Section R507 — EXTERIOR DECKS

Wood-framed decks shall be in accordance with this section. Decks shall be designed for the live load required in Section R301.5 or the ground snow load indicated in Table R301.2, whichever is greater. For decks using materials and conditions not prescribed in this section, refer to Section R301.

Materials used for the construction of decks shall comply with this section.

R507.2.1 Wood materials. Wood structural members shall be protected from decay where required by Sections R304.1 and R304.1.2, and protected from termites where required by Section R305.1. Where design in accordance with Section R301 is provided, wood structural members shall be designed using the wet service factor defined in AWC NDS. Sawn lumber for joists, beams and posts shall be No. 2 or better. Cuts, notches and drilled holes of preservative-treated wood members shall be treated in accordance with Section R304.1.1.

R507.2.1.1 Engineered wood products. Engineered wood products shall be in accordance with Section R502.

R507.2.2 Plastic composite deck boards, stair treads, guards or handrails. Plastic composite exterior deck boards, stair treads, guards and handrails shall comply with the requirements of ASTM D7032 and this section.

R507.2.2.1 Labeling. Plastic composite deck boards and stair treads, or their packaging, shall bear a label that indicates compliance with ASTM D7032 and includes the allowable load and maximum allowable span determined in accordance with ASTM D7032. Plastic or composite handrails and guards, or their packaging, shall bear a label that indicates compliance with ASTM D7032 and includes the maximum allowable span determined in accordance with ASTM D7032.

R507.2.2.2 Flame spread index. Plastic composite deck boards, stair treads, guards, and handrails shall exhibit a flame spread index not exceeding 200 when tested in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723 with the test specimen remaining in place during the test.

Exception: Plastic composites determined to be noncombustible.

R507.2.2.3 Decay resistance. Plastic composite deck boards, stair treads, guards and handrails containing wood, cellulosic or other biodegradable materials shall be decay resistant in accordance with ASTM D7032.

R507.2.2.4 Termite resistance. Where required by Section 305, plastic composite deck boards, stair treads, guards and handrails containing wood, cellulosic or other biodegradable materials shall be termite resistant in accordance with ASTM D7032.

R507.2.2.5 Installation of plastic composites. Plastic composite deck boards, stair treads, guards and handrails shall be installed in accordance with this code and the manufacturer’s instructions.

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R507.2.3 Fasteners and connectors. Metal fasteners and connectors used for all decks shall be in accordance with Section R304.3 and Table R507.2.3. Holes for through bolts shall be drilled to a diameter of [1] / 32 inch to [1] / 16 inch larger than the bolt diameter. Connectors shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s approved instructions.

TABLE R507.2.3—FASTENER AND CONNECTOR SPECIFICATIONS FOR DECKSa, b

R507.2.4 Flashing. Flashing shall be corrosion-resistant metal of nominal thickness not less than 0.019 inch (0.48 mm) or approved nonmetallic material that is compatible with the substrate of the structure and the decking materials. Self-adhered membranes used as flashing and counterflashing shall comply with FGIA 711.

R507.2.5 Alternate materials. Alternative materials, including glass and metals, shall be permitted.

Decks shall be supported on concrete footings or other approved structural systems designed to accommodate all loads in accordance with Section R301. Deck footings shall be sized to carry the imposed loads from the deck structure to the ground as shown in Figure R507.3.

Exceptions:

1. Footings shall not be required for free-standing decks consisting of joists directly supported on grade over their entire length.
2. Footings shall not be required for free-standing decks that meet all of the following criteria: 2.1. The joists bear directly on precast concrete pier blocks at grade without support by beams or posts. 2.2. The area of the deck does not exceed 200 square feet (18.6 m [2] ). 2.3. The walking surface is not more than 20 inches (508 mm) above grade at any point within 36 inches (914 mm) measured horizontally from the edge.

