CBC · California Building Code

Handrail and guard requirements for egress components

Handrails are required on stair flights and ramps and must be continuous, graspable and 34–38 inches high (30–34 for ship's ladders); guards protect open sides where the drop is over 30 inches and are generally 42 inches tall with infill openings small enough to block a 4‑inch sphere. All requirements and many exceptions are contained in CBC §§ 1014 and 1015 (see cited sections).

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Last reviewed: July 5, 2026

What the code requires — in plain English

Handrails and guards protect people using means of egress. Handrails are required at stair flights, ramps and stepped/ramped aisles and must be continuous, graspable, at a uniform height and have specified extensions (§ 1014). Guards are required at open-sided walking surfaces above specified drops, must meet minimum height and opening-size limits, and must be strong enough for imposed loads (§ 1015). See § 1014 and § 1015 for the controlling text .

Requirements in detail

Where handrails are required

  • Handrails are required for flights of stairs (as required by § 1011.11), ramps (§ 1012.8), stepped aisles and ramped aisles (§ 1030.16). Handrails must be adequate in strength and attachment per the structural-load requirements referenced in the code (see § 1014.1) .

Handrail geometry, continuity and fittings

  • Height: Handrail height measured from a line connecting the nosings (stair) or from the ramp surface (ramp) must be uniform — not less than 34 in and not more than 38 in (864–965 mm). Alternating-tread devices and ship’s ladders have a lower range: 30–34 in (762–864 mm) (§ 1014.2) .
  • Graspability / size: The code requires a graspable handhold/profile; specific dimensional requirements for the handhold profile (e.g., certain minimum/listed widths and radii) appear in the CBC text excerpts retrieved (see below) — see § 1014.4 for the controlling requirements and related dimensions in the CBC excerpts .
  • Continuity: Handrail gripping surfaces must be continuous (no interruptions by newel posts or obstructions) except for a few dwelling-unit enumerated exceptions (§ 1014.5) .
  • Rotation: Handrails shall not rotate within their fittings (§ 1014.6) .
  • Extensions: Where handrails are not continuous between flights, they must extend horizontally at least 12 in (305 mm) beyond the top landing nosing and continue to slope one tread depth beyond the bottom tread nosing; at ramps similar 12 in horizontal extensions are required (§ 1014.7) .
  • Intermediate handrails: Stairways shall have intermediate handrails so that all portions of the stairway minimum width or required capacity are within 30 in (762 mm) of a handrail (§ 1014.10) .

Where guards are required and how high

  • Trigger for guards: Guards are required at open-sided walking surfaces (mezzanines, equipment platforms, aisles, stairs, ramps, landings and occupiable roofs) that are more than 30 in (762 mm) vertically above the floor/grade below at any point within 36 in (914 mm) horizontally to the open side (§ 1015.2) .
  • Minimum height (general): Required guards shall be not less than 42 in (1067 mm) high, measured vertically from the walking surface (and from the line connecting nosings on stairs) (§ 1015.3) .
  • Residential exception(s): For certain residential occupancies (Group R‑3 and individual dwelling units in Group R‑2 of limited height), a 36 in (914 mm) minimum guard height is permitted in specified circumstances; other specific exceptions and special guard-height rules for altern. tread devices, ship’s ladders and assembly seating are in the code (§ 1015.3 and related) .
  • Loads and strength: Guards must be adequate in strength and attachment and conform to the structural-load provisions referenced in the CBC (see § 1015.2 referencing Section 1607.9) .
  • Glazing in guards: If glass is used as a portion of the guard, it must comply with glazing requirements at § 2407 and the glazing hazardous‑location provisions; glass guards and glass balusters have specific construction and load requirements (§ 1015.2.1 and § 2407) .

Opening-size (infill) limitations

  • General sphere test: Required guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a 4‑inch (102 mm) diameter sphere from the walking surface up to the required guard height (§ 1015.4) .
  • Exceptions and variations: The code lists multiple exceptions (for the 36–42 in zone, triangular stair openings, elevated equipment access surfaces, certain non‑public areas, assembly seating provisions, and within dwelling units) with different allowable clearances (e.g., up to 4 3/8 in, 6 in, 8 in, or 21 in in specific circumstances). See § 1015.4 and its exceptions for the exact conditions and limits .

Decision‑relevant dimensions/value table

Item Value (imperial / metric) Code reference
Handrail height (typical stairs/ramps) 34–38 in (864–965 mm) § 1014.2
Handrail height (alternating tread / ship’s ladder) 30–34 in (762–864 mm) § 1014.2
Handrail extension beyond top/bottom 12 in (305 mm) horizontal; slope one tread beyond bottom § 1014.7
Intermediate handrail spacing All portions within 30 in (762 mm) of a handrail § 1014.10
Guard trigger (vertical drop / horizontal reach) Guard required if open side is > 30 in (762 mm) vertically within 36 in (914 mm) horizontally § 1015.2
Guard minimum height (general) 42 in (1067 mm) § 1015.3
Guard minimum height (some residential exceptions) 36 in (914 mm) (see exceptions) § 1015.3 (exceptions)
Opening limitation (sphere) 4 in (102 mm) sphere up to guard height (typical) § 1015.4
Alternate opening allowances (exceptions) 4 3/8 in, 6 in, 8 in, 21 in in specified exceptions — see § 1015.4 § 1015.4 exceptions
Glass in guards — minimum glazing thickness Min nominal 1/4 in (6.4 mm) laminated; glass handrails/guards must meet § 2407 § 2407 (referenced)
Structural load reference for guards/handrails Design and attachment per Section 1607.9 § 1015.2 and § 1014.1 (references)

Exceptions & special cases

  • Dwelling-unit and spiral‑stair exceptions: Flights inside dwelling units and spiral stairs may have only one handrail; short runs in R‑3 dwellings may be exempt under specified conditions (§ 1014 exceptions) .
  • Platform‑lift and two‑riser situations: Where a platform lift forms the upper landing and the stair has ≤2 risers, a handhold that meets specified height and gripping‑surface requirements may be permitted in lieu of handrails (§ 1011 exceptions referencing § 1014.4) .
  • Aisles / stepped aisles: Handrail and guard requirements for stepped and ramped aisles in assembly seating are modified by Chapter 10 assembly rules (§ 1030.16 and § 1030.17) — e.g., mid‑aisle handrails can be discontinuous and special perimeter guard heights apply (§ 1030.16 / § 1030.17) file.
  • Mechanical equipment and roof hatch proximity: Guards are required where serviceable components lie within 10 ft (3048 mm) of a roof edge/open side higher than 30 in; the guard must extend 30 in beyond each end of the equipment/hatch. Personal fall‑arrest anchor devices may be accepted in lieu of guards in some conditions (§ 1015.6–1015.7) .
  • Glazing: If glazing is used as guards or infill, it must meet § 2407 glazing and load requirements; where glazing doesn't meet strength/attachment, a separate complying guard is required (§ 1015.2.1 and § 2407) file.

Common mistakes

  • Confusing guard height vs. handrail height: guards are typically 42 in high; handrails are 34–38 in — they are different measurements with different functions (§ 1014.2 and § 1015.3) file.
  • Using a guard top as a handrail without meeting graspability: when the top of a guard is intended to be used as a handrail, the handrail graspability requirements must also be met (§ 1014 and § 1015 references) file.
  • Opening sizes/infill: allowing openings that fail the 4‑inch sphere test (or the specific exception allowance) is a frequent compliance failure — verify the specific exception that might apply (§ 1015.4) .
  • Missing handrail extensions and continuity: failing to extend handrails 12 in beyond top landings or not providing continuous gripping surfaces can make stairs noncompliant (§ 1014.5–1014.7) .
  • Overlooking structural load: guards and handrails must be designed to resist the loads in the structural section referenced by the means‑of‑egress provisions (Section 1607.9); decorative systems must still meet load/performance requirements (§ 1015.2) .

