104.2 — Elevators, escalators and moving walks (use in egress).
  • § 1104.3 — Exit sign illumination and luminance.
  • § 1104.5 — Means‑of‑egress illumination emergency power (occupancy thresholds).
  • § 1104.10 / § 1104.10.1 — Existing stair dimensions and replacement‑stair allowance.
  • § 1104.11 — Winder tread minimums.
  • § 1104.12 — Curved stairway allowances.
  • § 1104.13 / § 1104.13.1 — Handrail requirements and height.
  • § 1104.14 — Ramp slope limits.
  • § 1104.15 — Minimum ramp width allowed.
  • § 1104.16 — Fire escape stairway rules and limits.
  • § 1104.23 — Minimum aisle widths (assembly).
  • § 1104.24 — Stairway floor number signs to Section 1023.9.
  • § 1104.25 — Egress path markings for existing high‑rise buildings (Section 1025).

(If you need the exact text from Table 1103.1 or any referenced Section 1000‑series provision, tell me which building/occupancy and I will pull the precise table/section text next.)

Code references

Grounded in the retrieved California Fire Code — click a citation to read the verbatim passage:

  • CFC § 1103.10 High relevance — show source text

    No person shall install, market, distribute, offer for sale or sell any carbon monoxide device in the state of California unless the device and instructions have been approved and listed by the Office of the State Fire Marshal.

    1103.10 Medical gases. Medical gases stored and transferred in health-care-related facilities shall be in accordance with Chapter 53.

    SECTION 1104—MEANS OF EGRESS FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS

    1104.1 General. Means of egress in existing buildings shall comply with the minimum egress requirements where specified in Table 1103.1 as further enumerated in Sections 1104.2 through 1104.25, and the building code that applied at the time of construction. Where the provisions of this chapter conflict with the building code that applied at the time of construction, the most restrictive provision shall apply. Existing buildings that were not required to comply with a building code at the time of construction shall comply with the minimum egress requirements where specified in Table 1103.1 as further enumerated in Sections 1104.2 through 1104.25.

    1104.2 Elevators, escalators and moving walks. Elevators, escalators and moving walks shall not be used as a component of a required means of egress.

    Exceptions:

    1. Elevators used as an accessible means of egress where allowed by Section 1009.4.
    2. Previously approved elevators, escalators and moving walks in existing buildings.

    1104.3 Exit sign illumination. Exit signs shall be internally or externally illuminated. The face of an exit sign illuminated from an external source shall have an intensity of not less than 5 footcandles (54 lux). Internally illuminated signs shall provide equivalent luminance and be listed for the purpose.

    Exception: Approved self-luminous signs that provide evenly illuminated letters shall have a minimum luminance of 0.06 footlamberts (0.21 cd/m [2] ).

    1104.4 Power source. Where emergency illumination is required in Section 1104.5, exit signs shall be visible under emergency illumination conditions.

    Exception: Approved signs that provide continuous illumination independent of external power sources are not required to be connected to an emergency electrical system.

    1104.5 Illumination emergency power. Where means of egress illumination is provided, the power supply for means of egress illumination shall normally be provided by the premises’ electrical supply. In the event of power supply failure, illumination shall be automatically provided from an emergency system for the following occupancies where such occupancies require two or more means of egress:

    1. Group A having 50 or more occupants.

    Exception: Assembly occupancies used exclusively as a place of worship and having an occupant load of less than 300.

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    1. Group B buildings three or more stories in height, buildings with 100 or more occupants above or below a level of exit discharge serving the occupants or buildings with 1,000 or more total occupants.

    2. Group E in interior exit access and exit stairways and ramps, corridors, windowless areas with student occupancy, shops and laboratories.

    3. Group F having more than 100 occupants.

    Exception: Buildings used only during daylight hours and that are provided with windows for natural light in accordance with the California Building Code .

    1. Group I.
  • CFC § 18001.8. High relevance — show source text

    (i) For the purposes of this section, “single-family dwelling” does not include a manufactured home as defined in Section 18007, a mobilehome as defined in Section 18008, or a commercial coach as defined in Section 18001.8.

    (j) This section shall not apply to the installation of smoke detectors in dwellings intended for human occupancy, as defined in and regulated by Section 13113.7 of the Health and Safety Code, as added by Senate Bill No. 1448 in the 1983-84 Regular Session.

