CFC · California Fire Code

When must a hazard mitigation analysis (FMEA) be submitted for ESS?

Q: Who can require an FMEA?

The fire code official (authority having jurisdiction) can require an FMEA where a potential hazard isn’t addressed by the code’s existing requirements. § 1207.1.6 (4) .

Q: What minimum failure modes must the FMEA evaluate?

At minimum: thermal runaway (electrochemical) , mechanical failure (nonelectrochemical) , BMS/fire-protection failures not covered by product listing , and failure of external protection systems (ventilation, detection, suppression). § 1207.1.6.1 (1–4) .

If your ESS uses an unlisted technology, mixes technologies in one fire area, seeks higher-than-normal quantities, or the fire official asks, the California Fire Code requires a hazard mitigation analysis (FMEA) that evaluates specified single-failure scenarios (thermal runaway, mechanical failure, BMS or external protection failures) and shows containment and safe evacuation.

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Last reviewed: July 6, 2026

What the code requires — 2-4 sentences

The California Fire Code requires a hazard mitigation analysis (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis — FMEA) whenever specific triggers apply to an energy storage system (ESS) installation. The controlling provision is § 1207.1.6, which lists four discrete circumstances that require an FMEA or other approved hazard mitigation analysis and directs submission in accordance with § 104.2.2.

The single most important rule: submit a hazard mitigation analysis when one of the four triggers in § 1207.1.6 applies — technologies not listed in Table 1207.1.3, multiple ESS technologies in one fire area with possible adverse interaction, using an analysis to raise allowable quantities, or when the fire code official requires one.

Requirements in detail

When an FMEA is mandatory (the four triggers)

Where ESS technologies not specifically identified in Table 1207.1.3 are used. § 1207.1.6 (1).
Where more than one ESS technology is provided in a single fire area and there is potential for adverse interaction between technologies. § 1207.1.6 (2).
Where an FMEA is used as the basis to increase maximum allowable quantities (MAQ) for an installation (see § 1207.5.2). § 1207.1.6 (3).
Where the fire code official requires an analysis to address a potential hazard not covered by existing requirements. § 1207.1.6 (4).

What the hazard mitigation analysis must evaluate (fault conditions)

The analysis must evaluate specified single failure modes (only single failure modes shall be considered), including at minimum:

A thermal runaway condition in a single electrochemical ESS unit. § 1207.1.6.1 (1).
A mechanical failure of a nonelectrochemical ESS unit. § 1207.1.6.1 (2).
Failure of any battery (energy) management system or fire protection system within the ESS equipment that is not covered by the product listing FMEA. § 1207.1.6.1 (3).
Failure of any required protection system external to the ESS (e.g., ventilation, smoke detection, gas detection, fire suppression). § 1207.1.6.1 (4).

Analysis approval criteria (what the fire official will look for)

The fire code official may approve the hazard mitigation analysis only if it demonstrates at least both of the following outcomes:

Fires will be contained within unoccupied ESS rooms or areas for the minimum duration of the fire-resistance-rated separations as specified in § 1207.7.4. § 1207.1.6.2 (1).
Fires involving the ESS will allow occupants or the general public to evacuate to a safe location. § 1207.1.6.2 (2).

Required implementation if analysis prescribes measures

Any construction, equipment, or systems required by the approved hazard mitigation analysis must be installed, maintained and tested per nationally recognized standards and specified design parameters (i.e., the analysis is not advisory — its required measures must be implemented). § 1207.1.6.3.

Decision table — triggers, scope, and code reference

Decision factor / value	When FMEA is required (plain English)	Code reference
Technology not listed in Table 1207.1.3	FMEA required before approval if your ESS technology is not one of the types listed in Table 1207.1.3.	§ 1207.1.6 (1)
Multiple ESS technologies in one fire area	FMEA required when two or more different ESS technologies coexist in the same fire area and might interact adversely.	§ 1207.1.6 (2)
Basis to increase allowable quantities (MAQ)	FMEA required when using hazard analysis to justify increasing MAQs (refer to § 1207.5.2).	§ 1207.1.6 (3) and § 1207.5.2
Fire code official request	FMEA required whenever the AHJ (fire code official) determines an unaddressed hazard needs analysis.	§ 1207.1.6 (4)
Faults to evaluate	Single failure modes: thermal runaway (electrochemical), mechanical failure (nonelectrochemical), BMS/fire-protection failures not in product listing FMEA, failure of external protection systems.	§ 1207.1.6.1 (1–4)
Approval outcomes required	Demonstrate containment for the fire-resistance durations in § 1207.7.4 and safe evacuation for occupants/public.	§ 1207.1.6.2 (1–2)

Exceptions & special cases

Existing installations using lithium‑ion technology installed before adoption of the 2018 (or later) CFC edition have a related FMEA requirement under § 1107.1 when capacities exceed Table 1207.1.3 values; detached one‑ and two‑family dwellings and townhouses are excepted there. If you are dealing with an existing system, check § 1107.1.
The code allows other approved hazard mitigation analyses in lieu of a strict FMEA if acceptable to the fire code official; the form is less important than that the analysis addresses the required fault conditions and approval criteria. § 1207.1.6.

