CBC · California Building Code

Stairway design: treads, risers, landings and continuity

For a homeowner: the California Building Code requires stair steps to be consistent and predictable — risers between 4" and 7", treads at least 11" deep (with special rules for winders and some residences), uniform within 3/8", landings at top/bottom sized to the stair width, and adequate headroom; stair openings that connect multiple stories often must be enclosed unless a specific exception applies. (§ 1011; § 1019)

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Last reviewed: July 5, 2026

What the code requires

Stairways used as means of egress must provide predictable, uniform tread and riser geometry, minimum headroom and adequate landings so occupants can travel safely and without interruption; those detailed dimensional and profile limits are in Section 1011 (§ 1011.3, § 1011.5–§ 1011.7) of the CBC. Exit-access stairways and ramps that form part of an exit-access path are subject to the enclosure and opening rules in Section 1019 (§ 1019.1–§ 1019.3).

Requirements in detail

Treads & risers — basic dimensions and tolerances

  • Riser height: 4 in. (102 mm) minimum, 7 in. (178 mm) maximum. Measure vertically between nosings. (§ 1011.5.2)
  • Tread depth (rectangular): 11 in. (279 mm) minimum, measured horizontally between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of adjacent treads at right angles to the nosing. (§ 1011.5.2)
  • Winder treads: where permitted, 11 in. (279 mm) minimum at the walkline; 10 in. (254 mm) minimum within the clear width. Walkline location is 12 in. (305 mm) from the narrow side. (§ 1011.5.2; § 1011.4)
  • Dimensional uniformity: the difference between largest and smallest riser or tread in any flight shall not exceed 3/8 in. (9.5 mm). (§ 1011.5.4)
  • Nosing projection (where used): not less than 3/4 in. (19.1 mm) (in certain reduced-depth cases) and not more than 1-1/4 in. (32 mm) beyond the tread below; nosing curvature or bevel 1/16–9/16 in. (1.6–14.3 mm). Nosing dimensions must be uniform in a flight. (§ 1011.5.5; § 1011.5.5.1–.5.5.2)

Decision-relevant dimensions (quick reference)

Element Key value(s) Notes / where measured Code Reference
Riser height 4" – 7" (102–178 mm) Measured vertically between nosings § 1011.5.2
Rectangular tread depth ≥ 11" (279 mm) Measured horizontally between vertical planes of foremost projections § 1011.5.2
Winder tread depth at walkline ≥ 11" (279 mm) Walkline 12" from narrow side § 1011.5.2; § 1011.4
Nosing projection ≤ 1-1/4" (32 mm); where tread <11", provide nosing 3/4"–1-1/4" Uniform across flight § 1011.5.5.1–.5.5.2
Nosing curvature/bevel 1/16" – 9/16" (1.6–14.3 mm) From foremost projection of tread § 1011.5.5
Uniformity tolerance ≤ 3/8" (9.5 mm) Within any flight § 1011.5.4
Headroom ≥ 80" (2032 mm) Measured from line connecting nosings; continuous above stair to landing intersection § 1011.3
Landing depth ≥ width of stair OR 48" (1219 mm), whichever is less Depth measured parallel to direction of travel § 1011.6
Maximum vertical rise per flight ≤ 12 ft (3658 mm) Between floor levels or landings § 1011.8
Walking surface slope ≤ 1:48 (2%) In any direction; solid surface required § 1011.7.1
Minimum stair width (public) ≥ 44" (1118 mm) See § 1011.2 for occupant-load exceptions § 1011.2

Notes on measurement and finishes: dimensions in § 1011 are exclusive of carpets, rugs or runners (§ 1011.5.1). Finishes must be securely attached and walking surfaces solid (§ 1011.5.1; § 1011.7.1).

Landings

  • A floor or landing is required at the top and bottom of each stairway; landing width (measured perpendicular to travel) must be at least the stair width. Minimum landing depth (parallel to travel) = width or 48 in., whichever is less. Doors opening onto landings shall not reduce the landing to less than one-half the required width; a fully open door may not project more than 7 in. (178 mm) into the required width. (§ 1011.6)

Nosing, riser profile & open risers

  • Risers must be solid and vertical or sloped (underside of nosing) not more than 30° from vertical. Exceptions allow open risers in certain nonaccessible situations provided sphere-size limits are met. Nosing curvature and maximum projection are specified to avoid trip hazards. (§ 1011.5.5 & § 1011.5.5.3)

Uniformity, nonuniform risers and special markings

  • Treads and risers in a flight shall be uniform within 3/8 in. (9.5 mm). Where the bottom or top riser adjoins a sloping public way (grade serves as a landing), the top/bottom riser may be reduced below 4 in. following limits and requires a distinctive nosing marking stripe (1–2 in. wide) visible in descent. (§ 1011.5.4; § 1011.5.4.1)

Exit-access stairways, ramps and enclosure rules (continuity & openings)

  • Exit access stairways/ramps that serve floor levels within a single story do not have to be enclosed. If a stair/ramp opening connects multiple stories, it must generally be enclosed with a shaft enclosure per § 713 unless an exception applies. Key exceptions include specific residential unit stairways, limited-story openings with sprinkler/protection provisions, atrium stairs, open parking garage stairs, and a number of other occupancy-specific exceptions listed in § 1019.3. (§ 1019.1–§ 1019.3)

Continuity of egress

  • The path of egress travel shall not be interrupted by building elements other than means-of-egress components; the minimum width/capacity must not be reduced along the egress path. This continuity requirement is in § 1003.6 and applies to stairways as egress components. (§ 1003.6)

Exceptions & special cases

  • Residential exceptions (Group R-3, certain Group R-2 dwelling units) allow somewhat larger risers (up to 7-3/4") and reduced tread depths (10") in certain conditions; also winder tread minimums are relaxed in those residential contexts. (§ 1011.5.2, exceptions)
  • Spiral stairways have their own allowances and limits (different tread/riser and headroom rules) and are restricted in where they may be used as means of egress. (§ 1011.10)
  • Exit-access stairways and ramps connecting stories may be left unenclosed in some cases (e.g., limited openings with sprinkler protection and draft curtains, atria, exterior stairs between roofs, open parking garages) — see the list of exceptions at § 1019.3.

