Skip to content

Chapter 17.48

Paramount Municipal Code · 2026-07 edition · updated 2026-09-27 · Paramount

VARIANCES, CONDITIONAL USE PERMITS AND UNCLASSIFIED USE PERMITS GENERALLY

§ 17.48.010. Variances generally.

  • A. Director of Planning May Grant. The Director of Planning shall have the authority, as an administrative act, to grant variances of 10% for front yard, side yard, and rear yard setback requirements and for dwelling unit size requirements relating to attached additions, remodeling, or rehabilitating existing developed dwelling units in all residential zones. A nonconforming building, nonconforming only as to the yard regulations, may not be increased in size unless the addition conforms to the zoning regulations; provided, however, that the addition may be located in a required yard if it does not encroach into any portion of the required yard to a greater extent than the existing nonconforming building. In no event shall any such addition reduce the width of a side yard to less than three feet, or the depth of a front or rear yard to less than 50% of that required by the yard regulation of the zone. The total of all additions encroaching into any required yard shall not exceed the height or length of that portion of the adjoining nonconforming building extending into the same required yard. If any party is dissatisfied with or aggrieved by the action of the Director of Planning, such party may appeal such action to the Planning Commission within the time limit and manner procedurally provided in Section 17.48.050 of this Code.

  • B. Purpose. The sole purpose of any variance shall be to prevent discrimination, and no variance shall be granted which would have the effect of granting a special privilege not shared by other property in the same vicinity and zone; provided, that a variance may be granted permitting the temporary establishment of uses necessary by reason of public emergencies or need, or to permit the permanent establishment of a use essential for necessary service to the public if such use is found to be not incompatible to the classes of use permitted in the zone.

  • C. Required Showings for Variances. Before any variance may be granted, it shall be shown:

    1. That there are exceptional extraordinary circumstances or conditions applicable to the property or to the intended use that do not apply generally to the other property or class of use in the same vicinity and zone.

    2. That such variance is necessary for the preservation and enjoyment of a substantial property right possessed by other property in the same vicinity and zone but which is denied to the property in question.

    3. That the granting of such variance will not be materially detrimental to the public welfare or injurious to the property or improvements in such vicinity and zone in which the property is located.

    4. That the granting of such variance will not adversely affect the comprehensive general plan.

(Prior code §§ 44-155—44-157; Ord. 1198, 4/22/2025)

§ 17.48.020. Conditional use permits.

  • A. Grant—Conditional Use Construed. A conditional use as defined by this chapter means a use which:

Downloaded from https://ecode360.com/PA4983 on 2026-07-07

City of Paramount, CA § 17.48.020

ZONING

§ 17.48.030

  1. Because of characteristics peculiar to it;

  2. Because of considerations of smoke, fumes, noise, dust, odor, vibration or hazard;

  3. Because of size, technological process or type of equipment; or

  4. Because of the location with reference to surroundings, street or highway width, traffic generation or other demands upon public facilities, requires special consideration relative to placement at specific locations in the zone or zones where classified to insure proper integration with other existing or permitted uses in the same zone or zones. In granting the permit, certain safeguards to protect the health, safety and general welfare may be required as conditions of approval.

  • B. Additional Information Required. In addition to the information required in the application, the applicant for a conditional use permit shall substantiate to the satisfaction of the Planning Commission or City Council, or both, the following facts:

    1. That the requested use at the location proposed will not:

      • a. Adversely affect the health, peace, safety or welfare of persons residing or working in the surrounding area,

      • b. Be materially detrimental to the use, enjoyment or valuation of property of other persons located in the vicinity of the site, nor

      • c. Jeopardize, endanger or otherwise constitute a menace to the public health, safety or general welfare; and

    2. That the proposed site is adequate in size and shape to accommodate the yards, walls, fences, parking and loading facilities, landscaping and other development features prescribed in this chapter, or as is otherwise required in order to integrate such use with the uses in the surrounding area; and

    3. That the proposed site is adequately served:

      • a. By highways or streets of sufficient width and improved as necessary to carry the kind and quantity of traffic such use would generate, and

      • b. By other public or private service facilities as are required; and

    4. That such use is necessary or desirable for the development of the community, is essentially in harmony with the various elements of the general plan and is not detrimental to existing uses or to uses specifically permitted in the zone in which the proposed use is located.