Note: I could not retrieve the numeric thresholds that appear in Table 1207.1.3 (the table values themselves were not included in the provided files). When a trigger depends on Table 1207.1.3 (for example, capacity thresholds), consult the table in the jurisdiction’s copy of the code or your plan examiner for those numeric values.

Common mistakes

Treating product listing documentation alone as sufficient. If the hazard or failure mode is not covered by the product listing FMEA, the site-level FMEA must address it. § 1207.1.6.1 (3).
Forgetting to include external systems in the analysis. The FMEA must evaluate failure of external protective systems (ventilation, detection, suppression). § 1207.1.6.1 (4).
Submitting an incomplete analysis that doesn’t show containment for the fire‑resistance duration or safe egress — the approval criteria in § 1207.1.6.2 are substantive requirements, not optional.
Assuming Table 1207.1.3 thresholds are universal; local adoption or later editions may change numeric limits — always verify the version of the CFC and the table used by your jurisdiction. The code text ties the FMEA requirement to Table 1207.1.3. § 1207.1.6 (1).

Worked example — applying the rule (concrete scenario)

Scenario: An integrator plans a utility-scale indoor ESS room that will contain both lithium‑ion battery racks and a flow battery technology in the same fire area. No attempt is being made (yet) to increase allowable quantities.

Why an FMEA is required: Because more than one ESS technology is provided in a single fire area with potential for adverse interaction, the installation triggers the FMEA requirement in § 1207.1.6 (2). You must submit a hazard mitigation analysis for review.
What the analysis must evaluate: Per § 1207.1.6.1, analyze single failure modes including a thermal runaway in a lithium‑ion unit, a mechanical failure scenario for the flow battery, possible BMS or protection system failures not covered by product listings, and the impact of a ventilation failure.
Approval expectations: The analysis must demonstrate containment consistent with fire‑resistance separations in § 1207.7.4 and show occupant/public egress will be protected — if the analysis prescribes additional systems (e.g., enhanced ventilation redundancy, separation, fire suppression), those must be implemented as required by § 1207.1.6.3.

(If instead the project sought to increase MAQ under § 1207.5.2, the FMEA would also need to explicitly show how the increased quantity would still meet the approval criteria.)

Related provisions

§ 1207.1.6 — Hazard mitigation analysis triggers and general requirement.
§ 1207.1.6.1 — Fault conditions / single failure modes the analysis must evaluate.
§ 1207.1.6.2 — Analysis approval criteria (containment + evacuation).
§ 1207.1.6.3 — Implementation of additional protection measures required by the analysis.
§ 1207.1.7 — Large-scale fire test (UL 9540A) where required as part of ESS evaluation.
§ 1207.5.2 — Procedures related to increasing maximum allowable quantities (when an FMEA may serve as the basis to increase MAQ).
§ 1107.1 — FMEA requirement for certain existing lithium‑ion ESS installations (capacity thresholds per Table 1207.1.3); exception for detached single‑family/townhouse.

Code references

Grounded in the retrieved California Fire Code — click a citation to read the verbatim passage:

CFC § 1207.1.6.1 High relevance — show source text
1207.1.6.1 Fault condition. The hazard mitigation analysis shall evaluate the consequences of the following failure modes. Only single failure modes shall be considered.
1. A thermal runaway condition in a single electrochemical ESS unit.
2. A mechanical failure of a nonelectrochemical ESS unit.
3. Failure of any battery (energy) management system or fire protection system within the ESS equipment that is not covered by the product listing failure mode effects analysis (FMEA).
4. Failure of any required protection system external to the ESS, including but not limited to ventilation (HVAC), exhaust ventilation, smoke detection, fire detection, gas detection or fire suppression system. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)
1207.1.6.2 Analysis approval. The fire code official is authorized to approve the hazardous mitigation analysis provided that the consequences of the hazard mitigation analysis demonstrate:
1. Fires will be contained within unoccupied ESS rooms or areas for the minimum duration of the fire-resistance-rated separations identified in Section 1207.7.4.
2. Fires involving the ESS will allow occupants or the general public to evacuate to a safe location. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)
1207.1.6.3 Additional protection measures. Construction, equipment and systems that are required for the ESS to comply with the hazardous mitigation analysis, including but not limited to those specifically described in Section 1207, shall be installed, maintained and tested in accordance with nationally recognized standards and specified design parameters.