If you are designing a stair that meets one of the exception conditions, verify the precise exception text in § 1011 and § 1019 to confirm applicability.

Common mistakes

  • Measuring tread/riser dimensions including carpet or runners (dimensions are exclusive of floor coverings — § 1011.5.1).
  • Letting riser or tread variation exceed 3/8" within a flight (creates trip hazards) — § 1011.5.4.
  • Providing insufficient landing depth or allowing doors to reduce landing width beyond the limits (7" door projection limit, and landing depth rules) — § 1011.6.
  • Incorrect nosing geometry (nonuniform or excessive projection) — check nosing projection and curvature limits — § 1011.5.5.
  • Failing to enclose multi‑story exit-access openings where § 1019 requires enclosure (or misunderstanding sprinkler/draft-curtain exceptions) — § 1019.3.
  • Reducing required stair width or capacity along the egress path — continuity is required by § 1003.6.

Worked example

Design check: a public stair (occupant load > 50) connecting two floors 10 ft (120 in.) apart.

  1. Select a riser height within 4"–7". Choose 7" risers (common). 120 in. / 7 in. = 17.14 → use 17 risers. Total rise = 17 × 7" = 119" (acceptable; less than the 12 ft / 144" max flight rise). (§ 1011.5.2; § 1011.8)
  2. Number of treads = risers − 1 = 16 treads. Using minimum rectangular tread depth 11": total horizontal run = 16 × 11" = 176" (14 ft‑8 in.). (§ 1011.5.2)
  3. Stair width for public stair ≥ 44" (choose 48" for comfortable two‑way circulation). Landing depth must be the width or 48" whichever is less — for 48" width, landing depth = 48" (meets § 1011.6). Ensure headroom ≥ 80" along the stair (§ 1011.3).
  4. Confirm uniformity: inspect that none of the 17 risers differs by more than 3/8" from the others, and treads likewise within 3/8". (§ 1011.5.4)
  5. If the stair opening connects multiple stories (more than the single-story opening allowance), enclosure rules of § 1019 apply; determine whether an exception (e.g., sprinkler/draft curtain) allows leaving the opening unenclosed. (§ 1019.1–1019.3)

This example shows how the numeric limits in § 1011 fix riser and tread choices, how the landing rule in § 1011.6 sets minimum landing sizing, and how § 1019 may impose enclosure requirements depending on the vertical opening.

Related provisions

  • § 1011.2 — stairway width and capacity (minimum 44" public; exceptions for loads <50).
  • § 1011.3 — headroom (80" minimum, continuous).
  • § 1011.11 — requirement for handrails on flights of stairs and reference to Section 1014 for handrail details.
  • § 1011.6 — stairway landings requirements (width, depth, doors).
  • § 1011.7.1 — stair walking surface slope and solid surface requirement.
  • § 1019.1–1019.3 — exit-access stairways and ramps; enclosure and exceptions for vertical openings.
  • § 1003.6 — means-of-egress continuity (path of egress not interrupted; capacity not diminished).
  • § 713 — shaft enclosure (referenced by § 1019 for required enclosures).

Code references

Grounded in the retrieved California Building Code — click a citation to read the verbatim passage:

  • CBC § 1011.7.1 High relevance — show source text

    1011.7.1 Stairway walking surface. The walking surface of treads and landings of a stairway shall not be sloped steeper than one unit vertical in 48 units horizontal (2-percent slope) in any direction. Stairway treads and landings shall have a solid surface. Finish floor surfaces shall be securely attached.

    Exceptions:

    1. Openings in stair walking surfaces shall be a size that does not permit the passage of [1] / 2 -inch-diameter (12.7 mm) sphere. Elongated openings shall be placed so that the long dimension is perpendicular to the direction of travel.
    2. In Group F, H and S occupancies, other than areas of parking structures accessible to the public, openings in treads and landings shall not be prohibited provided that a sphere with a diameter of 1 [1] / 8 inches (29 mm) cannot pass through the opening.

    1011.7.2 Outdoor conditions. Outdoor stairways and outdoor approaches to stairways shall be designed so that water will not accumulate on walking surfaces.

    1011.7.3 Enclosures under interior stairways. The walls and soffits within enclosed usable spaces under enclosed and unenclosed stairways shall be protected by 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction or the fire-resistance rating of the stairway enclosure, whichever is greater. Access to the enclosed space shall not be directly from within the stairway enclosure.

    Exception: Spaces under stairways serving and contained within a single residential dwelling unit in Group R-2 or R-3 shall be permitted to be protected on the enclosed side with [1] / 2 -inch (12.7 mm) gypsum board.

    1011.7.4 Enclosures under exterior stairways. There shall not be enclosed usable space under exterior exit stairways unless the space is completely enclosed in 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction. The open space under exterior stairways shall not be used for any purpose.

    1011.8 Vertical rise. A flight of stairs shall not have a vertical rise greater than 12 feet (3658 mm) between floor levels or landings.

    Exception: Spiral stairways used as a means of egress from technical production areas.

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    MEANS OF EGRESS

    1011.9 Curved stairways. Curved stairways with winder treads shall have treads and risers in accordance with Section 1011.5 and the smallest radius shall be not less than twice the minimum width or required capacity of the stairway.

    Exception: The radius restriction shall not apply to curved stairways in Group R-3 and within individual dwelling units in Group R-2.

  • CBC § 1011.5.2 High relevance — show source text

    1011.5.2 Riser height and tread depth. Stair riser heights shall be 7 inches (178 mm) maximum and 4 inches (102 mm) minimum. The riser height shall be measured vertically between the nosings of adjacent treads or between the stairway landing and the adjacent tread. Rectangular tread depths shall be 11 inches (279 mm) minimum measured horizontally between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of adjacent treads and at a right angle to the tread’s nosing. Winder treads shall have a minimum tread depth of 11 inches (279 mm) between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of adjacent treads at the intersections with the walkline and a minimum tread depth of 10 inches (254 mm) within the clear width of the stair.