(Prior code §§ 44-158—44-159)

§ 17.48.030. Notice and hearing on application for variance, conditional use permit or…

Upon the filing of an application for a variance, conditional use permit or unclassified use permit by a property owner of record, or a plaintiff in any proposed or pending action in eminent domain to acquire property affected, or by a lessee with the written consent of the owners, which application sets forth fully the grounds for, and the facts deemed to justify the granting of the variance, conditional use permit, or unclassified use permit, the Planning Commission shall give

Downloaded from https://ecode360.com/PA4983 on 2026-07-07

City of Paramount, CA § 17.48.030

PARAMOUNT CODE

§ 17.48.060

public notice, as provided in Chapter 17.56, of the intention to consider at a public hearing the granting of a variance, conditional use permit or unclassified use permit. (Prior code § 44-161)

§ 17.48.040. Resolutions granting or denying variance, conditional use permit or…

  • A. Generally. Not more than 30 days following the termination of the proceedings of the public hearing on a variance, conditional use permit or unclassified use permit, the Planning Commission shall announce its findings by formal resolution, and such resolution shall recite, among other things, the facts and reasons which, in the opinion of the Planning Commission, make the granting or denial of the variance, conditional use permit or unclassified use permit necessary to carry out the provisions and general purpose of this chapter, and shall order that the variance, conditional use permit or unclassified use permit be granted or denied, and if such resolution orders that the variance, conditional use permit or unclassified use permit be granted, it shall also recite such conditions and limitations as the Planning Commission may impose.

  • B. To Be Numbered and Maintained as Permanent Record. The formal resolution of the Planning Commission announcing its findings and order after hearing on an application for a variance, conditional use permit or unclassified use permit shall be numbered consecutively in the order of their filing and shall become a permanent record in the files of the Planning Commission.

  • C. Copy to Be Mailed to Applicant. Not later than 14 days following the rendering of a decision ordering that a variance, conditional use permit or unclassified use permit be granted or denied, a copy of the resolution shall be mailed to the applicant at the address shown on the application filed with the Planning Commission.

  • (Prior code §§ 44-162—44-164)

§ 17.48.050. Appeals from decisions of Planning Commission generally—Hearing de novo.

Within 10 days after the receipt by the applicant of a variance, conditional use permit, or unclassified use permit or notice of action by the Planning Commission, any aggrieved or interested person may, if dissatisfied with or aggrieved by the action of the Planning Commission, file with the City Clerk an appeal in writing to the City Council from such action of the Planning Commission upon depositing a filing fee in the amount of one-half of that required on filing the original application. The filing of such appeal within the stated time shall stay the effective date of the decision of the Planning Commission until such time as the City Council has acted on the appeal as set forth is this chapter. The hearing on the appeal by the City Council shall be a hearing de novo. In the absence of such appeal, the action of the Planning Commission shall be final.

(Prior code § 44-165)

§ 17.48.060. Hearing de novo.

  • A. Any order, decision, requirement, ruling or determination of the City Planning Commission may be ordered by any member of the City Council to be set for hearing de novo before itself.

  • B. The written order of the City Councilmember setting such matter for hearing de novo

Downloaded from https://ecode360.com/PA4983 on 2026-07-07

City of Paramount, CA § 17.48.060

ZONING

§ 17.48.070

before itself must be made within 10 days after the written rendition has been given of the action of the Planning Commission. Said order shall be filed with the City Clerk.

  • C. In the event the City Council or member thereof orders any public hearing de novo such hearing de novo shall be in the manner and method as set forth in subsection D, and with notice to the applicant. The City Council shall have the same rights, duties and powers as to said hearing de novo as are set forth in subsections E and F.

  • D. Transmission of Record to Council—Notice and Hearing by Council.

    1. Generally. Upon receipt of an appeal to the City Council, the City Clerk shall advise the secretary of the appeals board and such secretary shall transmit to the City Clerk the appeals board complete record of the case. Within not to exceed 60 days following receipt of the written appeal, the City Council shall conduct public hearing.

    2. Majority Vote. The action by the City Council on the appeal shall be by a majority vote of the voting members of the City Council and shall be final and conclusive.