    1103.9 Carbon monoxide detection. Carbon monoxide detection shall be installed in existing buildings where any of the conditions identified in Section 915.1.1 exist. Carbon monoxide alarms shall be installed in the locations specified in Section 915.2 and the installation shall be in accordance with Section 915.4.

    Exceptions:

    1. Carbon monoxide alarms are permitted to be solely battery operated where the code that was in effect at the time of construction did not require carbon monoxide detectors to be provided.
    2. Carbon monoxide alarms are permitted to be solely battery operated in dwelling units that are not served from a commercial power source.
    3. A carbon monoxide detection system in accordance with Section 915.5 shall be an acceptable alternative to carbon monoxide alarms.

    1103.9.1 Carbon monoxide detection in existing Group E buildings. For the purposes of carbon monoxide detection, an existing Group E is a building constructed before January 1, 2017. When an existing Group E occupancy has a fossil-fuel-burning furnace located inside the building, the school is encouraged to install carbon monoxide detection in accordance with the California Existing Building Code.

    No person shall install, market, distribute, offer for sale or sell any carbon monoxide device in the state of California unless the device and instructions have been approved and listed by the Office of the State Fire Marshal.

    1103.10 Medical gases. Medical gases stored and transferred in health-care-related facilities shall be in accordance with Chapter 53.

    SECTION 1104—MEANS OF EGRESS FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS

    1104.1 General. Means of egress in existing buildings shall comply with the minimum egress requirements where specified in Table 1103.1 as further enumerated in Sections 1104.2 through 1104.25, and the building code that applied at the time of construction. Where the provisions of this chapter conflict with the building code that applied at the time of construction, the most restrictive provision shall apply. Existing buildings that were not required to comply with a building code at the time of construction shall comply with the minimum egress requirements where specified in Table 1103.1 as further enumerated in Sections 1104.2 through 1104.25.

    1104.2 Elevators, escalators and moving walks. Elevators, escalators and moving walks shall not be used as a component of a required means of egress.

    Exceptions:

    1. Elevators used as an accessible means of egress where allowed by Section 1009.4.
    2. Previously approved elevators, escalators and moving walks in existing buildings.

    1104.3 Exit sign illumination. Exit signs shall be internally or externally illuminated. The face of an exit sign illuminated from an external source shall have an intensity of not less than 5 footcandles (54 lux). Internally illuminated signs shall provide equivalent luminance and be listed for the purpose.

  • CFC § 1104.13.1 High relevance — show source text

    Exception: Aisle stairs provided with a center handrail are not required to have additional handrails.

    1104.13.1 Height. Handrail height, measured above stair tread nosings, shall be uniform, not less than 30 inches (762 mm) and not more than 42 inches (1067 mm).

    1104.14 Slope of ramps. Ramp runs utilized as part of a means of egress shall have a running slope not steeper than 1 unit vertical in 10 units horizontal (10-percent slope). The slope of other ramps shall not be steeper than 1 unit vertical in 8 units horizontal (12.5percent slope).

    1104.15 Width of ramps. Existing ramps are permitted to have a minimum width of 30 inches (762 mm) but not less than the width required for the number of occupants served as determined by Section 1005.1. In Group I-2, ramps serving as a means of egress and used for the movement of patients in beds shall comply with Section 1105.6.4.

    [BE] 1104.16 Fire escape stairways. Fire escape stairways shall comply with Sections 1104.16.1 through 1104.16.6.

    [BE] 1104.16.1 Existing means of egress. Fire escape stairways shall be permitted in existing buildings but shall not constitute more than 50 percent of the required exit capacity.

    [BE] 1104.16.2 Opening protectives. Doors and windows within 10 feet (3048 mm) of fire escape stairways shall be protected with [3] / 4 -hour opening protectives.

    Exception: Opening protectives shall not be required in buildings equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system.

    [BE] 1104.16.3 Dimensions. Fire escape stairways shall meet the minimum width, capacity, riser height and tread depth as specified in Section 1104.10.

    [BE] 1104.16.4 Access. Access to a fire escape stairway from a corridor shall not be through an intervening room. Access to a fire escape stairway shall be from a door or window meeting the criteria of Section 1005.1. Access to a fire escape stairway shall be directly to a balcony, landing or platform. These shall not be higher than the floor or windowsill level and not lower than 8 inches (203 mm) below the floor level or 18 inches (457 mm) below the windowsill.