    Exceptions:

    1. Spiral stairways in accordance with Section 1011.10.

    2. Stairways connecting stepped aisles to cross aisles or concourses shall be permitted to use the riser/tread dimension in Section 1030.14.2.

    3. In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies not required by Chapter 11 A or Chapter 11B to be Accessible; and in Group U occupancies that are accessory to a Group R-3 occupancy or accessory to individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; the maximum riser height shall be 7 [3] / 4 inches (197 mm); the minimum tread depth shall be 10 inches (254 mm); the minimum winder tread depth at the walkline shall be 10 inches (254 mm); and the minimum winder tread depth shall be 6 inches (152 mm). A nosing projection not less than [3] / 4 inch (19.1 mm) but not more than 1 [1] / 4 inches (32 mm) shall be provided on stairways with solid risers where the tread depth is less than 11 inches (279 mm).

    4. See California Fire Code Chapter 11 and California Existing Building Code for the replacement of existing stairways.

    —

    [DSA-AC] For applications listed in Section 1.9.1 regulated by the Division of the State Architect Access Compliance, see Chapter 11B, Section 11B-202. 5. In Group I-3 facilities, stairways providing access to guard towers, observation stations and control rooms, not more than 250 square feet (23 m [2] ) in area, shall be permitted to have a maximum riser height of 8 inches (203 mm) and a minimum tread depth of 9 inches (229 mm). 6. [SFM] Stairways providing access to lifeguard towers not open to the public, not more than 250 square feet (23 m [2] ) in area, shall be permitted to have a maximum riser height of 8 inches (203 mm) and a minimum tread depth of 9 inches (229 mm).

    1011.5.3 Winder treads. Winder treads are not permitted in means of egress stairways except within a dwelling unit.

    Exceptions:

    1. Curved stairways in accordance with Section 1011.9.
    2. Spiral stairways in accordance with Section 1011.10.
  • CBC § 903.3.1.1.1 High relevance — show source text

    Exempt locations 903.3.1.1.1, 903.3.1.1.2

    Factory 903.2.4 Fire areas 707.3.10

    Hazardous materials Table 414.2.5.1, Table 414.2.5.2, 903.2.11.4 Hazardous occupancies 415.4, 415.11.7.4, 415.11.12, 705.9.1,

    903.2.5 Height increase Table 504.3 High-rise buildings 403.3, 903.2.11.3 Incidental uses Table 509.1

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    INDEX

    Ladders 408.3.5, 410.5.3.4, 1011.15,

    1011.16 Landings 1011.6, 1011.8 Live load Table 1607.1, 1607.9 Locking 1010.2.6 Luminous 403.5.5, 411.4.1, 1025 Roof access 1011.12 Seismic anchorage 2308.8.10 Spiral (see Spiral Stairways) 408.3.4, 410.5.3.4, 508.5.5, 1011.10 Stepped aisles 1030.14.2 Transitions 1030.9.7, 1030.9.8,

    1030.10

    Travel distance 1017.3.1

    Treads and risers 1011.4, 1011.5 Width/capacity 1005.3.1, 1011.2 Winders 1011.4, 1011.5, 1011.10 Stairway Enclosure 713.1, 1019, 1023 Accessibility 1009.3 Construction 1019, 1023.2 Discharge 1023.3.1, 1028.2 Doors 716.2.6.1, 1010.2.6 Elevators within 1023.4, 3002.7 Exit access 1019

    Exterior walls 705.2, 707.4, 708.5, 713.6, 1023.2, 1027.6 Fire-resistant construction 1019.2,

    1023.2

    Group I-2 1019.4 Group I-3 408.3.8, 1019.4 High-rise 403.5 Penetrations 1023.5

    Pressurization 909.6, 1023.12 Smokeproof 403.5.4, 405.7.2, 909.20, 1023.12

  • CBC § 1030.10 High relevance — show source text

    1030.10

    Travel distance 1017.3.1

    Treads and risers 1011.4, 1011.5 Width/capacity 1005.3.1, 1011.2 Winders 1011.4, 1011.5, 1011.10 Stairway Enclosure 713.1, 1019, 1023 Accessibility 1009.3 Construction 1019, 1023.2 Discharge 1023.3.1, 1028.2 Doors 716.2.6.1, 1010.2.6 Elevators within 1023.4, 3002.7 Exit access 1019

    Exterior walls 705.2, 707.4, 708.5, 713.6, 1023.2, 1027.6 Fire-resistant construction 1019.2,

    1023.2

    Group I-2 1019.4 Group I-3 408.3.8, 1019.4 High-rise 403.5 Penetrations 1023.5

    Pressurization 909.6, 1023.12 Smokeproof 403.5.4, 405.7.2, 909.20, 1023.12

    Space below, use 1011.7.3, 1011.7.4 Ventilation 1023.6 Standards (see Referenced Standards) Standby Power 2702.1, 2702.2, 2702.4 Atriums 404.7, 2702.2 Covered and open mall buildings 402.7.3, 2702.2 Elevators 1009.4, 2702.2, 3003.1, 3007.8, 3008.8 Fuel line piping protection 2702.1.2 Hazardous occupancy 414.5.2, 415.11.11, 421.7, 2702.2 High-rise 403.4.8, 2702.2 Horizontal sliding doors 1010.3.3, 2702.2

    Membrane structures 2702.2

    Platform lifts 1009.5, 2702.2 Smoke control 909.11, 2702.2 Smokeproof enclosure 909.20.7.2, 2702.2 Special inspection 1705.13.6 Underground buildings 405.8, 2702.2 Standpipe and Hose Systems (see Standpipes, Required) 905, 3106.4, 3308.1.1, 3311 Cabinet locks 905.7.2

    Dry 905.8 Hose connection location 905.1, 905.4, 905.5, 905.6, 912 Standpipes, Required Assembly 905.3.1, 905.3.2 Covered and open mall buildings 402.7.1, 905.3.3 During construction 905.10, 3311

    Elevators, fire service access 3007.9 Helistops 905.3.5 Marinas 905.3.6 Parking garages 406.5.8 Roof gardens and landscaped roofs 905.3.7 Underground buildings 405.9 State Law 102.2

    Steel Chapters 22 and 22A Anchor Rods 2201.5

  • CBC § 1030.14.2. High relevance — show source text

    Exceptions:

    1. Stairways connecting stepped aisles to cross aisles or concourses shall be permitted to comply with the dimensional nonuniformity in Section 1030.14.2.