Worked example — office stair flight

Scenario: A new office building stair flight has 12 risers, 48 in clear stair width, and the stair is a public egress stair (not within a dwelling unit).

Applying the CBC:

  • Handrail requirement: A handrail is required for this flight of stairs (handrails required for flights of stairways) — provide handrails complying with § 1014.1 .
  • Number and placement: Because the stair is a public egress stair and is 48 in wide, provide handrails on both sides (public stair flight — typical practice per § 1011 & § 1014 application). Ensure any intermediate handrail placement such that no point of the required width is more than 30 in from a handrail; with two side rails this will be satisfied (§ 1014.10) .
  • Height: Set handrail height between 34–38 in measured from the line connecting the nosings (§ 1014.2) .
  • Extensions: Extend each handrail horizontally 12 in beyond the top nosing and continue one tread depth beyond the bottom nosing (or make the handrail continuous to adjacent flights) (§ 1014.7) .
  • Guarding: If there is any open side more than 30 in above the grade beneath (e.g., a landing overlooking a lobby), provide a guard, 42 in high measured from the line connecting the nosings on the stair or from adjacent walking surface (as applicable), and ensure infill openings pass the 4‑in sphere test or an applicable exception (§ 1015.2–1015.4) file.
  • Structural: Design handrail and guard connections to resist the loads per Section 1607.9 (referenced by § 1014.1 and § 1015.2) — coordinate with structural engineer for attachments and load calculations file.

Related provisions (quick list)

  • Means of egress — Stairways: § 1011 (references to handrails/guards)
  • Ramps (handrails / guards): § 1012, including § 1012.8 for ramp handrails and § 1012.9 for guards
  • Assembly seating and aisle rules: § 1030.16 and § 1030.17 (mid‑aisle handrails, assembly guards/perimeter heights) file
  • Glazing in handrails/guards: § 2407 (materials, glazing loads and glass‑baluster rules)
  • Structural loads for guards/handrails: Section 1607.9 (referenced by § 1015.2 and § 1014.1) file
  • Residential and other special allowances: various CBC exceptions and California amendments appear in Chapters 10 and appendix/provisions referenced above (§ 1014 exceptions, § 1015 exceptions, P Appendix for sleeping lofts) file

Code references

Grounded in the retrieved California Building Code — click a citation to read the verbatim passage:

  • CBC § 1014.10 High relevance — show source text

    In Group I-2 occupancy ramps required for exit access shall not be less than 8 ft in width and handrails are permitted to protrude 3 [ 1] / 2 inches from the wall on both sides. Ramps used as exits and stairways used for the movement of bed and litter patients, the clear width between handrails shall be 44 inches (1118 mm) minimum.

    [HCD 1-AC] In addition, projections shall comply with Chapter 11A, when applicable.

    1014.10 Intermediate handrails. Stairways shall have intermediate handrails located in such a manner that all portions of the stairway minimum width or required capacity are within 30 inches (762 mm) of a handrail. On monumental stairs, handrails shall be located along the most direct path of egress travel.

    SECTION 1015—GUARDS

    1015.1 General. Guards shall comply with the provisions of Sections 1015.2 through 1015.7. Operable windows with sills located more than 72 inches (1829 mm) above finished grade or other surface below shall comply with Section 1015.8.

    1015.2 Where required. Guards shall be located along open-sided walking surfaces, such as mezzanines, equipment platforms, aisles, stairs, ramps and landings, that are located more than 30 inches (762 mm) measured vertically to the floor or grade below at any point within 36 inches (914 mm) horizontally to the edge of the open side and at the perimeter of occupiable roofs. Guards shall be adequate in strength and attachment in accordance with Section 1607.9.

    Exceptions: Guards are not required for the following locations:

    1. On the loading side of loading docks or piers.
    2. On the audience side of stages and raised platforms, including stairs leading up to the stage and raised platforms.
    3. On raised stage and platform floor areas, such as runways, ramps and side stages used for entertainment or presentations.
    4. At vertical openings in the performance area of stages and platforms.
    5. At elevated walking surfaces appurtenant to stages and platforms for access to and utilization of special lighting or equipment.
    6. Along vehicle service pits not accessible to the public.
    7. In assembly seating areas at cross aisles in accordance with Section 1030.17.2.
    8. On the loading side of station platforms on fixed guideway transit or passenger rail systems.

    2025 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE 10-37

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    1. Portions of an occupiable roof located less than 30 inches (762 mm) measured vertically to adjacent unoccupiable roof areas where approved guards are present at the perimeter of the roof.
    2. At portions of an occupiable roof where an approved barrier is provided. 11. Elevated facility observation station access hatches at detention facilities.

    1015.2.1 Glazing. Where glass is used to provide a guard or as a portion of the guard system, the guard shall comply with Section 2407. Where the glazing provided does not meet the strength and attachment requirements of Section 1607.9, complying guards shall be located along glazed sides of open-sided walking surfaces.

  • CBC § 10-36 High relevance — show source text

    1014 Handrails. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-36

    1015 Guards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-37

    1016 Exit Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-39

    1017 Exit Access Travel Distance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-40

    1018 Aisles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-41

    1019 Exit Access Stairways and Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-42

    1020 Corridors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-42

    1021 Egress Balconies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-44

    1022 Exits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-44

    1023 Interior Exit Stairways and Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-45

    1024 Exit Passageways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-47

    1025 Luminous Egress Path Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-48

    1026 Horizontal Exits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-49

    1027 Exterior Exit Stairways and Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-50

    1028 Exit Discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-51

    1029 Egress Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-52

    1030 Assembly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-52

    1031 Emergency Escape and Rescue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-59

    CHAPTER 11 RESERVED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1

    CHAPTER 11A HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11A-1

  • CBC § 1030.16.1 High relevance — show source text

    1030.16.1 Discontinuous mid-aisle handrails. Where there is seating on both sides of the aisle, the mid-aisle handrails shall be discontinuous. Where a stepped aisle is required to have two handrails, the mid-aisle handrails shall be discontinuous. Gaps or breaks shall be provided at intervals not exceeding five rows to facilitate access to seating and to permit crossing from one side of the aisle to the other. These gaps or breaks shall have a clear width of not less than 22 inches (559 mm) and not greater than 36 inches (914 mm), measured horizontally, and the mid-aisle handrail shall have rounded terminations or bends.

    1030.16.2 Handrail termination. Handrails located on the side of stepped aisles shall return to a wall, guard or the walking surface or shall be continuous to the handrail of an adjacent stepped aisle flight.

    1030.16.3 Mid-aisle termination. Mid-aisle handrails shall not extend beyond the lowest riser and shall terminate within 18 inches (381 mm), measured horizontally, from the lowest riser. Handrail extensions are not required.

    Exception: Mid-aisle handrails shall be permitted to extend beyond the lowest riser where the handrail extensions do not obstruct the width of the cross aisle.

    1030.16.4 Rails. Where mid-aisle handrails are provided in stepped aisles, there shall be an additional rail located approximately 12 inches (305 mm) below the handrail. The rail shall be adequate in strength and attachment in accordance with Section 1607.9.1.2.

    1030.17 Assembly guards. Guards adjacent to seating in a building, room or space used for assembly purposes shall be provided where required by Section 1015 and shall be constructed in accordance with Section 1015 except where provided in accordance with Sections 1030.17.1 through 1030.17.4. At bleachers, grandstands and folding and telescopic seating, guards must be provided where required by ICC 300 and Section 1030.17.1.