  • E. Adverse Decision by Council May Be Referred to Planning Commission. If the City Council proposes an action that is in any way contrary to the action taken by the Planning Commission, it may refer its findings to the Planning Commission and request a further report of the Planning Commission on the matter. Failure of the Planning Commission to report to the City Council within 40 days after reference may be deemed to be an approval by the Planning Commission of any proposed change.

  • F. Resolution of Council Granting, Denying, Etc., Variance, Conditional Use Permit or Unclassified Use Permit.

    1. Generally.

      • a. The City Council shall announce its findings and decision by formal resolution not more than 20 days following the termination of proceedings of the hearings, or not more than 20 days following the receipt of a report from the Planning Commission when a matter has been referred back to the Planning Commission, and such resolution shall recite, among other things, the facts and reasons which, in the opinion of the City Council, makes the granting or denial of the appeal necessary to carry out the general purpose of this chapter, and shall order that the variance, conditional use permit or unclassified use permit be granted or denied or modified subject to such conditions or limitations as it may impose.

      • b. The action by the City Council on the application for a variance, conditional use permit or unclassified use permit shall be by a majority vote of the City Council and shall be final and conclusive.

  1. Copy to Be Mailed to Applicant, Etc. Not later than seven days following the adoption of a resolution ordering that a variance, conditional use permit or unclassified use permit be granted or denied, a copy of such resolution shall be mailed to the applicant and to any other parties requesting notice of the action, and one copy shall be attached to the Planning Commission's file of the case and such file returned to the Planning Commission for permanent filing.

(Prior code §§ 44-165.1—44-169)

Downloaded from https://ecode360.com/PA4983 on 2026-07-07

City of Paramount, CA § 17.48.070

PARAMOUNT CODE

§ 17.48.100

§ 17.48.070. Revocation and modification.

The Planning Commission may, after a public hearing held in the manner prescribed in this chapter governing variances, conditional use permits and unclassified use permits, revoke or modify on any one or more of the following grounds any conditional use permit, unclassified use permit or variance previously issued:

  • A. That the approval was obtained by fraud.

  • B. That the use for which such approval was granted is not being exercised.

  • C. That the use for which such approval was granted has ceased to exist or has been suspended for one year or more.

  • D. That the conditional use permit, unclassified use permit or variance is being, or recently has been, exercised contrary to the terms or conditions of such approval, or in violation of any statute, provision of this Code, ordinance, law or regulation.

  • E. That the use for which the approval was granted was so exercised as to be detrimental to the public health or safety, or so as to constitute a nuisance.

  • (Prior code § 44-170)

§ 17.48.080. Status of unexercised grant of exception or variance.

Any unexercised grant of exception or variance granted more than one year preceding the effective date of the ordinance from which this chapter derives is revoked on the effective date of such ordinance; any unexercised grant of exception or variance granted within one year preceding the effective date of such ordinance and which has not been substantially exercised within 90 days following the effective date of such ordinance shall be null and void at the end of such 90-day period.

(Prior code § 44-171)

§ 17.48.090. Expiration.

Any conditional use permit, unclassified use permit or variance granted by the Planning Commission or City Council becomes null and void if not exercised within the time specified in such conditional use permit, unclassified use permit or variance, or if no date is specified, within one year from the date of approval of such conditional use permit, unclassified use permit, or variance.

(Prior code § 44-172)

§ 17.48.100. Renewal.

  • A. A conditional use permit, unclassified use permit or variance, subject to expiration under Section 17.48.090 may be renewed for an additional period of one year; provided, that prior to the expiration date, an application for renewal of the conditional use permit, unclassified use permit or variance is filed with the Planning Department.

  • B. The Planning Commission, after a public hearing, may grant or deny an application for renewal of a conditional use permit, unclassified use permit or variance, subject to the modification of existing conditions of approval, and/or the addition of new conditions of approval.

Downloaded from https://ecode360.com/PA4983 on 2026-07-07

City of Paramount, CA § 17.48.100

ZONING

§ 17.48.100

(Prior code § 44-172.1)

Downloaded from https://ecode360.com/PA4983 on 2026-07-07

City of Paramount, CA

ZONING

§ 17.52.010

§ 17.52.030

Get a plain-English answer with a citation back to this text.