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FIGURE R507.3—DECK POSTS TO DECK FOOTING CONNECTION

MANUFACTURED POST CONNECTOR

4″ GRAVEL

NOTE:

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TABLE R507.3.1—MINIMUM FOOTING SIZE FOR DECKS—continued

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m2, 1 pound per square foot = 0.0479 kPa.
a. Interpolation permitted, extrapolation not permitted.
b. Based on highest load case: Dead + Live or Dead + Snow.
c. Footing dimensions shall allow complete bearing of the post.
d. If the support is a brick or CMU pier, the footing shall have a minimum 2-inch projection on all sides.
e. Area, in square feet, of deck surface supported by post and footings.

R507.3.2 Minimum depth. Deck footings shall be placed not less than 12 inches (305 mm) below the undisturbed ground surface.

R507.3.3 Frost protection. Where decks are attached to a frost-protected structure, deck footings shall be protected from frost by one or more of the following methods:

1. Extending below the frost line specified in Table R301.2.
2. Erecting on solid rock.
3. Other approved methods of frost protection.

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For single-level decks, wood post size shall be in accordance with Table R507.4.

TABLE R507.4—DECK POST HEIGHT

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TABLE R507.4—DECK POST HEIGHT—continued

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 pound per square foot = 0.0479 kPa.
NP = Not Permitted.
a. Measured from the underside of the beam to the top of footing or pier.
b. 10 psf dead load. Snow load not assumed to be concurrent with live load.
c. No. 2 grade, wet service factor included.
d. Notched deck posts shall be sized to accommodate beam size in accordance with Section R507.5.2.
e. Includes incising factor.
f. Incising factor not included.
g. Area, in square feet, of deck surface supported by post and footings.
h. Interpolation permitted. Extrapolation not permitted.

R507.4.1 Deck post to deck footing connection. Where posts bear on concrete footings in accordance with Section R403 and Figure R507.3, lateral restraint shall be provided by approved c onnectors or a minimum post embedment of 12 inches (305 mm) in surrounding soils or concrete piers.

Exception: Where expansive, compressible, shifting or other questionable soils are present, surrounding soils shall not be relied on for lateral support.

Maximum allowable spans for wood deck beams, as shown in Figure R507.5, shall be in accordance with Tables R507.5(1) through R507.5(4) and based on the joist span length and cantilever length as shown in Figure R507.6. Beam plies shall be fastened together with two rows of 10d (3-inch × 0.128-inch) nails minimum at 16 inches (406 mm) on center along each edge. Deck beams of other materials shall be permitted where designed in accordance with accepted engineering practices.

FIGURE R507.5—TYPICAL DECK BEAM SPANS

FOR SPANS OF WOOD DECK JOISTS

OPTIONAL BEAM SPAN BEAM SPAN OPTIONAL CANTILEVER CANTILEVER

JOIST [FOR SPANS OF WOOD DECK JOISTS ]

OPTIONAL BEAM SPAN BEAM SPAN OPTIONAL CANTILEVER CANTILEVER

DROPPED BEAM FLUSH BEAM

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TABLE R507.5(1)—MAXIMUM DECK BEAM SPAN—40 PSF LIVE LOADc

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 pound per square foot = 0.0479 kPa, 1 pound = 0.454 kg.
a. Interpolation permitted for conditions with zero joist cantilever length. Extrapolation not permitted.
b. Beams supporting a single span of joists with or without cantilever.
c. Dead load = 10 psf,L/Δ = 360 at main span,L/Δ = 180 at cantilever. Snow load is not assumed to be concurrent with live load.
d. No. 2 grade, wet service factor included.
e. Beam depth shall be equal to or greater than the depth of intersecting joist for a flush beam connection.
f. Beam cantilevers are limited to the adjacent beam’s span divided by 4.
g. Includes incising factor.
h. Incising factor not included.
i. Deck joist span as shown in Figure R507.5.

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TABLE R507.5(2)—MAXIMUM DECK BEAM SPAN—50 PSF GROUND SNOW LOADc

For SI: 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 pound per square foot = 0.0479 kPa, 1 pound = 0.454 kg.
a. Interpolation permitted for conditions with zero joist cantilever length. Extrapolation not permitted.
b. Beams supporting a single span of joists with or without cantilever.
c. Dead load = 10 psf,L/Δ = 360 at main span,L/Δ = 180 at cantilever. Snow load not assumed to be concurrent with live load.
d. No. 2 grade, wet service factor included.
e. Beam depth shall be equal to or greater than the depth of intersecting joist for a flush beam connection.
f. Beam cantilevers are limited to the adjacent beam’s span divided by 4.
g. Includes incising factor.
h. Incising factor not included.
i. Deck joist span as shown in Figure R507.5.