    1030.17.1 Perimeter guards. Perimeter guards shall be provided where the footboards or walking surface of seating facilities are more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below. Where the seatboards are adjacent to the perimeter, guard height shall be 42 inches (1067 mm) high minimum, measured from the seatboard. Where the seats are self-rising, guard height shall be 42 inches (1067 mm) high minimum, measured from the floor surface. Where there is an aisle between the seating and the perimeter, the guard height shall be measured in accordance with Section 1015.3.

    Exceptions:

    1. Guards that impact sightlines shall be permitted to comply with Section 1030.17.3.
    2. Bleachers, grandstands and folding and telescopic seating shall not be required to have perimeter guards where the seating is located adjacent to a wall and the space between the wall and the seating is less than 4 inches (102 mm).

    1030.17.2 Cross aisles. Cross aisles located more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below shall have guards in accordance with Section 1015.

    Where an elevation change of 30 inches (762 mm) or less occurs between a cross aisle and the adjacent floor or grade below, guards not less than 26 inches (660 mm) above the aisle floor shall be provided.

  • CBC § 1013.8 High relevance — show source text

    1013.8 Path marking. When exit signs are required by Chapter 10, in addition to approved floor-level exit signs, approved path marking shall be installed at floor level or no higher than 8 inches (203 mm) above the floor level in all interior rated exit corridors of unsprinklered Group A, R-1 and R-2 occupancies.

    2025 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE 10-35

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    Such marking shall be continuous except as interrupted by door-ways, corridors or other such architectural features in order to provide a visible delineation along the path of travel.

    Note: Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13143, the California amendments of this section shall apply to all newly constructed buildings or structures subject to this section for which a building permit is issued (or construction commenced, where no building permit is issued) on or after January 1, 1989.

    SECTION 1014—HANDRAILS

    [DSA-AC] In addition to the requirements of this section, means of egress, which provide access to, or egress from, buildings or facilities where accessibility is required for applications listed in Section 1.9.1 regulated by the Division of the State Architect—Access Compliance, shall also comply with Chapter 11A or Chapter 11B, Section 11B-505, as applicable.

    1014.1 Where required. Handrails serving flights of stairways, ramps, stepped aisles and ramped aisles shall be adequate in strength and attachment in accordance with Section 1607.9. Handrails required for flights of stairways by Section 1011.11 shall comply with Sections 1014.2 through 1014.10. Handrails required for ramps by Section 1012.8 shall comply with Sections 1014.2 through 1014.9. Handrails for stepped aisles and ramped aisles required by Section 1030.16 shall comply with Sections 1014.2 through 1014.9.

    1014.2 Height. Handrail height, measured from a line connecting the nosings of flights of stairs or finish surface of ramp slope, shall be uniform, not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 38 inches (965 mm). Handrail height of alternating tread devices and ship’s ladders, measured from a line connecting the nosings, shall be uniform, not less than 30 inches (762 mm) and not more than 34 inches (864 mm).

    Exceptions:

    1. Where handrail fittings or bendings are used to provide continuous transition between flights, the fittings or bendings shall be permitted to exceed the maximum height.
    2. In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupancies that are associated with a Group R-3 occupancy or associated with individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; where handrail fittings or bendings are used to provide continuous transition between flights, transition at winder treads, transition from handrail to guard, or where used at the start of a flight, the handrail height at the fittings or bendings shall be permitted to exceed the maximum height.
    3. Handrails on top of a guard where permitted along stepped aisles and ramped aisles in accordance with Section 1030.16.
  • CBC § 7.62 High relevance — show source text
    1. For occupancies in Groups R-2 and R-3, within the interior conditioned space of individual dwelling units, where the open-sided walking surface is located not more than 25 feet (7.62 meters) measured vertically to the floor or walking surface below, required guards shall not be less than 36 inches (914 mm) in height measured vertically above the adjacent walking surface. 3. For occupancies in Group R-3, and within individual dwelling units in occupancies in Group R-2, where the top of the guard serves as a handrail on the open sides of stairs, the top of the guard shall be not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 38 inches (965 mm) measured vertically from a line connecting the nosings. 4. The guard height in assembly seating areas shall comply with Section 1030.17 as applicable. 5. Along alternating tread devices and ship’s ladders, guards where the top rail serves as a handrail shall have height not less than 30 inches (762 mm) and not more than 34 inches (864 mm), measured vertically from a line connecting the leading edge of the treads. 6. In Group F occupancies where exit access stairways serve fewer than three stories and such stairways are not open to the public, and where the top of the guard also serves as a handrail, the top of the guard shall be not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 38 inches (965 mm) measured vertically from a line connecting the nosings.

    [BE] 1015.4 Opening limitations. Required guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 4 inches (102 mm) in diameter from the walking surface to the required guard height.

    Exceptions:

    1. From a height of 36 inches (914 mm) to 42 inches (1067 mm), guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 4 [3] / 8 inches (111 mm) in diameter.
    2. The triangular openings at the open sides of a stair, formed by the riser, tread and bottom rail shall not allow passage of a sphere 6 inches (152 mm) in diameter.
    3. At elevated walking surfaces for access to and use of electrical, mechanical or plumbing systems or equipment, guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 21 inches (533 mm) in diameter.
    4. In areas that are not open to the public within occupancies in Group I-3, F, H or S, and for alternating tread devices and ship’s ladders, guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 21 inches (533 mm) in diameter.
    5. In assembly seating areas, guards required at the end of aisles in accordance with Section 1030.17.4 shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 4 inches (102 mm) in diameter up to a height of 26 inches (660 mm). From a height of 26 inches (660 mm) to 42 inches (1067 mm) above the adjacent walking surfaces, guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 8 inches (203 mm) in diameter.
    6. Within individual dwelling units and sleeping units in Group R-2 and R-3 occupancies, guards on the open sides of stairs shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 4 [3] / 8 (111 mm) inches in diameter. 7. [SFM] In lifeguard towers not open to the public, guards shall not have openings which allow passage of a sphere 21 inches (533 mm) in diameter.
  • CBC § 1015.4 High relevance — show source text

    1015.4 Opening limitations. Required guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 4 inches (102 mm) in diameter from the walking surface to the required guard height.

    Exceptions:

    1. From a height of 36 inches (914 mm) to 42 inches (1067 mm), guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 4 [3] / 8 inches (111 mm) in diameter.
    2. The triangular openings at the open sides of a stair, formed by the riser, tread and bottom rail shall not allow passage of a sphere 6 inches (152 mm) in diameter.
    3. At elevated walking surfaces for access to and use of electrical, mechanical or plumbing systems or equipment, guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 21 inches (533 mm) in diameter.
    4. In areas that are not open to the public within occupancies in Group I-3, F, H or S, and for alternating tread devices and ships ladders, guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 21 inches (533 mm) in diameter.
    5. In assembly seating areas, guards required at the end of aisles in accordance with Section 1030.17.4 shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 4 inches (102 mm) in diameter up to a height of 26 inches (660 mm). From a height of 26 inches (660 mm) to 42 inches (1067 mm) above the adjacent walking surfaces, guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 8 inches (203 mm) in diameter.
    6. Within individual dwelling units and sleeping units in Group R-2 and R-3 occupancies, guards on the open sides of stairs shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 4 [3] / 8 (111 mm) inches in diameter. 7. In lifeguard towers not open to the public, guards shall not have openings which allow passage of a sphere 21 inches (533 mm) in diameter.

    1015.5 Screen porches. Porches and decks that are enclosed with insect screening shall be provided with guards where the walking surface is located more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below.