1207.1.7 Large-scale fire test. Where required elsewhere in Section 1207, large-scale fire testing shall be conducted on a representative ESS in accordance with UL 9540A. The testing shall be conducted or witnessed and reported by an approved testing laboratory and show that a fire involving one ESS will not propagate to an adjacent ESS, and where installed within buildings, enclosed areas and walk-in units will be contained within the room, enclosed area or walk-in unit for the duration of the test. The test report shall be provided to the fire code official for review and approval in accordance with Section 104.2.2. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE 12-11

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ENERGY SYSTEMS

1207.1.8 Fire remediation. Where a fire or other event has damaged the ESS and ignition or re-ignition of the ESS is possible, the system owner, agent or lessee shall take the following actions, at their expense, to mitigate the hazard or remove damaged equipment from the premises to a safe location.

1207.1.8.1 Fire mitigation personnel. Where, in the opinion of the fire code official, it is essential for public safety that trained personnel be on-site to respond to possible ignition or re-ignition of a damaged ESS, the system owner, agent or lessee shall dispatch within 15 minutes one or more fire mitigation personnel to the premise, as required and approved, at their expense. These personnel shall remain on duty continuously after the fire department leaves the premise until the damaged energy storage equipment is removed from the premises, or earlier if the fire code official indicates the public safety hazard has been abated. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)
CFC § 12-11 High relevance — show source text
2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE 12-11

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ENERGY SYSTEMS

1207.1.8 Fire remediation. Where a fire or other event has damaged the ESS and ignition or re-ignition of the ESS is possible, the system owner, agent or lessee shall take the following actions, at their expense, to mitigate the hazard or remove damaged equipment from the premises to a safe location.

1207.1.8.1 Fire mitigation personnel. Where, in the opinion of the fire code official, it is essential for public safety that trained personnel be on-site to respond to possible ignition or re-ignition of a damaged ESS, the system owner, agent or lessee shall dispatch within 15 minutes one or more fire mitigation personnel to the premise, as required and approved, at their expense. These personnel shall remain on duty continuously after the fire department leaves the premise until the damaged energy storage equipment is removed from the premises, or earlier if the fire code official indicates the public safety hazard has been abated. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

1207.1.8.2 Duties. On-duty fire mitigation personnel shall have the following responsibilities:
1. Keep a diligent watch for fires, obstructions to means of egress and other hazards.
2. Immediately contact the fire department if their assistance is needed to mitigate any hazards or extinguish fires.
3. Take prompt measures for remediation of hazards in accordance with the decommissioning plan per Section 1207.2.3.
4. Take prompt measures to assist in the evacuation of the public from the structures. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)
1207.2 Commissioning, decommissioning, operation and maintenance. Commissioning, decommissioning, operation and maintenance shall be conducted in accordance with this section.

1207.2.1 Commissioning. Commissioning of newly installed ESS and existing ESS that have been retrofitted, replaced or previously decommissioned and are returning to service shall be conducted prior to the ESS being placed in service in accordance with a commissioning plan that has been approved prior to initiating commissioning. The commissioning plan shall include the following:
1. A narrative description of the activities that will be accomplished during each phase of commissioning, including the personnel intended to accomplish each of the activities.
2. A listing of the specific ESS and associated components, controls and safety-related devices to be tested, a description of the tests to be performed and the functions to be tested.
3. Conditions under which all testing will be performed, which are representative of the conditions during normal operation of the system.
4. Documentation of the owner’s project requirements and the basis of design necessary to understand the installation and operation of the ESS.
5. Verification that required equipment and systems are installed in accordance with the approved plans and specifications.
6. Integrated testing for all fire and safety systems.
7. Testing for any required thermal management, ventilation or exhaust systems associated with the ESS installation.
8. Preparation and delivery of operation and maintenance documentation.
9. Training of facility operating and maintenance staff.
10. Identification and documentation of the requirements for maintaining system performance to meet the original design intent during the operation phase.
11. Identification and documentation of personnel who are qualified to service, maintain and decommission the ESS, and respond to incidents involving the ESS, including documentation that such service has been contracted for./p>
CFC § 1207.2.1. High relevance — show source text
The quantities and types of ESS to be installed. 4. Manufacturer’s specifications, ratings and listings of each ESS. 5. Description of energy (battery) management systems and their operation. 6. Location and content of required signage. 7. Details on fire suppression, smoke or fire detection, thermal management, ventilation, exhaust and deflagration venting systems, if provided. 8. Support arrangement associated with the installation, including any required seismic restraint. 9. A commissioning plan complying with Section 1207.2.1. 10. A decommissioning plan complying with Section 1207.2.3. 11. A fire safety and evacuation plan in accordance with Section 404.