    2. Consistently shaped winders, complying with Section 1011.5, differing from rectangular treads in the same flight of stairs.

    3. Nonuniform riser dimension complying with Section 1011.5.4.1.

    1011.5.4.1 Nonuniform height risers. Where the bottom or top riser adjoins a sloping public way, walkway or driveway having an established grade and serving as a landing, the bottom or top riser is permitted to be reduced along the slope to less than 4 inches (102 mm) in height, with the variation in height of the bottom or top riser not to exceed one unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (8-percent slope) of stair width. The nosings at such nonuniform height risers shall have a distinctive marking stripe, different from any other nosing marking provided on the stair flight. The distinctive marking stripe shall be visible in descent of the stair. Marking stripes shall have a width of not less than 1 inch (25 mm) but not more than 2 inches (51 mm). 1011.5.5 Nosing and riser profile. Nosings shall have a curvature or bevel of not less than [1] / 16 inch (1.6 mm) but not more than [9] / 16 inch (14.3 mm) from the foremost projection of the tread. Risers shall be solid and vertical or sloped under the tread above from the underside of the nosing above at an angle not more than 30 degrees (0.52 rad) from the vertical.

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    1011.5.5.1 Nosing projection size. The nosings shall project not more than 1 [1] / 4 inches (32 mm) beyond the tread below.

    Exception: When solid risers are not required, the nosing projection is permitted to exceed the maximum projection.

    1011.5.5.2 Nosing projection uniformity. Nosing projections shall be of uniform size, including the projections of the nosings of the floor or landing at the top of a flight.

    1011.5.5.3 Solid risers. Risers shall be solid.

    Exceptions:

    1. Solid risers are not required for stairways that are not required to comply with Section 1009.3, provided that the opening between treads does not permit the passage of a sphere with a diameter of 4 inches (102 mm).
    2. Solid risers are not required for occupancies in Group I-3 or in Group F, H and S occupancies other than areas accessible to the public. The size of the opening in the riser is not restricted.
    3. Solid risers are not required for spiral stairways constructed in accordance with Section 1011.10.

    1011.6 Stairway landings. There shall be a floor or landing at the top and bottom of each stairway. The width of landings, measured perpendicularly to the direction of travel, shall be not less than the width of stairways served. Every landing shall have a minimum depth, measured parallel to the direction of travel, equal to the width of the stairway or 48 inches (1219 mm), whichever is less.

  • CBC § 1011.5.5.1 Medium relevance — show source text

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    MEANS OF EGRESS

    1011.5.5.1 Nosing projection size. The nosings shall project not more than 1 [1] / 4 inches (32 mm) beyond the tread below.

    Exception: When solid risers are not required, the nosing projection is permitted to exceed the maximum projection.

    1011.5.5.2 Nosing projection uniformity. Nosing projections shall be of uniform size, including the projections of the nosings of the floor or landing at the top of a flight.

    1011.5.5.3 Solid risers. Risers shall be solid.

    Exceptions:

    1. Solid risers are not required for stairways that are not required to comply with Section 1009.3, provided that the opening between treads does not permit the passage of a sphere with a diameter of 4 inches (102 mm).
    2. Solid risers are not required for occupancies in Group I-3 or in Group F, H and S occupancies other than areas accessible to the public. The size of the opening in the riser is not restricted.
    3. Solid risers are not required for spiral stairways constructed in accordance with Section 1011.10.

    1011.6 Stairway landings. There shall be a floor or landing at the top and bottom of each stairway. The width of landings, measured perpendicularly to the direction of travel, shall be not less than the width of stairways served. Every landing shall have a minimum depth, measured parallel to the direction of travel, equal to the width of the stairway or 48 inches (1219 mm), whichever is less. Doors opening onto a landing shall not reduce the landing to less than one-half the required width. When fully open, the door shall not project more than 7 inches (178 mm) into the required width of a landing. Where wheelchair spaces are required on the stairway landing in accordance with Section 1009.6.3, the wheelchair space shall not be located in the required width of the landing and doors shall not swing over the wheelchair spaces.

    Exceptions:

    1. Where stairways connect stepped aisles to cross aisles or concourses, stairway landings are not required at the transition between stairways and stepped aisles constructed in accordance with Section 1030.
    2. Where curved stairways of constant radius have intermediate landings, the landing depth shall be measured horizontally between the intersection of the walkline of the lower flight at the landing nosing and the intersection of the walkline of the upper flight at the nosing of the lowest tread of the upper flight.
    3. Where a landing turns 90 degrees (1.57 rad) or more, the minimum landing depth in accordance with this section shall not be required where the landing provided is not less than that described by an arc with a radius equal to the width of the flight served. 4. In Group R-3 occupancies a floor or landing is not required at the top of an interior flight of stairs, including stairs in an enclosed garage, provided a door does not swing over the stairs.

    1011.7 Stairway construction. Stairways shall be built of materials consistent with the types permitted for the type of construction of the building.

    Exceptions:

    1. Wood handrails shall be permitted in all types of construction.
    2. Interior exit stairways in accordance with Section 510.2.
  • CBC § 1011.10 Medium relevance — show source text

    Exceptions:

    1. Spiral stairways complying with Section 1011.10 are permitted a 78-inch (1981 mm) headroom clearance.

    2025 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE 10-29

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    MEANS OF EGRESS

    1. In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupancies that are accessory to a Group R-3 occupancy or accessory to individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; where the nosings of treads at the side of a flight extend under the edge of a floor opening through which the stair passes, the floor opening shall be allowed to project horizontally into the required headroom not more than 4 [3] / 4 inches (121 mm).

    1011.4 Walkline. The walkline across winder treads shall be concentric to the direction of travel through the turn and located 12 inches (305 mm) from the side where the winders are narrower. The 12-inch (305 mm) dimension shall be measured from the widest point of the clear stair width at the walking surface of the winder. Where winders are adjacent within the flight, the point of the widest clear stair width of the adjacent winders shall be used.