    1015.6 Mechanical equipment, systems and devices. Guards shall be provided where various components that require service are located within 10 feet (3048 mm) of a roof edge or open side of a walking surface and such edge or open side is located more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor, roof or grade below. The guard shall extend not less than 30 inches (762 mm) beyond each end of such components. The guard shall be constructed so as to prevent the passage of a sphere 21 inches (533 mm) in diameter.

    Exception: Guards are not required where personal fall arrest anchorage connector devices that comply with ANSI/ASSE Z 359.1 are installed.

    1015.7 Roof access. Guards shall be provided where the roof hatch opening is located within 10 feet (3048 mm) of a roof edge or open side of a walking surface and such edge or open side is located more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor, roof or grade below. The guard shall extend not less than 30 inches (762 mm) beyond each end of the hatch parallel to the roof edge. The guard shall be constructed so as to prevent the passage of a sphere 21 inches (533 mm) in diameter.

    Exception: Guards are not required where personal fall arrest anchorage connector devices that comply with ANSI/ASSE Z 359.1 are installed.

  • CBC § 3.14. High relevance — show source text

    purposes. (3) Upon approval of the enforcing agency, the bonding of chairs shall not be required when the placement and location of such chairs do not obstruct any required exit or any line of egress toward required exits and do not constitute a fire hazard as defined in California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Division 1, Section 3.14.

    [BE] 1030.16 Handrails. Ramped aisles having a slope exceeding 1 unit vertical in 15 units horizontal (6.7-percent slope) and stepped aisles shall be provided with handrails in compliance with Section 1014 located either at one or both sides of the aisle or within the aisle width. Where stepped aisles have seating on one side and the aisle width is 74 inches (1880 mm) or greater, two handrails are required. Where two handrails are required, one of the handrails shall be within 30 inches (762 mm) horizontally of the side of the tiered floor adjacent to the stepped aisle.

    Exceptions:

    1. Handrails are not required for ramped aisles with seating on both sides.

    10-60 2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE

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    1. Handrails are not required where, at the side of the aisle, there is a guard with a top surface that complies with the graspability requirements of handrails in accordance with Section 1014.4.
    2. Handrail extensions are not required at the top and bottom of stepped aisles and ramped aisles to permit crossovers within the aisles.

    [BE] 1030.16.1 Discontinuous handrails. Where there is seating on both sides of the aisle, the mid-aisle handrails shall be discontinuous. Where a stepped aisle is required to have two handrails, the mid-aisle handrails shall be discontinuous. Gaps or breaks shall be provided at intervals not exceeding five rows to facilitate access to seating and to permit crossing from one side of the aisle to the other. These gaps or breaks shall have a clear width of not less than 22 inches (559 mm) and not greater than 36 inches (914 mm), measured horizontally, and the mid-aisle handrail shall have rounded terminations or bends.

    [BE] 1030.16.2 Handrail termination. Handrails located on the side of stepped aisles shall return to a wall, guard or the walking surfaces or shall be continuous to the handrail of an adjacent stepped aisle flight.

    [BE] 1030.16.3 Mid-aisle termination. Mid-aisle handrails shall not extend beyond the lowest riser and shall terminate within 18 inches (381 mm), measured horizontally, from the lowest riser. Handrail extensions are not required.

    Exception: Mid-aisle handrails shall be permitted to extend beyond the lowest riser where the handrail extensions do not obstruct the width of the cross aisle.

    [BE] 1030.16.4 Rails. Where mid-aisle handrails are provided in stepped aisles, there shall be an additional rail located approximately 12 inches (305 mm) below the handrail. The rail shall be adequate in strength and attachment in accordance with Section 1607.9.1.2 of the California Building Code .

  • CBC § 10-5 High relevance — show source text

    1002 Maintenance and Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5

    1003 General Means of Egress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5

    1004 Occupant Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7

    1005 Means of Egress Sizing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9

    1006 Number of Exits and Exit Access Doorways . . . . . 10-10

    1007 Exit and Exit Access Doorway Configuration . . . . 10-14

    1008 Means of Egress Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14

    1009 Accessible Means of Egress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15

    1010 Doors, Gates and Turnstiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-19

    1011 Stairways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-29

    1012 Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-33

    1013 Exit Signs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-34

    1014 Handrails. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-36

    1015 Guards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-37

    1016 Exit Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-39

    1017 Exit Access Travel Distance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-40

    1018 Aisles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-41

    1019 Exit Access Stairways and Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-42

    1020 Corridors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-42

    1021 Egress Balconies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-44

    1022 Exits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-44

  • CBC § 5.4. High relevance — show source text

    5.4. The handhold gripping surface complies with Section 1014.4, and is not less than 4.5 inches (114 mm) in length.

    1011.12 Stairway to roof. In buildings four or more stories above grade plane, one stairway shall extend to the roof surface unless the roof has a slope steeper than four units vertical in 12 units horizontal (33-percent slope).

    Exception: Other than where required by Section 1011.12.1, in buildings without an occupiable roof access to the roof from the top story shall be permitted to be by an alternating tread device, a ship’s ladder or a permanent ladder.

    1011.12.1 Stairway to elevator equipment. Roofs and penthouses containing elevator equipment that must be accessed for maintenance are required to be accessed by a stairway.

    1011.12.2 Roof access. Where a stairway is provided to a roof, access to the roof shall be provided through a penthouse complying with Section 1511.2.

    Exception: In buildings without an occupiable roof, access to the roof shall be permitted to be a roof hatch or trap door not less than 16 square feet (1.5 m [2] ) in area and having a minimum dimension of 2 feet (610 mm).

    1011.13 Guards. Guards shall be provided along stairways and landings where required by Section 1015 and shall be constructed in accordance with Section 1015. Where the roof hatch opening providing the required access is located within 10 feet (3049 mm) of the roof edge, such roof access or roof edge shall be protected by guards installed in accordance with Section 1015.

    1011.14 Alternating tread devices. Alternating tread devices are limited to an element of a means of egress in buildings of Groups F, H and S from a mezzanine not more than 250 square feet (23 m [2] ) in area and that serves not more than five occupants; in buildings of Group I-3 from a guard tower, observation station or control room not more than 250 square feet (23 m [2] ) in area and for access to unoccupiable roofs. Alternating tread devices used as a means of egress shall not have a rise greater than 20 feet (6096 mm) between floor levels or landings.

    1011.14.1 Handrails of alternating tread devices. Handrails shall be provided on both sides of alternating tread devices and shall comply with Section 1014.

    1011.14.2 Treads of alternating tread devices. Alternating tread devices shall have a minimum tread depth of 5 inches (127 mm), a minimum projected tread depth of 8 [1] / 2 inches (216 mm), a minimum tread width of 7 inches (178 mm) and a maximum riser height of 9 [1] / 2 inches (241 mm). The tread depth shall be measured horizontally between the vertical planes of the foremost projections of adjacent treads. The riser height shall be measured vertically between the leading edges of adjacent treads. The riser height and tread depth provided shall result in an angle of ascent from the horizontal of between 50 and 70 degrees (0.87 and 1.22 rad). The initial tread of the device shall begin at the same elevation as the platform, landing or floor surface.

  • CBC § 1030.16.1 High relevance — show source text

    [BE] 1030.16.1 Discontinuous handrails. Where there is seating on both sides of the aisle, the mid-aisle handrails shall be discontinuous. Where a stepped aisle is required to have two handrails, the mid-aisle handrails shall be discontinuous. Gaps or breaks shall be provided at intervals not exceeding five rows to facilitate access to seating and to permit crossing from one side of the aisle to the other. These gaps or breaks shall have a clear width of not less than 22 inches (559 mm) and not greater than 36 inches (914 mm), measured horizontally, and the mid-aisle handrail shall have rounded terminations or bends.