Ask AI about this code
▸Contents — Paramount Municipal Code
Paramount Municipal Code
  1. Title 1
  2. Title 2
  3. Chapter 2.04 — ADMINISTRATION IN GENERAL
  4. Chapter 2.08 — ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS
  5. Chapter 2.10
  6. Chapter 2.12 — COMMISSIONS
  7. Chapter 2.16 — PERSONNEL SYSTEM
  8. Chapter 2.20
  9. Title 3
  10. Chapter 3.04 — CLAIMS, DEMANDS, AND WARRANTS
  11. Chapter 3.08 — FUNDS
  12. Chapter 3.12
  13. Chapter 3.14 — PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS
  14. Chapter 3.16 — SALES AND USE TAX
  15. Chapter 3.20 — DOCUMENTARY STAMP TAX
  16. Chapter 3.24 — TRANSIENT OCCUPANCY TAX
  17. Chapter 3.28 — ASSESSMENT AND COLLECTION OF TAXES
  18. Chapter 3.32 — UTILITY USERS TAX
  19. Chapter 3.36
  20. Chapter 3.40 — DEVELOPMENT IMPACT FEES PROGRAM
  21. Title 4
  22. Chapter 4.04 — IN GENERAL
  23. Chapter 4.08 — TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY
  24. Chapter 4.20 — TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
  25. Chapter 4.24 — RAILROAD SPUR LINES
  26. Chapter 4.32 — CABLE TELEVISION SYSTEMS
  27. Chapter 4.36 — PARAMOUNT PETROLEUM CORPORATION
  28. Title 5
  29. Chapter 5.04
  30. Article 1 — In General
  31. Article 2 — Permits from City Council
  32. Article 3 — Permits from City Clerk
  33. Chapter 5.08 — REGISTRATION OF CERTAIN BUSINESSES
  34. Chapter 5.12 — BUSINESS LICENSE TAX
  35. Chapter 5.16 — SCHEDULE OF FEES FOR CERTAIN BUSINESSES
  36. Article 1 — Newsracks
  37. Article 2 — Adult Books, Magazines and Other Publications
  38. Article 3 — Adult Materials Harmful to Minors
  39. Article 4 — Sale and Display of Narcotic and Other Paraphernalia
  40. Chapter 5.24 — ADULT ENTERTAINMENT ESTABLISHMENTS
  41. Chapter 5.28 — LIVE ENTERTAINMENT
  42. Chapter 5.32 — DANCES AND DANCE HALLS
  43. Chapter 5.36 — BINGO GAMES
  44. Chapter 5.40
  45. Chapter 5.44 — CARD CLUBS
  46. Chapter 5.48 — TAXICABS AND OTHER VEHICLES FOR HIRE
  47. Chapter 5.52 — AUTOMOBILE REPAIR SHOPS AND WRECKERS
  48. Chapter 5.56 — USED CAR DEALERS
  49. Chapter 5.60
  50. Chapter 5.64
  51. Chapter 5.68 — CANNABIS (MARIJUANA)
  52. Chapter 5.72 — ACUPRESSURE
  53. Chapter 5.76 — FORTUNE-TELLING
  54. Chapter 5.80
  55. Chapter 5.84
  56. Title 6
  57. Chapter 6.04 — IN GENERAL
  58. Chapter 6.24 — IMPOUNDING
  59. Chapter 6.12 — DOG LICENSES
  60. Chapter 6.16 — VACCINATION
  61. Chapter 6.20 — ANIMALS RUNNING AT LARGE
  62. Chapter 6.28
  63. Chapter 6.32 — GENERAL REGULATIONS
  64. Chapter 6.36 — KENNELS
  65. Chapter 6.40 — WILD OR VICIOUS ANIMALS
  66. Chapter 6.44 — MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
  67. Title 8
  68. Chapter 8.04 — HEALTH AND SANITATION
  69. Chapter 8.08 — FIRE PROTECTION
  70. Chapter 8.12 — FIREWORKS
  71. Chapter 8.16 — EXPLOSIVES
  72. Article 1 — General Provisions
  73. Article 2 — Discharge to the Storm Drain System
  74. Article 3
  75. Article 4 — Violations and Enforcement
  76. Chapter 8.32 — INDUSTRIAL HAMMERS
  77. Chapter 8.36 — COMMUNITY REDEVELOPMENT