    1011.5 Stair treads and risers. Stair treads and risers shall comply with Sections 1011.5.1 through 1011.5.5.3.

    1011.5.1 Dimension reference surfaces. For the purpose of this section, all dimensions are exclusive of carpets, rugs or runners.

    1011.5.2 Riser height and tread depth. Stair riser heights shall be 7 inches (178 mm) maximum and 4 inches (102 mm) minimum. The riser height shall be measured vertically between the nosings of adjacent treads or between the stairway landing and the adjacent tread. Rectangular tread depths shall be 11 inches (279 mm) minimum measured horizontally between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of adjacent treads and at a right angle to the tread’s nosing. Winder treads shall have a minimum tread depth of 11 inches (279 mm) between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of adjacent treads at the intersections with the walkline and a minimum tread depth of 10 inches (254 mm) within the clear width of the stair.

    Exceptions:

    1. Spiral stairways in accordance with Section 1011.10.

    2. Stairways connecting stepped aisles to cross aisles or concourses shall be permitted to use the riser/tread dimension in Section 1030.14.2.

    3. In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies not required by Chapter 11 A or Chapter 11B to be Accessible; and in Group U occupancies that are accessory to a Group R-3 occupancy or accessory to individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; the maximum riser height shall be 7 [3] / 4 inches (197 mm); the minimum tread depth shall be 10 inches (254 mm); the minimum winder tread depth at the walkline shall be 10 inches (254 mm); and the minimum winder tread depth shall be 6 inches (152 mm).

  • CBC § 1011.9 Medium relevance — show source text

    MEANS OF EGRESS

    1011.9 Curved stairways. Curved stairways with winder treads shall have treads and risers in accordance with Section 1011.5 and the smallest radius shall be not less than twice the minimum width or required capacity of the stairway.

    Exception: The radius restriction shall not apply to curved stairways in Group R-3 and within individual dwelling units in Group R-2.

    1011.10 Spiral stairways. Spiral stairways are permitted to be used as a component in the means of egress only within dwelling units or from a space not more than 250 square feet (23 m [2] ) in area and serving not more than five occupants, or from technical production areas in accordance with Section 410.5. A spiral stairway shall have a 6 [3] / 4 -inch (171 mm) minimum clear tread depth at a point 12 inches (305 mm) from the narrow edge. The risers shall be sufficient to provide a headroom of 78 inches (1981 mm) minimum, but riser height shall not be more than 9 [1] / 2 inches (241 mm). The minimum stairway clear width at and below the handrail shall be 26 inches (660 mm).

    1011.11 Handrails. Flights of stairways shall have handrails on each side and shall comply with Section 1014. Where glass is used to provide the handrail, the handrail shall comply with Section 2407.

    [DSA-AC] For applications listed in Section 1.9.1 regulated by the Division of the State Architect—Access Compliance, see Chapter 11B, Sections 11B-504.6 and 11B-505.

    Exceptions:

    1. Flights of stairways within dwelling units and flights of spiral stairways are permitted to have a handrail on one side only.

    2. Decks, patios and walkways that have a single change in elevation where the landing depth on each side of the change of elevation is greater than what is required for a landing do not require handrails.

    3. [SFM] In Group R-3 occupancies, a continuous run of treads or flight of stairs with less than four risers does not require handrails.

    4. Changes in room elevations of three or fewer risers within dwelling units and sleeping units in Groups R-2 and R-3 do not require handrails.

    5. Where a platform lift is in a stationary position and the floor of the platform lift serves as the upper landing of a stairway, handrails shall not be required on the stairway, provided that all of the following criteria are met: 5.1. The stairway contains not more than two risers. 5.2. A handhold, positioned horizontally or vertically, is located on one side of the stairway adjacent to the top landing. 5.3. The handhold is located not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 42 inches (1067 mm) above the bottom landing of the stairway. 5.4. The handhold gripping surface complies with Section 1014.4, and is not less than 4.5 inches (114 mm) in length.

    1011.12 Stairway to roof. In buildings four or more stories above grade plane, one stairway shall extend to the roof surface unless the roof has a slope steeper than four units vertical in 12 units horizontal (33-percent slope).

  • CBC § 1011.7.1 Medium relevance — show source text

    [BE] 1011.7.1 Stairway walking surface. The walking surface of treads and landings of a stairway shall not be sloped steeper than 1 unit vertical in 48 units horizontal (2-percent slope) in any direction. Stairway treads and landings shall have a solid surface. Finish floor surfaces shall be securely attached.

    Exceptions:

    1. Openings in stair walking surfaces shall be a size that does not permit the passage of [1] / 2 -inch-diameter (12.7 mm) sphere. Elongated openings shall be placed so that the long dimension is perpendicular to the direction of travel.
    2. In Group F, H and S occupancies, other than areas of parking structures accessible to the public, openings in treads and landings shall not be prohibited provided that a sphere with a diameter of 1 [1] / 8 inches (29 mm) cannot pass through the opening.

    [BE] 1011.7.2 Outdoor conditions. Outdoor stairways and outdoor approaches to stairways shall be designed so that water will not accumulate on walking surfaces.

    [BE] 1011.7.3 Enclosures under interior stairways. The walls and soffits within enclosed usable spaces under enclosed and unenclosed stairways shall be protected by 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction or the fire-resistance rating of the stairway enclosure, whichever is greater. Access to the enclosed space shall not be directly from within the stairway enclosure.

    Exception: Spaces under stairways serving and contained within a single residential dwelling unit in Group R-2 or R-3 shall be permitted to be protected on the enclosed side with [1] / 2 -inch (12.7 mm) gypsum board.

    [BE] 1011.7.4 Enclosures under exterior stairways. There shall not be enclosed usable space under exterior exit stairways unless the space is completely enclosed in 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction. The open space under exterior stairways shall not be used for any purpose.

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    MEANS OF EGRESS

    [BE] 1011.8 Vertical rise. A flight of stairs shall not have a vertical rise greater than 12 feet (3658 mm) between floor levels or landings.