    [BE] 1030.16.2 Handrail termination. Handrails located on the side of stepped aisles shall return to a wall, guard or the walking surfaces or shall be continuous to the handrail of an adjacent stepped aisle flight.

    [BE] 1030.16.3 Mid-aisle termination. Mid-aisle handrails shall not extend beyond the lowest riser and shall terminate within 18 inches (381 mm), measured horizontally, from the lowest riser. Handrail extensions are not required.

    Exception: Mid-aisle handrails shall be permitted to extend beyond the lowest riser where the handrail extensions do not obstruct the width of the cross aisle.

    [BE] 1030.16.4 Rails. Where mid-aisle handrails are provided in stepped aisles, there shall be an additional rail located approximately 12 inches (305 mm) below the handrail. The rail shall be adequate in strength and attachment in accordance with Section 1607.9.1.2 of the California Building Code .

    [BE] 1030.17 Assembly guards. Guards adjacent to seating in a building, room or space used for assembly purposes shall be provided where required by Section 1015 and shall be constructed in accordance with Section 1015 except where provided in accordance with Sections 1030.17.1 through 1030.17.4. At bleachers, grandstands and folding and telescopic seating, guards must be provided where required by ICC 300 and Section 1030.17.1.

    [BE] 1030.17.1 Perimeter guards. Perimeter guards shall be provided where the footboards or walking surface of seating facilities are more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below. Where the seatboards are adjacent to the perimeter, guard height shall be 42 inches (1067 mm) high minimum, measured from the seatboard. Where the seats are self-rising, guard height shall be 42 inches (1067 mm) high minimum, measured from the floor surface. Where there is an aisle between the seating and the perimeter, the guard height shall be measured in accordance with Section 1015.3.

    Exceptions:

    1. Guards that impact sightlines shall be permitted to comply with Section 1030.17.3.
    2. Bleachers, grandstands and folding and telescopic seating shall not be required to have perimeter guards where the seating is located adjacent to a wall and the space between the wall and the seating is less than 4 inches (102 mm).

    [BE] 1030.17.2 Cross aisles. Cross aisles located more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below shall have guards in accordance with Section 1015.

  • CBC § 1012.5.2 High relevance — show source text

    1012.5.2 Headroom. The minimum headroom in all parts of the means of egress ramp shall be not less than 80 inches (2032 mm) above the finished floor of the ramp run and any intermediate landings. The minimum clearance shall be maintained for the full width of the ramp and landing.

    1012.5.3 Restrictions. Means of egress ramps shall not reduce in width in the direction of egress travel. Projections into the required ramp and landing width are prohibited. Doors opening onto a landing shall not reduce the clear width to less than 42 inches (1067 mm).

    1012.6 Landings. Ramps shall have landings at the bottom and top of each ramp, points of turning, entrance, exits and at doors. Landings shall comply with Sections 1012.6.1 through 1012.6.5.

    1012.6.1 Slope. Landings shall have a slope not steeper than one unit vertical in 48 units horizontal (2-percent slope) in any direction. Changes in level are not permitted.

    1012.6.2 Width. The landing width shall be not less than the width of the widest ramp run adjoining the landing.

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    1012.6.3 Length. The landing length shall be 60 inches (1525 mm) minimum.

    Exceptions:

    1. In Group R-2 and R-3 individual dwelling and sleeping units that are not required to be accessible in accordance with Chapter 11A, landings are permitted to be 36 inches (914 mm) minimum.
    2. Where the ramp is not a part of an accessible route, the length of the landing shall not be required to be more than 48 inches (1219 mm) in the direction of travel.

    1012.6.4 Change in direction. Where changes in direction of travel occur at landings provided between ramp runs, the landing shall be 60 inches by 60 inches (1524 mm by 1524 mm) minimum.

    Exception: In Group R-2 and R-3 individual dwelling and sleeping units that are not required to be accessible in accordance with Chapter 11A, landings are permitted to be 36 inches (914 mm) minimum.

    1012.6.5 Doorways. Where doorways are located adjacent to a ramp landing, maneuvering clearances required for accessibility are permitted to overlap the required landing area as specified in Chapter 11A or 11B, as applicable.

    1012.7 Ramp construction. Ramps shall be built of materials consistent with the types permitted for the type of construction of the building, except that wood handrails shall be permitted for all types of construction.

    1012.7.1 Ramp surface. The surface of ramps shall be of slip-resistant materials that are securely attached.

    1012.7.2 Outdoor conditions. Outdoor ramps and outdoor approaches to ramps shall be designed so that water will not accumulate on walking surfaces.

    1012.8 Handrails. Ramps with a rise greater than 6 inches (152 mm) shall have handrails on both sides. Handrails shall comply with Section 1014.

    1012.9 Guards. Guards shall be provided where required by Section 1015 and shall be constructed in accordance with Section 1015.

  • CBC § 2406.4.6 High relevance — show source text

    This shall apply to single glazing and all panes in multiple glazing. Exception: Glazing that is more than 60 inches (1524 mm), measured horizontally and in a straight line, from the water’s edge of a bathtub, hot tub, spa, whirlpool or swimming pool. 2406.4.6 Glazing adjacent to stairways and ramps. Glazing where the bottom exposed edge of the glazing is less than 60 inches (1524 mm) above the plane of the adjacent walking surface of stairways, landings between flights of stairs and ramps shall be considered to be a hazardous location.

    Exceptions:

    1. The side of a stairway, landing or ramp that has a guard complying with the provisions of Sections 1015 and 1607.9, and the plane of the glass is greater than 18 inches (457 mm) from the railing.
    2. Glazing 36 inches (914 mm) or more measured horizontally from the walking surface. 2406.4.7 Glazing adjacent to the bottom stairway landing. Glazing adjacent to the landing at the bottom of a stairway where the glazing is less than 60 inches (1524 mm) above the landing and within a 60-inch (1524 mm) horizontal arc that is less than 180 degrees (3.14 rad) from the bottom tread nosing shall be considered to be a hazardous location. Exception: Glazing that is protected by a guard complying with Sections 1015 and 1607.9 where the plane of the glass is greater than 18 inches (457 mm) from the guard. 2406.5 Fire department access panels. Fire department glass access panels shall be of tempered glass. For multipanel glass assemblies, all panes shall be tempered glass.

    SECTION 2407—GLASS IN HANDRAILS AND GUARDS

    2407.1 Materials. Glass used in a handrail or a guard shall be laminated glass constructed of fully tempered or heat-strengthened glass and shall comply with Category II of CPSC 16 CFR Part 1201 or Class A of ANSI Z97.1. Glazing in a handrail or a guard shall be of an approved safety glazing material that conforms to the provisions of Section 2406.1.1. For all glazing types, the minimum nominal thickness shall be [1] / 4 inch (6.4 mm).

    Exception: Single fully tempered glass complying with Category II of CPSC 16 CFR Part 1201 or Class A of ANSI Z97.1 shall be permitted to be used in handrails and guards where there is no walking surface beneath them or the walking surface is permanently protected from the risk of falling glass.

    2407.1.1 Loads. Glass handrails and guards and their support systems shall be designed to withstand the loads specified in Section 1607.9. Calculated stresses for the loads specified in Section 1607.9 shall be less than or equal to 3,000 pounds per square inch (20.7 MPa) for heat-strengthened glass and less than or equal to 6,000 pounds per square inch (41.4 MPa) for fully tempered glass.

    2407.1.2 Guards with structural glass balusters. Guards with structural glass balusters, whether vertical posts, columns or panels, shall be installed with an attached top rail or handrail. The top rail or handrail shall be supported by not fewer than three glass balusters, or shall be otherwise supported to remain in place should one glass baluster fail.