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TABLE R507.5(3)—MAXIMUM DECK BEAM SPAN—60 PSF GROUND SNOW LOADc

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 pound per square foot = 0.0479 kPa, 1 pound = 0.454 kg.
a. Interpolation permitted for conditions with zero joist cantilever length. Extrapolation not permitted.
b. Beams supporting a single span of joists with or without cantilever.
c. Dead load = 10 psf,L/Δ = 360 at main span,L/Δ = 180 at cantilever. Snow load not assumed to be concurrent with live load.
d. No. 2 grade, wet service factor included.
e. Beam depth shall be equal to or greater than the depth of intersecting joist for a flush beam connection.
f. Beam cantilevers are limited to the adjacent beam’s span divided by 4.
g. Includes incising factor.
h. Incising factor not included.
i. Deck joist span as shown in Figure R507.5.

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TABLE R507.5(4)—MAXIMUM DECK BEAM SPAN—70 PSF GROUND SNOW LOADc

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 pound per square foot = 0.0479 kPa, 1 pound = 0.454 kg.
a. Interpolation permitted for conditions with zero joist cantilever length. Extrapolation not permitted.
b. Beams supporting a single span of joists with or without cantilever.
c. Dead load = 10 psf,L/Δ = 360 at main span,L/Δ = 180 at cantilever. Snow load not assumed to be concurrent with live load.
d. No. 2 grade, wet service factor included.
e. Beam depth shall be equal to or greater than the depth of intersecting joist for a flush beam connection.
f. Beam cantilevers are limited to the adjacent beam’s span divided by 4.
g. Includes incising factor.
h. Incising factor not included.
i. Deck joist span as shown in Figure R507.5.

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R507.5.1 Deck beam bearing. Beams and individual beam plies of built-up beams shall be continuous between bearing locations and continuous across bearing locations supporting beam cantilevers. Beams shall be permitted to cantilever beyond bearing locations up to one-fourth of the actual beam span. The ends of beams shall have not less than 1 [1] / 2 inches (38 mm) of bearing length on wood or metal and not less than 3 inches (76 mm) of bearing length on concrete or masonry for the entire width of the beam.

R507.5.2 Deck beam connection to supports. Deck beams shall be connected to supporting members to prevent lateral displacement. Deck beam connections to wood posts shall be in accordance with Figures R507.5.2(1)) and R507.5.2(2). Manufactured post-to-beam connectors shall be sized for the post and beam sizes. Bolts shall have washers under the head and nut.

FIGURE R507.5.2(1)—DECK BEAM TO DECK POST

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

FIGURE R507.5.2(2)—NOTCHED POST-TO-BEAM CONNECTION

MINIMUM 2" MINIMUM 2½"

SINGLE-PLY BEAM MULTIPLE-PLY BEAM

(2) ½" DIAMETER THROUGH-BOLTS

OR APPROVED

EQUIVALENT

CONNECTOR

POST NOTCH

FOR FULL-BEAM

BEARING

≥ 2½" MIN.

≥ ¾"

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

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Maximum allowable spans for wood deck joists, as shown in Figure R507.6, shall be in accordance with Table R507.6. The maximum joist spacing shall be limited by the decking materials in accordance with Table R507.7.

FIGURE R507.6—TYPICAL DECK JOIST SPANS

JOIST
BEAM
POST (BEYOND)
JOIST SPAN

OPTIONAL OPTIONAL

CANTILEVER CANTILEVER

JOISTS ON FREE-STANDING DECK WITH DROPPED BEAM

CENTERLINE TO CENTERLINE

OF JOIST HANGERS

JOISTS ON FREE-STANDING DECK WITH FLUSH BEAM

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TABLE R507.6—MAXIMUM DECK JOIST SPANS

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TABLE R507.6—MAXIMUM DECK JOIST SPANS—continued

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 pound per square foot = 0.0479 kPa, 1 pound = 0.454 kg.
NP = Not Permitted.
a. Dead load = 10 psf. Snow load not assumed to be concurrent with live load.
b. No. 2 grade, wet service factor included.
c.L/Δ = 360 at main span.
d.L/Δ = 180 at cantilever with a 220-pound point load applied to end.
e. Includes incising factor.
f. Incising factor not included.
g. Interpolation allowed. Extrapolation is not allowed.