    [BE] 1104.16.5 Materials and strength. Components of fire escape stairways shall be constructed of noncombustible materials. Fire escape stairways and balconies shall support the dead load plus a live load of not less than 100 pounds per square foot (4.78 kN/m [2] ). Fire escape stairways and balconies shall be provided with a top and intermediate handrail on each side.

    [BE] 1104.16.6 Termination. The lowest balcony shall not be more than 18 feet (5486 mm) from the ground. Fire escape stairways shall extend to the ground or be provided with counterbalanced stairs reaching the ground.

    Exception: For fire escape stairways serving 10 or fewer occupants, an approved fire escape ladder is allowed to serve as the termination.

  • CFC § 1104.23 High relevance — show source text

    Where clear openings are provided, they shall be located so as to minimize the accumulation of smoke or toxic gases.

    1104.23 Minimum aisle width. The minimum clear width of aisles shall comply with the following:

    1. Forty-two inches (1067 mm) for stepped aisles having seating on each side.

    Exception: Thirty-six inches (914 mm) where the stepped aisle serves fewer than 50 seats. 2. Thirty-six inches (914 mm) for stepped aisles having seating on only one side.

    Exceptions:

    1. Thirty inches (760 mm) for catchment areas serving not more than 60 seats.

    2. Twenty-three inches (584 mm) between a stepped aisle handrail and seating where a stepped aisle does not serve more than five rows on one side.

    3. Twenty inches (508 mm) between a stepped aisle handrail or guard and seating where the aisle is subdivided by a mid-aisle handrail.

    4. Forty-two inches (1067 mm) for level or ramped aisles having seating on both sides.

    Exceptions:

    1. Thirty-six inches (914 mm) where the aisle serves fewer than 50 seats.
    2. Thirty inches (760 mm) where the aisle serves fewer than 15 seats and does not serve as part of an accessible route.
    3. Thirty-six inches (914 mm) for level or ramped aisles having seating on only one side.

    Exception: Thirty inches (760 mm) for catchment areas serving not more than 60 seats and not serving as part of an accessible route.

    1. In Group I-2, where aisles are used for movement of patients in beds, aisles shall comply with Section 1105.6.8.

    1104.24 Stairway floor number signs. Existing stairways shall be marked in accordance with Section 1023.9.

    1104.25 Egress path markings. Existing high-rise buildings of Group A, B, E, I, M and R-1 occupancies shall be provided with luminous egress path markings in accordance with Section 1025.

    Exception: Open, unenclosed stairwells in historic buildings designated as historic under a state or local historic preservation

    program.

    SECTION 1105 —CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR EXISTING GROUP I-2

    1105.1 General. Existing Group I-2 shall meet all of the following requirements:

    1. The minimum fire safety requirements in Section 1103.
    2. The minimum means of egress requirements in Section 1104.
    3. The additional egress and construction requirements in Section 1105.

    Where the provisions of this chapter conflict with the construction requirements that applied at the time of construction, the most restrictive provision shall apply.

    1105.2 Applicability. The provisions of Sections 1105.3 through 1105.8, 1105.10 and 1105.11 shall apply to the existing Group I-2 fire area.

    1105.3 Construction. Group I-2, Condition 2 shall not be located on a floor level higher than the floor level limitation in Table 1105.3 based on the type of construction.

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    |TABLE 1105.3—FLOOR LEVEL LIMITATIONS FOR GROUP I-2,

  • CFC § 1104.24 High relevance — show source text

    1104.24 Stairway floor number signs. Existing stairways shall be marked in accordance with Section 1023.9.

    1104.25 Egress path markings. Existing high-rise buildings of Group A, B, E, I, M and R-1 occupancies shall be provided with luminous egress path markings in accordance with Section 1025.

    Exception: Open, unenclosed stairwells in historic buildings designated as historic under a state or local historic preservation

    program.

    SECTION 1105 —CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR EXISTING GROUP I-2

    1105.1 General. Existing Group I-2 shall meet all of the following requirements:

    1. The minimum fire safety requirements in Section 1103.
    2. The minimum means of egress requirements in Section 1104.
    3. The additional egress and construction requirements in Section 1105.

    Where the provisions of this chapter conflict with the construction requirements that applied at the time of construction, the most restrictive provision shall apply.