  78. Chapter 8.37
  79. Title 9
  80. Article 1 — In General
  81. Article 2 — Trespassing and Loitering
  82. Article 3 — Weapons
  83. Article 4 — Disorderly Conduct
  84. Article 5 — Nude Activity in Public
  85. Article 6
  86. Article 7 — Signs in the Public Right-of-Way, Public Property …
  87. Article 8
  88. Chapter 9.08
  89. Chapter 9.12
  90. Chapter 9.16 — GAMBLING
  91. Chapter 9.24
  92. Chapter 9.28 — PATROL SYSTEMS AND PATROL OFFICERS
  93. Article 1 — Generally
  94. Article 2 — Park Rules and Regulations
  95. Title 10
  96. Chapter 10.04 — IN GENERAL
  97. Chapter 10.08 — TRAFFIC-CONTROL DEVICES
  98. Chapter 10.12 — STOPPING, STANDING AND PARKING
  99. Chapter 10.16 — TRANSPORTATION OF HYDROCYANIC ACID
  100. Chapter 10.24
  101. Chapter 10.28 — BICYCLE ROUTES
  102. Chapter 10.32
  103. Chapter 10.36 — MOBILE SOURCE AIR POLLUTION REDUCTION
  104. Chapter 10.40 — PUBLIC SKATE PARK FACILITIES
  105. Chapter 10.44 — BICYCLES
  106. Chapter 10.48
  107. Chapter 10.52
  108. Title 12
  109. Chapter 12.12 — MOVING OF BUILDINGS
  110. Chapter 12.20 — CONSTRUCTION GENERALLY
  111. Chapter 12.08 — HIGHWAY PERMITS
  112. Chapter 12.12 — MOVING OF BUILDINGS
  113. Chapter 12.16 — EXCAVATIONS
  114. Chapter 12.20 — CONSTRUCTION GENERALLY
  115. Chapter 12.24 — SIDEWALKS, CURBS, AND GUTTERS
  116. Chapter 12.28 — OVERHEAD STRUCTURES
  117. Chapter 12.32 — TREES AND PARKWAY LANDSCAPING
  118. Chapter 12.36 — BUS BENCHES
  119. Chapter 12.40 — SIDEWALK AND PARK VENDING PROGRAM
  120. Chapter 12.42 — MOBILE FOOD AND ICE CREAM VENDING VEHICLES
  121. Chapter 12.44 — BILLBOARDS AND OUTDOOR ADVERTISING
  122. Chapter 12.48 — SOUND AND ADVERTISING VEHICLES
  123. Chapter 12.52
  124. Title 13
  125. Chapter 13.12 — UNDERGROUND UTILITY DISTRICTS
  126. Article 1
  127. Article 2 — Water Code Definitions
  128. Article 3 — Rules and Regulations
  129. Article 4 — Water Service
  130. Article 5
  131. Chapter 13.08 — SEWERS AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL
  132. Chapter 13.09 — MANDATORY ORGANIC WASTE DISPOSAL REDUCTION
  133. Chapter 13.12 — UNDERGROUND UTILITY DISTRICTS
  134. Article 1
  135. Article 2
  136. Article 3 — Charges
  137. Article 5 — Condition of Premises
  138. Article 6 — Property Maintenance
  139. Article 7 — Discharge of Hazardous Material
  140. Article 8
  141. Title 15
  142. Chapter 15.04 — BUILDINGS
  143. Chapter 15.06 — ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION REQUIREMENTS…
  144. Chapter 15.08 — PERMITTING PROCEDURES FOR SMALL RESIDENTIAL SO…
  145. Chapter 15.12 — PLUMBING CODE
  146. Chapter 15.16 — MECHANICAL CODE
  147. Chapter 15.20 — ELECTRICAL CODE
  148. Chapter 15.24 — MOBILE HOMES AND MOBILE HOME PARKS
  149. Chapter 15.28 — EXCAVATIONS AND ARTIFICIAL POOLS
  150. Article 1 — Statutory Authorization, Findings of Fact, Purpose…
  151. Article 2 — Definitions, General Provisions, and Administration
  152. Article 3 — Provisions for Flood Hazard Reduction and Variances
  153. Chapter 15.36 — UNIFORM HOUSING CODE