R507.6.1 Deck joist bearing. The ends of joists shall have not less than 1 [1] / 2 inches (38 mm) of bearing length on wood or metal and not less than 3 inches (76 mm) of bearing length on concrete or masonry over its entire width. Joists bearing on top of a multiple-ply beam or ledger shall be fastened in accordance with Table R602.3(1). Joists bearing on top of a single-ply beam or ledger shall be attached by a mechanical connector. Joist framing into the side of a beam or ledger board shall be supported by approved joist hangers.

R507.6.2 Deck joist lateral restraint. Joist ends and bearing locations shall be provided with lateral resistance to prevent rotation. Where lateral restraint is provided by joist hangers or blocking between joists, their depth shall equal not less than 60 percent of the joist depth. Where lateral restraint is provided by rim joists, they shall be secured to the end of each joist with not fewer than three 10d (3-inch by 0.128-inch) (76 mm by 3.3 mm) nails or three No. 10 x 3-inch-long (76 mm) wood screws.

Maximum allowable spacing for joists supporting wood decking, excluding stair treads, shall be in accordance with Table R507.7. Wood decking shall be attached to each supporting member with not less than two 8d deformed shank nails or two No. 8 wood screws. Maximum allowable spacing for joists supporting plastic composite decking shall be in accordance with Section R507.2. Other approved decking or fastener systems shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation requirements.

rdance with Table R507.7. Wood decking shall be attached to each supporting member with not less than two 8d deformed shank nails or two No. 8 wood screws. Maximum allowable spacing for joists supporting plastic composite decking shall be in accordance with Section R507.2. Other approved decking or fastener systems shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation requirements.

TABLE R507.7—MAXIMUM JOIST SPACING FOR WOOD DECKING

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Where supported by attachment to an exterior wall, decks shall be positively anchored to the primary structure and designed for both vertical and lateral loads. Such attachment shall not be accomplished by the use of toenails or nails subject to withdrawal. For decks with cantilevered framing members, connection to exterior walls or other framing members shall be designed and constructed to resist uplift resulting from the full live load specified in Table R301.5 acting on the cantilevered portion of the deck. Where positive connection to the primary building structure cannot be verified during inspection, decks shall be self-supporting.

Vertical and lateral supports for decks shall comply with this section.

R507.9.1 Vertical supports. Vertical loads shall be transferred to band joists with ledgers in accordance with this section.

R507.9.1.1 Ledger details. Deck ledgers shall be a minimum 2-inch by 8-inch (51 mm by 203 mm) nominal, No. 2 grade or better pressure-preservative-treated Southern pine, incised pressure-preservative-treated hem-fir, or decay-resistant, naturally durable wood. Deck ledgers shall not support concentrated loads from beams or girders. Deck ledgers shall not be supported on stone or masonry veneer.

R507.9.1.2 Band joist details. Band joists supporting a ledger shall be a minimum 2-inch-nominal (51 mm), solid-sawn, spruce-pine-fir or better lumber or a minimum 1-inch (25 mm) nominal engineered wood rim boards in accordance with Section R502.1.7. Band joists shall bear fully on the primary structure capable of supporting all required loads.