    Exception: Spiral stairways used as a means of egress from technical production areas.

    [BE] 1011.9 Curved stairways. Curved stairways with winder treads shall have treads and risers in accordance with Section 1011.5 and the smallest radius shall be not less than twice the minimum width or required capacity of the stairway.

    Exception: The radius restriction shall not apply to curved stairways in Group R-3 and within individual dwelling units in Group R-2.

  • CBC § 1011.5 Medium relevance — show source text

    [BE] 1011.5 Stair treads and risers. Stair treads and risers shall comply with Sections 1011.5.1 through 1011.5.5.3.

    [BE] 1011.5.1 Dimension reference surfaces. For the purpose of this section, all dimensions are exclusive of carpets, rugs or runners.

    [BE] 1011.5.2 Riser height and tread depth. Stair riser heights shall be 7 inches (178 mm) maximum and 4 inches (102 mm) minimum. The riser height shall be measured vertically between the nosings of adjacent treads or between the stairway landing and the adjacent tread. Rectangular tread depths shall be 11 inches (279 mm) minimum measured horizontally between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of adjacent treads and at a right angle to the tread’s nosing. Winder treads shall have a minimum tread depth of 11 inches (279 mm) between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of adjacent treads at the intersections with the walkline and a minimum tread depth of 10 inches (254 mm) within the clear width of the stair.

    Exceptions:

    1. Spiral stairways in accordance with Section 1011.10.

    2. Stairways connecting stepped aisles to cross aisles or concourses shall be permitted to use the riser/tread dimension in Section 1030.14.2.

    3. In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies not required by Chapter 11 to be Accessible or Type A dwelling or sleeping units; and in Group U occupancies that are accessory to a Group R-3 occupancy or accessory to individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; the maximum riser height shall be 7 [3] / 4 inches (197 mm); the minimum tread depth shall be 10 inches (254 mm); the minimum winder tread depth at the walkline shall be 10 inches (254 mm); and the minimum winder tread depth shall be 6 inches (152 mm). A nosing projection not less than [3] / 4 inch (19.1 mm) but not more than 1 [1] / 4 inches (32 mm) shall be provided on stairways with solid risers where the tread depth is less than 11 inches (279 mm).

    4. See Chapter 11 and California Existing Building Code Section 503.1 for the replacement of existing stairways. [DSA-AC] For applications listed in Section 1.9.1 of the California Building Code regulated by the Division of the State Architect- Access Compliance, see Chapter 11B, Section 11B-202.

    5. In Group I-3 facilities, stairways providing access to guard towers, observation stations and control rooms, not more than 250 square feet (23 m [2] ) in area, shall be permitted to have a maximum riser height of 8 inches (203 mm) and a minimum tread depth of 9 inches (229 mm). 6. [SFM] Stairways providing access to lifeguard towers not open to the public, not more than 250 square feet (23 m [2] ) in area, shall be permitted to have a maximum riser height of 8 inches (203 mm) and a minimum tread depth of 9 inches (229 mm).

    [BE] 1011.5.3 Winder treads. Winder treads are not permitted in means of egress stairways except within a dwelling unit.

    Exceptions:

  • CBC § 7.3 Medium relevance — show source text

    R318.7.3 Vertical rise. A flight of stairs shall not have a vertical rise greater than 12 feet 7 inches (3835 mm) between floor levels or landings.

    R318.7.4 Walkline. The walkline across winder treads and landings shall be concentric to the turn and parallel to the direction of travel entering and exiting the turn. The walkline shall be located 12 inches (305 mm) from the inside of the turn. The 12-inch (305 mm) dimension shall be measured from the widest point of the clear stair width at the walking surface. Where winders are adjacent within a flight, the point of the widest clear stair width of the adjacent winders shall be used.

    R318.7.5 Stair treads and risers. Stair treads and risers shall meet the requirements of this section. For the purposes of this section, dimensions and dimensioned surfaces shall be exclusive of carpets, rugs or runners. R318.7.5.1 Risers. The riser height shall be not more than 7 [3] / 4 inches (196 mm). The riser height shall be measured vertically between leading edges of the adjacent treads. The greatest riser height within any flight of stairs shall not exceed the smallest by more than [3] / 8 inch (9.5 mm). Risers shall be vertical or sloped from the underside of the nosing of the tread above at an angle not more than 30 degrees (0.51 rad) from the vertical. At open risers, openings located more than 30 inches (762 mm), as measured vertically, to the floor or grade below shall not permit the passage of a 4-inch-diameter (102 mm) sphere.

    Exceptions:

    1. The opening between adjacent treads is not limited on spiral stairways.
    2. The riser height of spiral stairways shall be in accordance with Section R318.7.11.1.

    R318.7.5.2 Treads. The tread depth shall be not less than 10 inches (254 mm). The tread depth shall be measured horizontally between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of adjacent treads and at a right angle to the tread’s leading edge. The greatest tread depth within any flight of stairs shall not exceed the smallest by more than [3] / 8 inch (9.5 mm).

    R318.7.5.2.1 Winder treads. Winder treads shall have a tread depth of not less than 10 inches (254 mm) measured between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of adjacent treads at the intersections with the walkline. Winder treads shall have a tread depth of not less than 6 inches (152 mm) at any point within the clear width of the stair. Within any flight of stairs, the largest winder tread depth at the walkline shall not exceed the smallest winder tread by more than [3] / 8 inch (9.5 mm). Consistently shaped winders at the walkline shall be allowed within the same flight of stairs as rectangular treads and shall not be required to be within [3] / 8 inch (9.5 mm) of the rectangular tread depth.