    1105.2 Applicability. The provisions of Sections 1105.3 through 1105.8, 1105.10 and 1105.11 shall apply to the existing Group I-2 fire area.

    1105.3 Construction. Group I-2, Condition 2 shall not be located on a floor level higher than the floor level limitation in Table 1105.3 based on the type of construction.

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    TABLE 1105.3—FLOOR LEVEL LIMITATIONS FOR GROUP I-2, CONDITION 2 Col2 Col3 Col4 Col5 Col6
    CONSTRUCTION TYPE AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM ALLOWABLE FLOOR LEVELa ALLOWABLE FLOOR LEVELa ALLOWABLE FLOOR LEVELa ALLOWABLE FLOOR LEVELa
    CONSTRUCTION TYPE AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM 1 2 3 4 or more
    IA Note b P P P P
    IA Note c P P P P
    IB Note b P P P P
    IB Note c P P P P
    IIA Note b P P P NP
    IIA Note c P NP NP NP
    IIB Note b P P NP NP
    IIB Note c NP NP NP NP
    IIIA Note b P P NP NP
    IIIA Note c P NP NP NP
    IIIB Note b P NP NP NP
    IIIB Note c NP NP NP NP
    IV Note b P P NP NP
    IV Note c NP NP NP NP
    VA Note b P P NP NP
    VA Note c NP NP NP NP
    VB Note b P NP NP NP
    VB Note c NP NP NP NP
    P = Permitted; NP = Not Permitted.
    a.
  • CFC § 1104.10 High relevance — show source text

    1104.10 Stair dimensions for existing stairways. Existing stairways in buildings shall be permitted to remain if the rise does not exceed 8 [1] / 4 inches (210 mm) and the run is not less than 9 inches (229 mm). Existing stairways can be rebuilt.

    Exception: Other stairways approved by the fire code official.

    1104.10.1 Dimensions for replacement stairways. The replacement of an existing stairway in a structure shall not be required to comply with the new stairway requirements of Section 1011 where the existing space and construction will not allow a reduction in pitch or slope.

    1104.11 Winders. Existing winders shall be allowed to remain in use if they have a minimum tread depth of 6 inches (152 mm) and a minimum tread depth of 9 inches (229 mm) at a point 12 inches (305 mm) from the narrowest edge.

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    1104.12 Curved stairways. Existing curved stairways shall be allowed to continue in use, provided that the minimum depth of tread is 10 inches (254 mm) and the smallest radius shall be not less than twice the width of the stairway.

    1104.13 Stairway handrails. Stairways shall have handrails on at least one side. Handrails shall be located so that all portions of the stairway width required for egress capacity are within 44 inches (1118 mm) of a handrail.

    Exception: Aisle stairs provided with a center handrail are not required to have additional handrails.

    1104.13.1 Height. Handrail height, measured above stair tread nosings, shall be uniform, not less than 30 inches (762 mm) and not more than 42 inches (1067 mm).

    1104.14 Slope of ramps. Ramp runs utilized as part of a means of egress shall have a running slope not steeper than 1 unit vertical in 10 units horizontal (10-percent slope). The slope of other ramps shall not be steeper than 1 unit vertical in 8 units horizontal (12.5percent slope).

    1104.15 Width of ramps. Existing ramps are permitted to have a minimum width of 30 inches (762 mm) but not less than the width required for the number of occupants served as determined by Section 1005.1. In Group I-2, ramps serving as a means of egress and used for the movement of patients in beds shall comply with Section 1105.6.4.

    [BE] 1104.16 Fire escape stairways. Fire escape stairways shall comply with Sections 1104.16.1 through 1104.16.6.

    [BE] 1104.16.1 Existing means of egress. Fire escape stairways shall be permitted in existing buildings but shall not constitute more than 50 percent of the required exit capacity.

    [BE] 1104.16.2 Opening protectives. Doors and windows within 10 feet (3048 mm) of fire escape stairways shall be protected with [3] / 4 -hour opening protectives.

    Exception: Opening protectives shall not be required in buildings equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system.

  • CFC § 1105.5.4.2.3 High relevance — show source text

    1105.5.4.2.3 Dutch doors. Where provided, Dutch doors shall comply with Section 1105.5.4.2.2. In addition, Dutch doors shall be equipped with latching devices on either the top or bottom leaf to allow leaves to latch together. The space between the leaves shall be protected with devices such as astragals to limit the passage of smoke.