1207.1.5.1 Utilities applicability. Plans and specifications associated with ESS owned and operated by electric utilities as a component of the electric grid that are considered critical infrastructure documents in accordance with the provisions of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation and other applicable governmental laws and regulations shall be made available to the fire code official for viewing based on the requirements of the applicable governmental laws and regulations. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

1207.1.6 Hazard mitigation analysis. A failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) or other approved hazard mitigation analysis shall be provided in accordance with Section 104.2.2 under any of the following conditions:
1. Where ESS technologies not specifically identified in Table 1207.1.3 are provided.
2. More than one ESS technology is provided in a single fire area where there is a potential for adverse interaction between technologies.
3. Where allowed as a basis for increasing maximum allowable quantities. See Section 1207.5.2.
4. Where required by the fire code official to address a potential hazard with an ESS installation that is not addressed by existing requirements.
1207.1.6.1 Fault condition. The hazard mitigation analysis shall evaluate the consequences of the following failure modes. Only single failure modes shall be considered.
1. A thermal runaway condition in a single electrochemical ESS unit.
2. A mechanical failure of a nonelectrochemical ESS unit.
3. Failure of any battery (energy) management system or fire protection system within the ESS equipment that is not covered by the product listing failure mode effects analysis (FMEA).
4. Failure of any required protection system external to the ESS, including but not limited to ventilation (HVAC), exhaust ventilation, smoke detection, fire detection, gas detection or fire suppression system. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)
1207.1.6.2 Analysis approval. The fire code official is authorized to approve the hazardous mitigation analysis provided that the consequences of the hazard mitigation analysis demonstrate:
1. Fires will be contained within unoccupied ESS rooms or areas for the minimum duration of the fire-resistance-rated separations identified in Section 1207.7.4.
2. Fires involving the ESS will allow occupants or the general public to evacuate to a safe location. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)
1207.1.6.3 Additional protection measures. Construction, equipment and systems that are required for the ESS to comply with the hazardous mitigation analysis, including but not limited to those specifically described in Section 1207, shall be installed, maintained and tested in accordance with nationally recognized standards and specified design parameters.
CFC § 1207.1.8 High relevance — show source text
Fire remediation 1207.1.8 Hazard mitigation analysis 1207.1.6 Large-scale fire test 1207.1.7 Mobile ESS 202, 1207.1, 1207.1.2,

1207.10 Residential (R-3 and R-4) 1207.11 Stationary ESS 202, 1207 Walk-in units 202, 1207.1.7, 1207.4.12, 1207.4.6, 1207.4.8, 1207.4.9, 1207.5.2, 1207.5.2.1, 1207.5.4, 1207.5.5, 1207.5.6, 1207.6.1, 1207.6.3, 1207.9.4 Energy Systems Chapter 12, 1201.1, 1201.2 Electrical energy storage systems 1201.3, 1207 Emergency and standby power systems 1203

Permits 105.5.14, 105.6.10, 105.6.21,

105.6.6 Portable generators 1204, 3309 Solar and photovoltaic systems 1205 Stationary fuel cell power systems 1206 Entry, Right of 104.4 Equipment, Fueled 313 Equipment Platform Defined 202

Guards required 1015.2 Escalator Openings (see Floor Openings and Shafts) Escape Openings 1031 ESFR Sprinklers (see Automatic Sprinklers) Ethylene Gas 2503

Generators 2506

Evacuation 115.2, 405, 2603.3.4, 2603.3.5 Evacuation Diagrams 403.9.1.1, 403.9.2.3 Evacuation Drills 405 Frequency 405.3, Table 405.3 Notification 405.7 Recall and reentry 405.10 Evacuation Plans 404

Excess Flow Control

Defined 202

Excess Flow Valve

Defined 202

Exhausted Enclosure 202, 5003.8.5 Exhibit Gallery Occupancy load Table 1004.5 Exhibition Halls (Occupancy Group A-3)

202

Exhibits and Trade Shows 105.5.15 Existing Defined 202 Existing Buildings Chapter 11 Group I-2 1105 Outdoor occupancies 1106 Exit 1022 Configuration 1007 Defined 202