  • CBC § 410.2.6 Medium relevance — show source text

    Scenery 410.2.6 Smoke control 410.2.7.2 Sprinkler protection 410.6 Standpipes 905.3.4 Technical production areas 410.2.2, 410.5.3

    Ventilation 410.2.7 Stairway (see Alternating Tread Devices, Spiral Stairways, Stairway Construction and Stairway Enclosure) Stairway Construction Alternating tread 1011.14 Circular (see Curved) Construction 1011.7

    Curved 1011.4, 1011.9 Discharge barrier 1023.8 During construction 3310.1 Elevators 1011.12.1, 1023.4, 1023.10,

    3002.7

    Enclosure under 1011.7.3, 1011.7.4 Exit access 1019

    Exterior exit 1027, 1028.2 Fireblocking 718.2.4 Guards 1015.2, 1015.3, 1607.9 Handrails 1011.11, 1014, 1607.9 Headroom 1011.3

    Illumination 1008.2, 1204.4, 1204.5 Interior exit 1023

    Ducts and air transfer openings 710.8 Fire-resistance rating 710.3 Inspection 110.3.8 Joints 710.7 Marking 703.4, 703.5 Materials 710.2

    Opening protection 710.5, 717.5.7 Penetrations 710.6

    Special provisions Atriums 404.6

    Group I-2 407.3 Smoke Removal (High Rise) 403.4.7 Smoke Vents 410.2.7.1, 910 Smokeproof Enclosures 403.5.4, 1023.12 Design 909.20 Snow Load 1608 Glazing 2404 Soils and Foundations (see Foundation) Chapters 18 and 18A Depth of footings 1809.4 Evacuation, grading and fill J106, J107, 1804, 3304 Expansive 1803.5.3, 1808.6 Flood hazard 1804.5 Footing and foundations 1808 Footing on or adjacent to slopes 1808.7, 3304.1.3 Foundation walls 1807.1.5, 3304.1.4 Geotechnical investigations 1803 Grading Appendix J, 1804.4 Load-bearing values 1806 Soil boring and sampling 1803.4 Soil lateral load 1610 Special inspection 1705.6 Solar Energy Systems 3111 Photovoltaic (see Photovoltaic) Roof live load 3111.1.2 Solar thermal systems 3111.2 Wind resistance 3111.1.1

    Sororities 310.3

  • CBC § 1011.7.3 Medium relevance — show source text

    1011.7.3 Enclosures under interior stairways. The walls and soffits within enclosed usable spaces under enclosed and unenclosed stairways shall be protected by 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction or the fire-resistance rating of the stairway enclosure, whichever is greater. Access to the enclosed space shall not be directly from within the stairway enclosure.

    Exception: Spaces under stairways serving and contained within a single residential dwelling unit in Group R-2 or R-3 shall be permitted to be protected on the enclosed side with [1] / 2 -inch (12.7 mm) gypsum board.

    1011.7.4 Enclosures under exterior stairways. There shall not be enclosed usable space under exterior exit stairways unless the space is completely enclosed in 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction. The open space under exterior stairways shall not be used for any purpose.

    1011.8 Vertical rise. A flight of stairs shall not have a vertical rise greater than 12 feet (3658 mm) between floor levels or landings.

    Exception: Spiral stairways used as a means of egress from technical production areas.

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    MEANS OF EGRESS

    1011.9 Curved stairways. Curved stairways with winder treads shall have treads and risers in accordance with Section 1011.5 and the smallest radius shall be not less than twice the minimum width or required capacity of the stairway.

    Exception: The radius restriction shall not apply to curved stairways in Group R-3 and within individual dwelling units in Group R-2.

    1011.10 Spiral stairways. Spiral stairways are permitted to be used as a component in the means of egress only within dwelling units or from a space not more than 250 square feet (23 m [2] ) in area and serving not more than five occupants, or from technical production areas in accordance with Section 410.5. A spiral stairway shall have a 6 [3] / 4 -inch (171 mm) minimum clear tread depth at a point 12 inches (305 mm) from the narrow edge. The risers shall be sufficient to provide a headroom of 78 inches (1981 mm) minimum, but riser height shall not be more than 9 [1] / 2 inches (241 mm). The minimum stairway clear width at and below the handrail shall be 26 inches (660 mm).

    1011.11 Handrails. Flights of stairways shall have handrails on each side and shall comply with Section 1014. Where glass is used to provide the handrail, the handrail shall comply with Section 2407.

    [DSA-AC] For applications listed in Section 1.9.1 regulated by the Division of the State Architect—Access Compliance, see Chapter 11B, Sections 11B-504.6 and 11B-505.

  • CBC § 903.4.1 Medium relevance — show source text

    Unlimited area 507 Sprinkler System, Supervision 903.4.1 Service 901.6 Underground buildings 405.3 Stages and Platforms 303, 410 Dressing rooms 410.4 Fire barrier wall 410.4.1, 410.4.2 Floor finish and floor covering 410.2, 410.3, 804.4, 805.1 Horizontal assembly 410.4.1, 410.4.2 Means of egress 410.5 Platform, temporary 410.3.1 Platform construction 410.3, 603.1 Proscenium curtain 410.2.5

    Proscenium wall 410.2.4

    Roof vents 410.2.7.1

    Scenery 410.2.6 Smoke control 410.2.7.2 Sprinkler protection 410.6 Standpipes 905.3.4 Technical production areas 410.2.2, 410.5.3

    Ventilation 410.2.7 Stairway (see Alternating Tread Devices, Spiral Stairways, Stairway Construction and Stairway Enclosure) Stairway Construction Alternating tread 1011.14 Circular (see Curved) Construction 1011.7

    Curved 1011.4, 1011.9 Discharge barrier 1023.8 During construction 3310.1 Elevators 1011.12.1, 1023.4, 1023.10,

    3002.7

    Enclosure under 1011.7.3, 1011.7.4 Exit access 1019

    Exterior exit 1027, 1028.2 Fireblocking 718.2.4 Guards 1015.2, 1015.3, 1607.9 Handrails 1011.11, 1014, 1607.9 Headroom 1011.3

    Illumination 1008.2, 1204.4, 1204.5 Interior exit 1023

    Ducts and air transfer openings 710.8 Fire-resistance rating 710.3 Inspection 110.3.8 Joints 710.7 Marking 703.4, 703.5 Materials 710.2

    Opening protection 710.5, 717.5.7 Penetrations 710.6

    Special provisions Atriums 404.6

  • CBC § 1011.5.5.1 Medium relevance — show source text

    [BE] 1011.5.5.1 Nosing projection size. The nosings shall project not more than 1 [1] / 4 inches (32 mm) beyond the tread below.