    1105.5.4.2.4 Self- or automatic-closing doors. Where self- or automatic-closing doors are required, closers shall be maintained in operational condition. Hold-open devices on doors shall be capable of manual release.

    1105.5.4.2.5 Protective plates. Protective plates installed on corridor doors shall not be limited in size.

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    1105.5.4.3 Openings in corridor walls and doors. In other than smoke compartments containing patient sleeping rooms, mail slots, pass-through windows or similar openings shall not be required to be protected where the aggregate area of the openings between the corridor and a room are not greater than 80 square inches (51 613 mm [2] ) and are located with the top edge of any opening not higher than 48 inches above the floor.

    1105.5.5 Penetrations. The space around penetrating items shall be filled with an approved material to limit the passage of smoke.

    1105.5.6 Joints. Joints shall be filled with an approved material to limit the passage of smoke.

    1105.5.7 Ducts and air transfer openings. The space around a duct penetrating a smoke partition shall be filled with an approved material to limit the passage of smoke. Air transfer openings in smoke partitions shall be provided with a smoke damper complying with Section 717.3.2.2 of the California Building Code .

    Exception: Where the installation of a smoke damper will interfere with the operation of a required smoke control system in accordance with Section 909, approved alternative protection shall be utilized.

    1105.6 Means of egress. In addition to the means of egress requirements in Section 1104, Group I-2 facilities shall meet the means of egress requirements in Sections 1105.6.1 through 1105.6.8.

    1105.6.1 Two means of egress. A means of egress shall be provided from each smoke compartment created by smoke barriers without having to return through the smoke compartment from which the means of egress originated. Smoke compartments that do not contain an exit shall be provided with direct access to not less than two adjacent smoke compartments.

    1105.6.2 Size of door. Means of egress doors used for the movement of patients in beds shall provide a minimum clear width of 41 [1] / 2 inches (1054 mm). The height of the door opening shall be not less than 80 inches (2032 mm).

    Exceptions:

    1. Door closers and door stops shall be permitted to be 78 inches (1981 mm) minimum above the floor.
    2. In Group I-2, Condition 1, existing means of egress doors used for the movement of patients in beds that provide a minimum clear width of 32 inches (813 mm) shall be permitted to remain.
  • CFC § 902.1 High relevance — show source text

    2 Exception||||†|†|||||||||||||||||||| |902.1_Reserved_|||X|||||||||||||||||||||| |902.2 – 902.2.1|||X|||||||||||||||||||||| |902.2 – 902.3||||†|†|||||||||||||||||||| |903.4||||†|†|||||||||||||||||||| |904.1|||X|||||||||||||||||||||| |904.2|||X|||||||||||||||||||||| |904.2.1|||X|||||||||||||||||||||| |908||||†|†||||||||||||||||||||

    The state agency does not adopt sections identified with the following symbol: The Office of the State Fire Marshal’s adoption of this chapter or individual sections is applicable to structures regulated by other state agencies pursuant to Section 1.11.

    2025 CALIFORNIA EXISTING BUILDING CODE 9-1

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    9-2 2025 CALIFORNIA EXISTING BUILDING CODE

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    9 ALTERATIONS—LEVEL 3

    User notes:

    About this chapter : Chapter 9 provides the technical requirements for those existing buildings that undergo Level 3 alterations. The purpose of this chapter is to provide detailed requirements and provisions to identify the required improvements in the existing building elements, building spaces and building structural system. This chapter is distinguished from Chapters 7 and 8 by involving alterations that cover 50 percent or more of the aggregate area of the building. In contrast, Level 1 alterations do not involve space reconfiguration, and Level 2 alterations involve extensive space reconfiguration that does not exceed 50 percent of the building area. Depending on the nature of alteration work, its location within the building, and whether it encompasses one or more tenants, improvements and upgrades could be required for the open floor penetrations, sprinkler system or the installation of additional means of egress such as stairs or fire escapes. At times and under certain situations, this chapter also is intended to improve the safety of certain building features beyond the work area and in other parts of the building where no alteration work might be taking place.