  • CBC § 1011.12.2 Medium relevance — show source text

    [BE] 1011.12.2 Roof access. Where a stairway is provided to a roof, access to the roof shall be provided through a penthouse complying with Section 1511.2 of the California Building Code .

    Exception: In buildings without an occupiable roof, access to the roof shall be permitted to be a roof hatch or trap door not less than 16 square feet (1.5 m [2] ) in area and having a minimum dimension of 2 feet (610 mm).

    [BE] 1011.13 Guards. Guards shall be provided along stairways and landings where required by Section 1015 and shall be constructed in accordance with Section 1015. Where the roof hatch opening providing the required access is located within 10 feet (3049 mm) of the roof edge, such roof access or roof edge shall be protected by guards installed in accordance with Section 1015.

    [BE] 1011.14 Alternating tread devices. Alternating tread devices are limited to an element of a means of egress in buildings of Groups F, H and S from a mezzanine not more than 250 square feet (23 m [2] ) in area and that serves not more than five occupants; in buildings of Group I-3 from a guard tower, observation station or control room not more than 250 square feet (23 m [2] ) in area and for access to unoccupiable roofs. Alternating tread devices used as a means of egress shall not have a rise greater than 20 feet (6096 mm) between floor levels or landings.

    [BE] 1011.14.1 Handrails of alternating tread devices. Handrails shall be provided on both sides of alternating tread devices and shall comply with Section 1014.

    [BE] 1011.14.2 Treads of alternating tread devices. Alternating tread devices shall have a minimum tread depth of 5 inches (127 mm), a minimum projected tread depth of 8 [1] / 2 inches (216 mm), a minimum tread width of 7 inches (178 mm) and a maximum riser height of 9 [1] / 2 inches (241 mm). The tread depth shall be measured horizontally between the vertical planes of the foremost projections of adjacent treads. The riser height shall be measured vertically between the leading edges of adjacent treads. The

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    riser height and tread depth provided shall result in an angle of ascent from the horizontal of between 50 and 70 degrees (0.87 and 1.22 rad). The initial tread of the device shall begin at the same elevation as the platform, landing or floor surface.

    Exception: Alternating tread devices used as an element of a means of egress in buildings from a mezzanine area not more than 250 square feet (23 m [2] ) in area that serves not more than five occupants shall have a minimum tread depth of 3 inches (76 mm) with a minimum projected tread depth of 10 [1] / 2 inches (267 mm). The rise to the next alternating tread surface shall not exceed 8 inches (203 mm).

  • CBC § 804.10.1 Medium relevance — show source text

    804.10.1 Work areas. Means of egress in all work areas shall be provided with exit signs in accordance with the requirements of the California Building Code .

    804.10.2 Supplemental requirements for exit signs. Where the work area on any floor exceeds 50 percent of that floor area, means of egress throughout the floor shall comply with Section 804.10.1.

    Exception: Means of egress within a tenant space that is entirely outside the work area.

    804.11 Stairways. An existing stairway shall not be required to comply with the requirements of Section 1011 of the California Build- ing Code where the existing space and construction does not allow a reduction in pitch or slope.

    804.12 Escalators. Where provided in below-grade transportation stations, existing and new escalators shall be permitted to have a clear width of less than 32 inches (813 mm).

    804.13 Handrails. The requirements of Section 804.13.1 shall apply to handrails from the work area floor to, and including, the level of exit discharge.

    804.13. 1 Design. Handrails shall be designed and installed in accordance with the provisions of the California Building Code .

    804.14 Guards. The requirements of 804.14.1 and 804.14.2 shall apply to guards from the work area floor to, and including, the level of exit discharge but shall be confined to the egress path of any work area.

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    804.14.1 Minimum requirement. Every open portion of a stairway, landing, or balcony that is more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below and is not provided with guards, or those portions in which existing guards are judged to be in danger of collapsing, shall be provided with guards.

    804.14.2 Design. Guards required in accordance with Section 804.14.1 shall be designed and installed in accordance with the California Building Code .

    Exception: In Group R-2.1 and I-2 facilities, required guards enclosing the occupiable roof areas shall be permitted to be greater than 48 inches (1219 mm) above the surface of the occupiable roof where the occupants, because of clinical needs, require restraint or containment as part of a function of a psychiatric or cognitive treatment area.

    SECTION 805—STRUCTURAL

    [BS] 805.1 General. Structural elements and systems within buildings undergoing Level 2 alterations shall comply with this section.

    [BS] 805.2 Existing structural elements carrying gravity loads. Any existing gravity load-carrying structural element for which an alteration causes an increase in design dead, live or snow load, including snow drift effects, of more than 5 percent shall be replaced or altered as needed to carry the gravity loads required by the California Building Code for new structures. Any existing gravity loadcarrying structural element whose gravity load-carrying capacity is decreased as part of the alteration shall be shown to have the capacity to resist the applicable design dead, live and snow loads, including snow drift effects, required by the California Building Code for new structures.

  • CBC § 1030.17.3 Medium relevance — show source text

    Where an elevation change of 30 inches (762 mm) or less occurs between a cross aisle and the adjacent floor or grade below, guards not less than 26 inches (660 mm) above the aisle floor shall be provided.

    Exception: Where the backs of seats on the front of the cross aisle project 24 inches (610 mm) or more above the adjacent floor of the aisle, a guard need not be provided.

    [BE] 1030.17.3 Sightline-constrained guard heights. Unless subject to the requirements of Section 1030.17.4, a fascia or railing system in accordance with the guard requirements of Section 1015 and having a minimum height of 26 inches (660 mm) shall be provided where the floor or footboard elevation is more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below and the fascia or railing would otherwise interfere with the sightlines of immediately adjacent seating.

    [BE] 1030.17.4 Guards at the end of aisles. A fascia or railing system complying with the guard requirements of Section 1015 shall be provided for the full width of the aisle where the foot of the aisle is more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below. The fascia or railing shall be not less than 36 inches (914 mm) high and shall provide not less than 42 inches (1067 mm) measured diagonally between the top of the rail and the nosing of the nearest tread.

    SECTION 1031—EMERGENCY ESCAPE AND RESCUE

    [BE] 1031.1 General. Emergency escape and rescue openings shall comply with the requirements of this section.

    [BE] 1031.2 Where required. In addition to the means of egress required by this chapter, emergency escape and rescue openings shall be provided in Group R occupancies:

    1. Group R-2 occupancies located in stories with only one exit or access to only one exit as permitted by Tables 1006.3.4(1) and 1006.3.4(2).

    2. Group R-3 and R-4 occupancies.

    Basements and sleeping rooms below the fourth story above grade plane shall have not fewer than one emergency escape and rescue opening in accordance with this section. Where basements contain one or more sleeping rooms, an emergency escape and rescue opening shall be required in each sleeping room, but shall not be required in adjoining areas of the basement. Such open

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    ings shall open directly into a public way or to a yard or court that opens to a public way, or to an egress balcony that leads to a public way.

    Exceptions: 1. In Groups R-1 and R-2 occupancies constructed of Type I, Type IIA, Type IIIA or Type IV construction equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. 2. Group R-2.1 occupancies meeting the requirements for delayed egress in accordance with Section 1010.2.13 may have oper- able windows that are breakable in sleeping rooms permanently restricted to a maximum of 4-inch open position. 3. Basements with a ceiling height of less than 80 inches (2032 mm) shall not be required to have emergency escape and rescue openings.

  • CBC § 5.1. Medium relevance — show source text

    Exceptions:

    1. Flights of stairways within dwelling units and flights of spiral stairways are permitted to have a handrail on one side only.

    2. Decks, patios and walkways that have a single change in elevation where the landing depth on each side of the change of elevation is greater than what is required for a landing do not require handrails.