R507.9.1.3 Ledger to band joist details. Where ledgers are fastened in accordance with Table R507.9.1.3(1), fasteners shall comply with Section R507.2.3 and shall be installed in accordance with Table R507.9.1.3(2) and Figures R507.9.1.3(1) and R507.9.1.3(2). Holes for [1] / 2 -inch (12.7 mm) lag screws shall be predrilled with two drill bits so that a hole [1] / 2 inch (12.7 mm) in diameter is drilled through the ledger and sheathing, if present, and a hole [5] / 16 inch (7.9 mm) to [3] / 8 inch (9.5 mm) in diameter is drilled through the band joist.

shall be installed in accordance with Table R507.9.1.3(2) and Figures R507.9.1.3(1) and R507.9.1.3(2). Holes for [1] / 2 -inch (12.7 mm) lag screws shall be predrilled with two drill bits so that a hole [1] / 2 inch (12.7 mm) in diameter is drilled through the ledger and sheathing, if present, and a hole [5] / 16 inch (7.9 mm) to [3] / 8 inch (9.5 mm) in diameter is drilled through the band joist.

TABLE R507.9.1.3(1)—DECK LEDGER CONNECTION TO BAND JOIST

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FIGURE R507.9.1.3(1)—PLACEMENT OF LAG SCREWS AND BOLTS IN LEDGERS

STAGGER FASTENERS

IN 2 ROWS

*DISTANCE SHALL BE PERMITTED TO

BE REDUCED TO 4.5" IF LAG SCREWS

ARE USED OR BOLT SPACING IS

REDUCED TO THAT OF LAG SCREWS

TO ATTACH 2 X 8 LEDGERS TO 2 X 8

BAND JOISTS.

5" MAX.

2" MIN.

5.5" MIN. FOR 2 X 8*

6.5" MIN. FOR 2 X 10

7.5" MIN. FOR 2 X 12

3/4" MIN.

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

FIGURE R507.9.1.3(2)—PLACEMENT OF LAG SCREWS AND BOLTS IN BAND JOISTS

"L" FLASHING (SHOWN) OR "Z" FLASHING (OPTIONAL)

LAG SCREWS OR BOLTS STAGGERED

APPROVED JOIST HANGER

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

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R507.9.1.4 Alternate ledger details. Alternate framing configurations supporting a ledger constructed to meet the load requirements of Section R301.5 shall be permitted.

R507.9.1.5 Ledger flashing. Where ledgers are attached to wood-frame construction, flashing shall be installed above the ledger to prevent the entry of water into the wall cavity or behind the ledger. Flashing shall extend vertically not less than 2 inches (51 mm) above the ledger. Flashing shall extend horizontally not less than 4 inches (102 mm) beyond the ledger face or shall extend to the ledger face and not less than [1] / 4 inch down the ledger face.

Exceptions:

1. Where a window or door opening is located less than 2 inches (51 mm) above the ledger, flashing shall extend to the bottom of the wall opening.
2. Flashing is not required where the ledger is spaced horizontally from the exterior wall covering not less than [1] / 4 inch (6.4 mm) to allow for drainage and ventilation behind the ledger.

R507.9.1.6 Water-resistive barrier. The water-resistive barrier required by Section R703.2 shall be lapped over a vertical leg of the ledger flashing or counterflashing extending up the wall by not less than 2 inches (51 mm) or the height of the vertical flashing leg, whichever is less. The water-resistive barrier shall continue from the top of the ledger flashing down the wall and behind the ledger flashing and ledger.

Exceptions:

1. Flashing shall be permitted to be placed against the face of the water-resistive barrier where a self-adhering membrane counterflashing is installed not less than 2 inches (51 mm) over the vertical leg of the flashing and not less than 2 inches (51 mm) onto the water-resistive barrier.
2. Flashing shall be permitted to be placed in front of the water-resistive barrier and behind the exterior wall covering where ledgers are spaced horizontally from the exterior wall not less than [1] / 4 inch (6.4 mm) to allow for drainage and ventilation behind the ledger.

R507.9.1.7 Existing walls. Where ledgers are attached to existing walls without water-resistive barriers, a water-resistive barrier shall be installed behind the ledger and ledger flashing. The water-resistive barrier shall extend to the top of the ledger flashing vertical leg and not less than [1] / 2 inch (12.7 mm) beyond the sides and bottom of the ledger. A self-adhering membrane counterflashing shall be installed not less than 2 inches (51 mm) over the vertical leg of the ledger flashing and not less than 2 inches (51 mm) onto the existing sheathing.