    SECTION 901—GENERAL

    901.1 Scope. Level 3 alterations as described in Section 604 shall comply with the requirements of this chapter.

    901.2 Compliance. In addition to the provisions of this chapter, work shall comply with all of the requirements of Chapters 7 and 8. The requirements of Sections 802, 803, 804 and 805 shall apply within all work areas whether or not they include exits and corridors shared by more than one tenant and regardless of the occupant load.

    Exception: Buildings in which the reconfiguration of space affecting exits or shared egress access is exclusively the result of compliance with the accessibility requirements of Section 306.7.1 shall not be required to comply with this chapter.

    SECTION 902—SPECIAL USE AND OCCUPANCY

    902.1 Reserved.

    902.2 Group R-2.1 occupancies. Group R-2.1 occupancies shall be classified in accordance with Section 308.2 of the California Build- ing Code .

  • CFC § 2.95 High relevance — show source text

    00|2.95|2.20|1.45|3.00|2.35|1.25|DR| |Cold-formed steel framing
    (minimum penetration of steel
    thickness plus 3 threads)|#8 screw into 33 mil steel or
    thicker|8|3.00|2.55|1.60|0.60|3.00|1.80|DR|DR| |Cold-formed steel framing
    (minimum penetration of steel
    thickness plus 3 threads)|#8 screw into 33 mil steel or
    thicker|12|3.00|1.80|DR|DR|3.00|0.65|DR|DR| |Cold-formed steel framing
    (minimum penetration of steel
    thickness plus 3 threads)|#10 screw into 33 mil steel|6|4.00|3.50|2.70|1.95|4.00|2.90|1.70|0.55| |Cold-formed steel framing
    (minimum penetration of steel
    thickness plus 3 threads)|#10 screw into 33 mil steel|8|4.00|3.10|2.05|1.00|4.00|2.25|0.70|DR| |Cold-formed steel framing
    (minimum penetration of steel
    thickness plus 3 threads)|#10 screw into 33 mil steel|12|4.00|2.25|0.70|DR|3.70|1.05|DR|DR| |Cold-formed steel framing
    (minimum penetration of steel
    thickness plus 3 threads)|#10 screw into 43 mil steel or
    thicker|6|4.00|4.00|4.00|3.60|4.00|4.00|3.45|2.70| |Cold-formed steel framing
    (minimum penetration of steel
    thickness plus 3 threads)|#10 screw into 43 mil steel or
    thicker|8|4.00|4.00|3.70|3.00|4.00|3.85|2.80|1.80| |Cold-formed steel framing
    (minimum penetration of steel
    thickness plus 3 threads)|#10 screw into 43 mil steel or
    thicker|12|4.00|3.85|2.80|1.80|4.00|3.05|1.50|DR| |For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 pound per square foot (psf) = 0.0479 kPa, 1 pound per square inch = 0.00689 MPa.
    DR = design required, o.c. = on center.
    a. Cold-formed steel framing shall be minimum 33 ksi steel for 33 mil and 43 mil steel and 50 ksi steel for 54 mil steel or thicker.
    b. Screws shall comply with the requirements of AISI S240.
    c. Foam sheathing shall have a minimum compressive strength of 15 pounds per square inch in accordance with ASTM C578 or ASTM C1289.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 pound per square foot (psf) = 0.0479 kPa, 1 pound per square inch = 0.00689 MPa.
    DR = design required, o.c. = on center.
    a. Cold-formed steel framing shall be minimum 33 ksi steel for 33 mil and 43 mil steel and 50 ksi steel for 54 mil steel or thicker.
    b.

  • CFC § 1001.1 High relevance — show source text

    Chapter 10 of this code is duplicated in Chapter 10 the California Fire Code; however, the California Fire Code contains one additional section on maintenance of the means of egress system in existing buildings.

    SECTION 1001—ADMINISTRATION

    1001.1 General. Buildings or portions thereof shall be provided with a means of egress system as required by this chapter. The provisions of this chapter shall control the design, construction and arrangement of means of egress components required to provide an approved means of egress from structures and portions thereof.

    1001.2 Minimum requirements. It shall be unlawful to alter a building or structure in a manner that will reduce the number of exits or the minimum width or required capacity of the means of egress to less than required by this code.

    SECTION 1002—MAINTENANCE AND PLANS

    [F] 1002.1 Maintenance. Means of egress shall be maintained in accordance with the California Fire Code .