    Exception: When solid risers are not required, the nosing projection is permitted to exceed the maximum projection.

    [BE] 1011.5.5.2 Nosing projection uniformity. Nosing projections shall be of uniform size, including the projections of the nosings of the floor or landing at the top of a flight.

    [BE] 1011.5.5.3 Solid risers. Risers shall be solid.

    Exceptions:

    1. Solid risers are not required for stairways that are not required to comply with Section 1009.3, provided that the opening between treads does not permit the passage of a sphere with a diameter of 4 inches (102 mm).
    2. Solid risers are not required for occupancies in Group I-3 or in Group F, H and S occupancies other than areas accessible to the public. The size of the opening in the riser is not restricted.
    3. Solid risers are not required for spiral stairways constructed in accordance with Section 1011.10.

    [BE] 1011.6 Stairway landings. There shall be a floor or landing at the top and bottom of each stairway. The width of landings, measured perpendicularly to the direction of travel, shall be not less than the width of stairways served. Every landing shall have a minimum depth, measured parallel to the direction of travel, equal to the width of the stairway or 48 inches (1219 mm), whichever is less. Doors opening onto a landing shall not reduce the landing to less than one-half the required width. When fully open, the door shall not project more than 7 inches (178 mm) into the required width of a landing. Where wheelchair spaces are required on the stairway landing in accordance with Section 1009.6.3, the wheelchair space shall not be located in the required width of the landing and doors shall not swing over the wheelchair spaces.

    Exceptions:

    1. Where stairways connect stepped aisles to cross aisles or concourses, stairway landings are not required at the transition between stairways and stepped aisles constructed in accordance with Section 1030.
    2. Where curved stairways of constant radius have intermediate landings, the landing depth shall be measured horizontally between the intersection of the walkline of the lower flight at the landing nosing and the intersection of the walkline of the upper flight at the nosing of the lowest tread of the upper flight.
    3. Where a landing turns 90 degrees (1.57 rad) or more, the minimum landing depth in accordance with this section shall not be required where the landing provided is not less than that described by an arc with a radius equal to the width of the flight served. 4. In Group R-3 occupancies, a floor or landing is not required at the top of an interior flight of stairs, including stairs in an enclosed garage, provided a door does not swing over the stairs.

    [BE] 1011.7 Stairway construction. Stairways shall be built of materials consistent with the types permitted for the type of construction of the building.

    Exceptions:

    1. Wood handrails shall be permitted in all types of construction.
    2. Interior exit stairway in accordance with Section 510.2 of the California Building Code .
  • CBC § 1122A.5.2.7 Medium relevance — show source text

    2. Noncircular cross section. Handrail gripping surfaces with a noncircular cross section shall have a perimeter dimension of 4 inches (102 mm) minimum and 6 [1] / 4 inches (159 mm) maximum, and a cross-section dimension of 2 [1] / 4 inches (57 mm) maximum.

    1122A.5.2.7 Fittings. Handrails shall not rotate within their fittings.

    1122A.6 Edge protection. Ramps and ramp landings shall be provided with a continuous and uninterrupted barrier on each side along the entire length in compliance with Sections 1012.10 and 1012.10.1. (See Figure 11A-5A.)

    Note: Extended floors or ground surfaces, as permitted in Section 1012.10.2, are not allowed for ramps and ramp landings providing access to, or egress from, buildings or facilities where accessibility is required.

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    HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

    SECTION 1123A—INTERIOR STAIRWAYS

    1123A.1 General. Interior stairways serving buildings containing covered multifamily dwelling units shall comply with this section.

    1123A.2 Open risers. Open risers shall not be permitted on interior stairways.

    Exception: Stairways within an individual dwelling unit.

    1123A.3 Treads. All tread surfaces shall be stable, firm and slip resistant, and shall comply with Section 1119A.2. Treads shall have smooth, rounded or chamfered exposed edges and no abrupt edges at the nosing (lower front edge).

    1123A.4 Nosing. Nosing shall not project more than 1 [1] / 4 inches (31.8 mm) past the face of the riser below. Risers shall be sloped or the underside of the nosing shall have an angle not more than 30 degrees (0.52 rad) from the vertical. (See Figure 11A-6A.)

    1123A.5 Striping for the visually impaired. Interior stairs shall have the upper approach and lower tread marked by a stripe providing clear visual contrast.

    The stripe shall be a minimum of 2 inches (50.8 mm) wide to a maximum of 4 inches (101.6 mm) wide placed parallel to, and not more than 1 inch (25.4 mm) from, the nose of the step or upper approach. The stripe shall extend the full width of the step or upper approach and shall be of material that is at least as slip resistant as the other treads of the stair. A painted stripe shall be acceptable. Grooves shall not be used to satisfy this requirement.

    Exception: Striping is not required for stairways within individual dwelling units.

    1123A.6 Interior stairway handrails.

    1123A.6.1 Where required. Stairways shall have handrails on each side. Intermediate handrails shall be located equidistant from the sides of the stairway and comply with Section 1014.9.

Frequently asked questions

Do the tread/riser numbers include carpet or runners?

No — dimensions in § 1011 are exclusive of carpets, rugs, or runners; measure the substrate dimension before coverings. (§ 1011.5.1)

When are open risers permitted?

Risers shall be solid unless an exception applies (e.g., stairways not required to comply with Chapter 11A/11B where the opening doesn’t permit a 4‑inch sphere, or specific occupancies). Check § 1011.5.5.3 for exceptions.

What is the maximum variation allowed within a flight?

The greatest and smallest riser height or tread depth within a flight must not differ by more than 3/8 inch (9.5 mm). (§ 1011.5.4)

Do multi‑story stair openings always need to be enclosed?

Generally yes — openings with exit access stairways or ramps that connect stories must be enclosed with a shaft enclosure per § 713, except for the specific exceptions listed in § 1019.3 (sprinklered/draft‑curtain provisions, certain residential stairs, atria, etc.). (§ 1019.3)

How deep must a landing be for a 44" wide stair?

Minimum landing depth equals the stair width (so 44") or 48", whichever is less; for 44" width the required depth is 44". (§ 1011.6)

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