Exceptions:

1. Where a window or door opening is located less than 2 inches (51 mm) above the ledger, flashing shall extend to the bottom of the wall opening.
2. Flashing is not required where the ledger is spaced horizontally from the exterior wall covering not less than [1] / 4 inch (6.4 mm) to allow for drainage and ventilation behind the ledger.

R507.9.1.8 Exterior wall coverings. Exterior wall coverings shall be terminated above the finished deck surface in accordance with the covering manufacturer’s requirements and Chapter 7, as applicable to the type of covering.

Exception: Exterior wall coverings shall be permitted behind ledgers in accordance with Section R507.9.1.5 where capable of resisting compression forces from the ledger attachment.

R507.9.2 Lateral connection. Lateral loads shall be transferred to the ground or to a structure capable of transmitting them to the ground. Where the lateral load connection is provided in accordance with Figure R507.9.2(1), hold-down tension devices shall be installed in not less than two locations per deck, within 24 inches (610 mm) of each end of the deck. Each device shall have an allowable stress design capacity of not less than 1,500 pounds (6672 N). Where the lateral load connections are provided in accordance with Figure R507.9.2(2), the hold-down tension devices shall be installed in not less than four locations per deck, and each device shall have an allowable stress design capacity of not less than 750 pounds (3336 N).

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FIGURE R507.9.2(1)—DECK ATTACHMENT FOR LATERAL LOADS

WATER-PROTECTIVE BARRIER

LAPPED OVER FLASHING

"Z" FLASHING (SHOWN) OR "L" FLASHING (OPTIONAL)

HOLD-DOWN OR SIMILAR DEVICE

ATTACHED TO ADJACENT JOISTS

PER MANUFACTURER

LAG SCREWS OR BOLTS STAGGARED

APPROVED JOIST HANGER

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

FIGURE R507.9.2(2)—DECK ATTACHMENT FOR LATERAL LOADS

WATER-RESISTING BARRIER

LAPPED OVER FLASHING

"L" FLASHING (SHOWN) OR "Z" FLASHING (OPTIONAL)

APPROVED JOIST HANGERS

LAG SCREWS OR BOLTS STAGGERED

HOLD-DOWN DEVICE MIN 750 LB. CAPACITY AT 4 LOCATIONS, EVENLY DISTRIBUTED ALONG DECK AND ONE WITHIN 24" OF EACH

END OF THE LEDGER. HOLD-DOWN DEVICES

SHALL FULLY ENGAGE DECK JOIST PER

HOLD-DOWN MANUFACTURER. ATTACHED TO

TOP PLATE STUDS OR HEADER WITH A FULLY

THREADED 3/8" DIAMETER LAG SCREW

PREDRILLED W/ MIN. 3" PENETRATION

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

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Guards shall be constructed to meet the requirements of Sections R301.5 and R321, and this section.

R507.10.1 Support of guards. Where guards are supported on deck framing, guard loads shall be transferred to the deck framing with a continuous load path to the deck joists.

R507.10.1.1 Guards supported by side of deck framing. Where guards are connected to the interior or exterior side of a deck joist or beam, the joist or beam shall be connected to the adjacent joists to prevent rotation of the joist or beam. Connections relying only on fasteners in end grain withdrawal are not permitted.

R507.10.1.2 Guards supported on top of deck framing. Where guards are mounted on top of the decking, the guards shall be connected to the deck framing or blocking and installed in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions to transfer the guard loads to the adjacent joists.

R507.10.2 Wood posts at deck guards. Where 4-inch by 4-inch (102 mm by 102 mm) wood posts support guard loads applied to the top of the guard, such posts shall not be notched at the connection to the supporting structure.

R507.10.3 Plastic composite guards. Plastic composite guards shall comply with the provisions of Section R507.2.2.

R507.10.4 Other guards. Other guards shall be in accordance with either manufacturer’s instructions or accepted engineering principles.

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CALIFORNIA RESIDENTIAL CODE – MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE

CHAPTER 6 – WALL CONSTRUCTION

(Matrix Adoption Tables are nonregulatory, intended only as an aid to the code user. See Chapter 1 for state agency authority and building applications.)

The state agency does not adopt sections identified with the following symbol: †

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