    [F] 1002.2 Fire safety and evacuation plans. Fire safety and evacuation plans shall be provided for all occupancies and buildings where required by the California Fire Code . Such fire safety and evacuation plans shall comply with the applicable provisions of Sections 401.2 and 404 of the California Fire Code .

    SECTION 1003—GENERAL MEANS OF EGRESS

    1003.1 Applicability. The general requirements specified in Sections 1003 through 1015 shall apply to all three elements of the means of egress system, in addition to those specific requirements for the exit access, the exit and the exit discharge detailed elsewhere in this chapter.

    [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] In addition to the requirement of this chapter, means of egress, which provide access to, or egress from, build- ings or facilities where accessibility is required for applications listed in Section 1.8.2.1.2 regulated by the Department of Housing and Community Development, or Section 1.9.1 regulated by the Division of the State Architect—Access Compliance, shall also comply with Chapter 11A or Chapter 11B, as applicable.

    Exception: [SFM] Exiting requirements for Fixed Guideway Transit Systems shall be as per Section 443.

    1003.1.1 Means of egress for hospitals. [OSHPD 1] In addition to the requirements of this chapter, means of egress for hospitals shall comply with Part 10 California Existing Building Code Section 311A.

    1003.1.2 Means of egress for hospital buildings removed from acute care service, skilled nursing facilities, intermediate care facilities and acute psychiatric hospitals. [OSHPD 1R, 2 & 5] In addition to the requirements of this chapter, means of egress for hospital buildings removed from acute care service, skilled nursing facilities, intermediate care facilities and acute psychiatric hospi- tals shall comply with OSHPD amendments to Part 10 California Existing Building Code Section 311.

    1003.2 Ceiling height. The means of egress shall have a ceiling height of not less than 7 feet 6 inches (2286 mm) above the finished floor.

    Exceptions:

    1. Sloped ceilings in accordance with Section 1208.2.

    2. Ceilings of dwelling units and sleeping units within residential occupancies in accordance with Section 1208.2.

    3. Allowable projections in accordance with Section 1003.3.

    4. Stair headroom in accordance with Section 1011.3.

  • CFC § 1001.1 Medium relevance — show source text

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    10 MEANS OF EGRESS

    User notes:

    About this chapter: Chapter 10 provides the general criteria for designing the means of egress established as the primary method for protection of people in buildings by allowing timely relocation or evacuation of building occupants. Both prescriptive and performance language is utilized in this chapter to provide for a basic approach in the determination of a safe exiting system for all occupancies. It addresses all portions of the egress system (exit access, exits and exit discharge) and includes design requirements as well as provisions regulating individual components. The requirements detail the size, arrangement, number and protection of means of egress components. Functional and operational characteristics that will permit the safe use of components without special knowledge or effort are specified.

    The means of egress protection requirements work in coordination with other sections of the code, such as protection of vertical openings (see Chapter 7), interior finish (see Chapter 8), fire suppression and detection systems (see Chapter 9) and numerous others, all having an impact on life safety. Chapter 10 is subdivided into four main sections: general (Sections 1003–1015), exit access (Sections 1016–1021), exit (Sections 1022–1027) and exit discharge (Sections 1028–1029). Special allowances for the unique requirements for assembly spaces (Section 1030) and emergency escape and rescue openings (Section 1031) complete the chapter. Chapter 10 of this code is duplicated in Chapter 10 the California Fire Code; however, the California Fire Code contains one additional section on maintenance of the means of egress system in existing buildings.

    SECTION 1001—ADMINISTRATION

    1001.1 General. Buildings or portions thereof shall be provided with a means of egress system as required by this chapter. The provisions of this chapter shall control the design, construction and arrangement of means of egress components required to provide an approved means of egress from structures and portions thereof.

    1001.2 Minimum requirements. It shall be unlawful to alter a building or structure in a manner that will reduce the number of exits or the minimum width or required capacity of the means of egress to less than required by this code.

    SECTION 1002—MAINTENANCE AND PLANS

    [F] 1002.1 Maintenance. Means of egress shall be maintained in accordance with the California Fire Code .

    [F] 1002.2 Fire safety and evacuation plans. Fire safety and evacuation plans shall be provided for all occupancies and buildings where required by the California Fire Code . Such fire safety and evacuation plans shall comply with the applicable provisions of Sections 401.2 and 404 of the California Fire Code .