    3. [SFM] In Group R-3 occupancies, a continuous run of treads or flight of stairs with less than four risers does not require handrails.

    4. Changes in room elevations of three or fewer risers within dwelling units and sleeping units in Groups R-2 and R-3 do not require handrails.

    5. Where a platform lift is in a stationary position and the floor of the platform lift serves as the upper landing of a stairway, handrails shall not be required on the stairway, provided that all of the following criteria are met: 5.1. The stairway contains not more than two risers. 5.2. A handhold, positioned horizontally or vertically, is located on one side of the stairway adjacent to the top landing. 5.3. The handhold is located not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 42 inches (1067 mm) above the bottom landing of the stairway. 5.4. The handhold gripping surface complies with Section 1014.4, and is not less than 4.5 inches (114 mm) in length.

    1011.12 Stairway to roof. In buildings four or more stories above grade plane, one stairway shall extend to the roof surface unless the roof has a slope steeper than four units vertical in 12 units horizontal (33-percent slope).

    Exception: Other than where required by Section 1011.12.1, in buildings without an occupiable roof access to the roof from the top story shall be permitted to be by an alternating tread device, a ship’s ladder or a permanent ladder.

    1011.12.1 Stairway to elevator equipment. Roofs and penthouses containing elevator equipment that must be accessed for maintenance are required to be accessed by a stairway.

    1011.12.2 Roof access. Where a stairway is provided to a roof, access to the roof shall be provided through a penthouse complying with Section 1511.2.

    Exception: In buildings without an occupiable roof, access to the roof shall be permitted to be a roof hatch or trap door not less than 16 square feet (1.5 m [2] ) in area and having a minimum dimension of 2 feet (610 mm).

    1011.13 Guards. Guards shall be provided along stairways and landings where required by Section 1015 and shall be constructed in accordance with Section 1015. Where the roof hatch opening providing the required access is located within 10 feet (3049 mm) of the roof edge, such roof access or roof edge shall be protected by guards installed in accordance with Section 1015.

  • CBC § 1030.17.1 Medium relevance — show source text

    1030.17.1 Perimeter guards. Perimeter guards shall be provided where the footboards or walking surface of seating facilities are more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below. Where the seatboards are adjacent to the perimeter, guard height shall be 42 inches (1067 mm) high minimum, measured from the seatboard. Where the seats are self-rising, guard height shall be 42 inches (1067 mm) high minimum, measured from the floor surface. Where there is an aisle between the seating and the perimeter, the guard height shall be measured in accordance with Section 1015.3.

    Exceptions:

    1. Guards that impact sightlines shall be permitted to comply with Section 1030.17.3.
    2. Bleachers, grandstands and folding and telescopic seating shall not be required to have perimeter guards where the seating is located adjacent to a wall and the space between the wall and the seating is less than 4 inches (102 mm).

    1030.17.2 Cross aisles. Cross aisles located more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below shall have guards in accordance with Section 1015.

    Where an elevation change of 30 inches (762 mm) or less occurs between a cross aisle and the adjacent floor or grade below, guards not less than 26 inches (660 mm) above the aisle floor shall be provided.

    Exception: Where the backs of seats on the front of the cross aisle project 24 inches (610 mm) or more above the adjacent floor of the aisle, a guard need not be provided.

    1030.17.3 Sightline-constrained guard heights. Unless subject to the requirements of Section 1030.17.4, a fascia or railing system in accordance with the guard requirements of Section 1015 and having a minimum height of 26 inches (660 mm) shall be provided where the floor or footboard elevation is more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below and the fascia or railing would otherwise interfere with the sightlines of immediately adjacent seating.

    1030.17.4 Guards at the end of aisles. A fascia or railing system complying with the guard requirements of Section 1015 shall be provided for the full width of the aisle where the foot of the aisle is more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below. The fascia or railing shall be not less than 36 inches (914 mm) high and shall provide not less than 42 inches (1067 mm) measured diagonally between the top of the rail and the nosing of the nearest tread.

    SECTION 1031—EMERGENCY ESCAPE AND RESCUE

    1031.1 General. Emergency escape and rescue openings shall comply with the requirements of this section.

    1031.2 Where required. In addition to the means of egress required by this chapter, emergency escape and rescue openings shall be provided in Group R occupancies .

    Basements and sleeping rooms below the fourth story above grade plane shall have not fewer than one emergency escape and rescue opening in accordance with this section. Where basements contain one or more sleeping rooms, an emergency escape and rescue opening shall be required in each sleeping room, but shall not be required in adjoining areas of the basement. Such open

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  • CBC § 1015.1 Medium relevance — show source text

    SECTION 1015—GUARDS

    [BE] 1015.1 General. Guards shall comply with the provisions of Sections 1015.2 through 1015.7. Operable windows with sills located more than 72 inches (1829 mm) above finished grade or other surface below shall comply with Section 1015.8.

    [BE] 1015.2 Where required. Guards shall be located along open-sided walking surfaces, such as mezzanines, equipment platforms, aisles, stairs, ramps and landings, that are located more than 30 inches (762 mm) measured vertically to the floor or grade below at any point within 36 inches (914 mm) horizontally to the edge of the open side and at the perimeter of occupiable roofs. Guards shall be adequate in strength and attachment in accordance with Section 1607.9 of the California Building Code .

    Exception: Guards are not required for the following locations:

    1. On the loading side of loading docks or piers.
    2. On the audience side of stages and raised platforms, including stairs leading up to the stage and raised platforms.
    3. On raised stage and platform floor areas, such as runways, ramps and side stages used for entertainment or presentations.
    4. At vertical openings in the performance area of stages and platforms.
    5. At elevated walking surfaces appurtenant to stages and platforms for access to and utilization of special lighting or equipment.
    6. Along vehicle service pits not accessible to the public.

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    1. In assembly seating areas at cross aisles in accordance with Section 1030.17.2.
    2. On the loading side of station platforms on fixed guideway transit or passenger rail systems.
    3. Portions of an occupiable roof located less than 30 inches (762 mm) measured vertically to adjacent unoccupiable roof areas where approved guards are present at the perimeter of the roof.
    4. At portions of an occupiable roof where an approved barrier is provided. 11. Elevated facility observation station access hatches at detention facilities.

    [BE] 1015.2.1 Glazing. Where glass is used to provide a guard or as a portion of the guard system, the guard shall comply with Section 2407 of the California Building Code . Where the glazing provided does not meet the strength and attachment requirements of Section 1607.9 of the California Building Code, complying guards shall be located along glazed sides of open-sided walking surfaces.

    [BE] 1015.3 Height. Required guards shall be not less than 42 inches (1067 mm) high, measured vertically as follows:

    1. From the adjacent walking surfaces.
    2. On stairways and stepped aisles, from the line connecting the nosings.
    3. On ramps and ramped aisles, from the ramp surface at the guard.

    Exceptions:

    1. For occupancies in Group R-3 not more than three stories above grade in height and within individual dwelling units in occupancies in Group R-2 not more than three stories above grade in height with separate means of egress, required guards shall be not less than 36 inches (914 mm) in height measured vertically above the adjacent walking surfaces.
  • CBC § 1011.14. Medium relevance — show source text

    P103.4 Alternating tread devices. Alternating tread devices shall be permitted as a means of egress from sleeping lofts, where the sleeping loft floor is not more than 10 feet (3048 mm) above the floor of the room to which it is open. Handrails and treads of such alternating tread devices shall comply with Section 1011.14.

    P103.5 Ship’s ladders. Ship’s ladders shall be permitted as a means of egress from sleeping lofts where the sleeping loft floor is not more than 10 feet (3048 mm) above the floor of the room to which it is open. Handrails and treads of such ship’s ladders shall comply with Section 1011.15.