  154. Chapter 15.40 — CALIFORNIA HOUSING CODE
  155. Chapter 15.44 — UNIFORM CODE FOR THE ABATEMENT OF DANGEROUS BU…
  156. Chapter 15.48 — CALIFORNIA EXISTING BUILDING CODE
  157. Chapter 15.52 — CALIFORNIA HISTORICAL BUILDING CODE
  158. Chapter 15.56 — CALIFORNIA REFERENCED STANDARDS CODE
  159. Chapter 15.60 — CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE
  160. Title 16
  161. Chapter 16.04 — IN GENERAL
  162. Chapter 16.08 — TENTATIVE MAPS
  163. Chapter 16.12 — DESIGN STANDARDS
  164. Chapter 16.16 — REQUIRED IMPROVEMENTS
  165. Chapter 16.20
  166. Chapter 16.24 — FEES, DEPOSITS AND BONDS
  167. Chapter 16.28 — MERGER OF PARCELS
  168. Chapter 16.32 — VESTING TENTATIVE MAPS
  169. Title 17
  170. Chapter 17.96 — WATER-EFFICIENT LANDSCAPE PROVISIONS
  171. Chapter 17.100 — ADULT ENTERTAINMENT ESTABLISHMENTS
  172. Chapter 17.108 — CANNABIS CULTIVATION, INDOOR
  173. Chapter 17.04 — DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL PROVISIONS
  174. Chapter 17.08
  175. Chapter 17.12
  176. Chapter 17.16
  177. Chapter 17.20 — INITIATIVE REGULATING DENSITY
  178. Chapter 17.24
  179. Chapter 17.28
  180. Chapter 17.32
  181. Chapter 17.36
  182. Chapter 17.40 — UNCLASSIFIED USES
  183. Article 0 — GENERAL PROVISIONS, CONDITIONS AND EXCEPTIONS
  184. Article 4
  185. Chapter 17.48
  186. Chapter 17.52 — AMENDMENTS AND SITE PLANS GENERALLY
  187. Chapter 17.56
  188. Chapter 17.60 — DEVELOPMENT REVIEW BOARD
  189. Chapter 17.64 — MOBILEHOME PARK TENANCY, SALE OF SPACES
  190. Chapter 17.68 — RESIDENTIAL REVIEW BOARD
  191. Chapter 17.72
  192. Chapter 17.76 — CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT SIGN DESIGN STANDARDS
  193. Chapter 17.80
  194. Chapter 17.84 — NORTH PARAMOUNT GATEWAY SPECIFIC PLAN
  195. Chapter 17.88 — CLEARWATER EAST SPECIFIC PLAN
  196. Chapter 17.92 — RECYCLING FACILITIES
  197. Chapter 17.96 — WATER-EFFICIENT LANDSCAPE PROVISIONS
  198. Chapter 17.104 — ACCESSORY DWELLING UNITS
  199. Chapter 17.108 — CANNABIS CULTIVATION, INDOOR
  200. Chapter 17.112 — ART IN PUBLIC PLACES
  201. Chapter 17.114 — DENSITY BONUS AND OTHER INCENTIVES
  202. Chapter 17.118 — FACILITIES FOR NONORGANIC RECYCLABLE MATERIAL…
  203. Title SR
  204. § SR.010. General Provisions.
  205. § SR.020. Administration and Personnel.
  206. § SR.030. Revenue and Finance.
  207. § SR.040. Business Licenses, Taxes and Regulations.
  208. § SR.050. Animals.
  209. § SR.060. Health and Safety.
  210. § SR.070. Public Peace, Morals and Welfare.
  211. § SR.080. Vehicles and Traffic.
  212. § SR.090. Streets, Sidewalks and Public Places.
  213. § SR.100. Public Services.
  214. § SR.110. Buildings and Construction.
  215. § SR.120. Subdivisions.
  216. § SR.140. Environment.
  217. Title PCT
  218. Title OL
  219. § OL.010. Ordinance list and disposition table.

GoCodebook provides public access, search, citation, multilingual explanation, and practical interpretation of legally adopted building regulations. It is not a substitute for the official ICC or California code publications.