    SECTION 1003—GENERAL MEANS OF EGRESS

    1003.1 Applicability. The general requirements specified in Sections 1003 through 1015 shall apply to all three elements of the means of egress system, in addition to those specific requirements for the exit access, the exit and the exit discharge detailed elsewhere in this chapter.

  • CFC § 4.4 Medium relevance — show source text

    3 (a-c)]||||X|||||||||||||||||||| |[T-19 §4.4]||||X|||||||||||||||||||| |[T-19 §4.5 (a)]||||X|||||||||||||||||||| |[T-19 §4.6 (a)(b)]||||X|||||||||||||||||||| |[T-19 §3.11 (a-d)]_||||X||||||||||||||||||||

    • The California Code of Regulations (CCR), Title 19, Division 1 provisions that are found in the California Fire Code are a reprint from the current CCR, Title 19, Division 1 text for the code user’s convenience only. The scope, applicability and appeals procedures of CCR, Title 19, Division I remain the same. The state agency does not adopt sections identified by the following symbol: The Office of the State Fire Marshal’s adoption of this chapter or individual sections is applicable to structures regulated by other state agencies pursuant to Section 1.11.

    2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE 10-3

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    10-4 2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE

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    10 MEANS OF EGRESS

    User note:

    About this chapter: Chapter 10 provides the general criteria for designing the means of egress established as the primary method for protection of people in buildings by allowing timely relocation or evacuation of building occupants. Both prescriptive and performance language is utilized in this chapter to provide for a basic approach in the determination of a safe exiting system for all occupancies. This chapter addresses all portions of the egress system (exit access, exits and exit discharge) and includes design requirements as well as provisions regulating individual components. The requirements detail the size, arrangement, number and protection of means of egress components. Functional and operational characteristics that will permit the safe use of components without special knowledge or effort are specified.

    The means of egress protection requirements work in coordination with other sections of the code, such as protection of vertical openings (see Chapter 7), interior finish (see Chapter 8), fire suppression and detection systems (see Chapter 9) and numerous others, all having an impact on life safety. Sections 1003 through 1031 are duplicated text from Chapter 10 of the California Building Code ; however, the California Fire Code contains an additional Section 1032 on maintenance of the means of egress system in existing buildings. Retroactive minimum means of egress requirements for existing buildings are found in Chapter 11.

    SECTION 1001—ADMINISTRATION

    1001.1 General. Buildings or portions thereof shall be provided with a means of egress system as required by this chapter. The provisions of this chapter shall control the design, construction and arrangement of means of egress components required to provide an approved means of egress from structures and portions thereof. Sections 1003 through 1031 shall apply to new construction. Section 1032 shall apply to existing buildings.

    Exception: Detached one- and two-family dwellings and townhouses not more than three stories above grade plane in height with a separate means of egress and their accessory structures shall comply with the California Residential Code .

    [BE] 1001.2 Minimum requirements. It shall be unlawful to alter a building or structure in a manner that will reduce the number of exits or the capacity of the means of egress to less than required by this code.

Frequently asked questions

What is the first thing to check when assessing an existing building’s egress?

Start with Table 1103.1 and the scope language in § 1104.1 — that determines which Chapter 11 minimums and which Section 1104 subsections apply to your building.

Do I have to replace an old stair that doesn’t meet new‑construction dimensions?

Not automatically. Existing stairs are permitted to remain if they meet the Chapter 11 minimums (for example rise ≤ 8 1/4 in and run ≥ 9 in per § 1104.10), and replacement stairs are not required to meet Section 1011 where space precludes it (§ 1104.10.1).

Can I count a fire escape for all required exit capacity?

Fire escape stairways are permitted but shall not constitute more than 50% of the required exit capacity; they must also meet the dimensional and protective requirements in § 1104.16.

Are elevators ever allowed as required means of egress in existing buildings?

Only in limited circumstances (for accessible means of egress where allowed by § 1009.4) or for previously approved installations; otherwise elevators, escalators and moving walks are not allowed as components of required egress (§ 1104.2).

When do I need emergency lighting for egress?

If means‑of‑egress illumination is provided, an automatic emergency system must supply illumination upon power failure for the occupancies/conditions listed in § 1104.5 (examples include Group A with ≥50 occupants, Group B three or more stories, Group F >100 occupants, Group I, etc.). Check the §1104.5 list against your building.

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