    P103.6 Ladders. Ladders shall be permitted as a means of egress from sleeping lofts where the sleeping loft floor is not more than 10 feet (3048 mm) above the floor of the room to which it is open. Such ladders shall comply with Sections P103.6.1 and P103.6.2.

    P103.6.1 Size and capacity. Ladders providing egress from sleeping lofts shall have a rung width of not less than 12 inches (305 mm), and 10-inch (254 mm) to 14-inch (356 mm) spacing between rungs. Ladders shall be capable of supporting a 300-pound (136 kg) load on any rung. Rung spacing shall be uniform within [3] / 8 inch (9.5 mm).

    P103.6.2 Incline. Ladders shall be inclined at 70 to 80 degrees from horizontal.

    SECTION P104—GUARDS

    P104.1 General. Guards complying with Section 1015 shall be provided at the open sides of sleeping lofts.

    Exception: The guard height at sleeping lofts shall be permitted to be 36 inches (914 mm) where the ceiling height of the sleeping loft is 42 inches (1067 mm) or less.

    SECTION P105—SMOKE ALARMS

    P105.1 General Listed single- or multiple-station smoke alarms complying with Section 907.2.11 shall be installed in all sleeping lofts.

    SECTION P106— RESERVED

    2025 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE APPENDIX P-3

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    APPENDIX P-4 2025 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE – MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE

    APPENDIX Q – EMERGENCY HOUSING

    (Matrix Adoption Tables are nonregulatory, intended only as an aid to the code user. See Chapter 1 for state agency authority and building applications.)

  • CBC § 10-5 Medium relevance — show source text

    2025 CALIFORNIA EXISTING BUILDING CODE 10-5

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

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    CHANGE OF OCCUPANCY

    1011.5 Means of egress, general. Hazard categories in regard to life safety and means of egress shall be in accordance with Table 1011.5.

    TABLE 1011.5—MEANS OF EGRESS HAZARD CATEGORIES Col2
    RELATIVE HAZARD OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATIONS
    1 (Highest Hazard) H (Not Allowed)
    2 I-2; I-3; I-4_(Not Allowed)_
    3 A; E; M; R-1; R-2; R-4
    4 B; F-1; R-3; R-4, S-1
    5 (Lowest Hazard) F-2; S-2; U

    1011.5.1 Means of egress for change to a higher-hazard category. Where a change of occupancy classification is made to a higher-hazard category (lower number) as shown in Table 1011.5, the means of egress shall comply with the requirements of Chapter 10 of the California Building Code .

    Exceptions:

    1. Stairways shall be enclosed in compliance with the applicable provisions of Section 903.1.

    2. Existing stairways including handrails and guards complying with the requirements of Chapter 9 shall be permitted for continued use subject to approval of the code official.

    3. Any stairway replacing an existing stairway within a space where the pitch or slope cannot be reduced because of existing construction shall not be required to comply with the maximum riser height and minimum tread depth requirements.

    4. Existing corridor walls constructed on both sides of wood lath and plaster in good condition or [1] / 2 -inch-thick (12.7 mm) gypsum wallboard shall be permitted. Such walls shall either terminate at the underside of a ceiling of equivalent construction or extend to the underside of the floor or roof next above.

    5. Existing corridor doorways, transoms and other corridor openings shall comply with the requirements in Sections 804.7.1, 804.7.2 and 804.7.3.

    6. Existing dead-end corridors shall comply with the requirements in Section 804.8.

    7. An operable window complying with Section 1011.5.6 shall be accepted as an emergency escape and rescue opening.

    8. In Group R-2.1 and I-2 facilities, required guards enclosing the occupiable roof areas shall be permitted to be greater than 48 inches (1219 mm) above the surface of the occupiable roof where the occupants, because of clinical needs, require restraint or containment as part of a function of a psychiatric or cognitive treatment area.

    1011.5.2 Means of egress for change of use to an equal or lower-hazard category. Where a change of occupancy classification is made to an equal or lesser-hazard category (higher number) as shown in Table 1011.5, existing elements of the means of egress shall comply with the requirements of Section 905 for the new occupancy classification. Newly constructed or configured means of egress shall comply with the requirements of Chapter 10 of the California Building Code .

    Exceptions:

  • CBC § 1006.2.2.1 Medium relevance — show source text

    Exits 1006.2.2.1

    Bolts

    Anchor rods 1901.3 Bonding, Masonry 1805.2.2, 2103.2.2, 2113.3.1, 2510.7 Bottle-Filling Stations 202 Braced Wall Line 202

    Bracing 2308.10 Seismic requirements 2308.10.10.2, 2308.10.6.2, 2308.10.8 Sill anchorage 2308.10.7.3 Spacing 2308.10.1 Support 2308.10.8 Temporary 3103.5 Braced Wall Panel 202 Alternative bracing 2308.10.5.1, 2308.10.5.2

    Connections 2308.10.7 Length 2308.10.4 Location 2308.10.2

    Method 2308.10.3 Brick (see Masonry) Building Area (see Area, Building) 502.1, 503, 505, 506, 507, 508, 510 Demolition 3303

    Existing 101.4.7 Fire walls 706.1 Height (see Height, Building) 502.1, 503, 504, 505, 508, 510 Occupancy classification Chapter 3 Party walls 706.1.1 Relocatable 3113

    Replicable Appendix N Building, Existing 202 Building Department 103 Building Official Duties and powers 103, 104 Qualifications Appendix A Records 104.7

    Termination A101.4 Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) (see Photovoltaic) Built-Up Roof 1507.10 Business Occupancy (Group B) 303.1.1, 303.1.2, 304 Alarms and detection 907.2.2 Ambulatory care facilities 304, 422 Area 503, 505, 506, 507, 508 Height 503, 504, 505, 508, 510 Higher education laboratories 428, 2702.2

    Incidental uses 509 Interior finishes Table 803.13, 804 Live load Table 1607.1 Means of egress Aisles 1018.3

    Stairway, exit access 1019 Travel distance 1006.3, 1017.2,

    1006.2.1

    Mixed occupancies 508.2, 508.3, 508.4 Accessory 303.1.2, 508.2 Ambulatory care facilities 422 Assembly 303.1.2

    Assembly spaces 1030 Exit signs 1013.1 Guards 1015.2, 1030.17 Main exit 1030.3

Frequently asked questions

When must handrail top‑of‑guard be used as a handrail?

If the top of the guard is intended to function as a handrail (for grip), it must meet the handrail graspability and height requirements in § 1014; otherwise the guard must meet the guard requirements in § 1015. See both §§ 1014 and 1015 file.

Is a 4‑inch sphere test always the rule for guard infill?

Yes — the general rule is a 4‑inch (102 mm) sphere cannot pass through required guards up to the guard height, but the code lists several exceptions with different allowed sizes (see § 1015.4 exceptions) .

Do both sides of every stair require handrails?

Not every stair—exceptions exist (e.g., certain dwelling‑unit flights and spiral stairs). For typical public/commercial flights, handrails on both sides are required or expected; check § 1014 and the exceptions for dwelling units (§ 1014 exceptions) file.

Can a glass panel be used as a guard infill?

Yes, but the glass must meet the CBC glazing and structural requirements (see § 2407: laminated, tempered/heat‑strengthened glass and the load requirements), and if glazing doesn’t meet attachment/strength criteria a separate complying guard is required (§ 1015.2.1 and § 2407) file.

How far must a handrail extend at the top landing?

Where handrails are not continuous between flights, they must extend horizontally not less than 12 in (305 mm) beyond the top landing nosing and slope one tread beyond the bottom nosing per § 1014.7 .

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California Building Code