Enclosure 1023

Horizontal 1026 Number required 1006 Passageways 1024

Ramps, interior and exterior 1023, 1027 Stairways, interior or exterior 1023, 1027 Stories 1004.2.3, 1006.3, 1017.3.1 Exit Access 101, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019 Aisles 1018

Atriums 1006.3.2, 1017.3.2, 1019.3 Balconies 1017.2.1, 1021 Common path 1006.2.1 Corridor 1020

CFC § 5104.7 High relevance — show source text

5104.7 Storage in Group M occupancies. Storage of Level 2 and 3 aerosol products, aerosol cooking spray products and plastic aerosol 3 products in occupancies in Group M shall comply with Table 5104.7. Retail display shall comply with Section 5106.

TABLE 5104.7—MAXIMUM QUANTITIES OF LEVEL 2 AND 3 AEROSOL PRODUCTS, AEROSOL COOKING SPRAY PRODUCTS AND PLASTIC AEROSOL 3 PRODUCTS IN RETAIL STORAGE AREAS	Col2	Col3	Col4
MAXIMUM NET WEIGHT PER FLOOR (pounds)	MAXIMUM NET WEIGHT PER FLOOR (pounds)	MAXIMUM NET WEIGHT PER FLOOR (pounds)	MAXIMUM NET WEIGHT PER FLOOR (pounds)
Floor	Nonsegregated storagea, b	Segregated storage	Segregated storage
Floor	Nonsegregated storagea, b	Storage cabinetsb	Separated from retail areac
Basement	Not Permitted	Not Permitted	Not Permitted
Ground	2,500	5,000	Note d
Upper	500	1,000	Note d
For SI: 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m2. a. The total aggregate quantity on display and in storage shall not exceed the maximum retail display quantity indicated in Section 5106.3. b. Storage quantities indicated are the maximum permitted in any 50,000-square-foot area. c. The storage area shall be separated from the retail area with a 1-hour fire-resistance-rated assembly. d. See Table 5104.3.2.	For SI: 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m2. a. The total aggregate quantity on display and in storage shall not exceed the maximum retail display quantity indicated in Section 5106.3. b. Storage quantities indicated are the maximum permitted in any 50,000-square-foot area. c. The storage area shall be separated from the retail area with a 1-hour fire-resistance-rated assembly. d. See Table 5104.3.2.	For SI: 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m2. a. The total aggregate quantity on display and in storage shall not exceed the maximum retail display quantity indicated in Section 5106.3. b. Storage quantities indicated are the maximum permitted in any 50,000-square-foot area. c. The storage area shall be separated from the retail area with a 1-hour fire-resistance-rated assembly. d. See Table 5104.3.2.	For SI: 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m2. a. The total aggregate quantity on display and in storage shall not exceed the maximum retail display quantity indicated in Section 5106.3. b. Storage quantities indicated are the maximum permitted in any 50,000-square-foot area. c. The storage area shall be separated from the retail area with a 1-hour fire-resistance-rated assembly. d. See Table 5104.3.2.

5104.8 Storage of aerosol cooking spray products. Aerosol cooking spray products shall be permitted to be stored in a general purpose warehouse.

CFC § 2025 High relevance — show source text

generally by providing oxygen,
cause or contribute to the combustion of other mate-
rial more than air does.
H280, compressed gas would also apply.|

APPENDIX E-16 2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE

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APPENDIX E—HAZARD CATEGORIES

TABLE E104.2—CFC AND GHS HAZARD DEFINITIONS COMPARISONa—continued	Col2	Col3	Col4
**CFC MATERIAL**	**CFC CLASS**	CFC DEFINITION	GHS 2017 (REV 7) CLASSIFICATION (H-CODE AND CATEGORY); HAZARD STATEMENT; DEFINITION
Oxidizing gas	Liquified	An oxidizing gas that is liquefied [liquefied gases are gases that, in a packaging under the charged pressure, are partially liquid at 68°F (20°C)].	Any gas which may, generally by providing oxygen, cause or contribute to the combustion of other mate- rial more than air does. H270, Category 1; May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer. Any gas which may, generally by providing oxygen, cause or contribute to the combustion of other mate- rial more than air does. H280, liquefied gas, would also apply.
Pyrophoric	—	A chemical with an autoignition temperature in air, at or below a temperature of 130°F (54°C).	Separate definitions based on physical state; see each category of pyrophoric:
Pyrophoric	Solid	A solid with an autoignition temperature in air, at or below a temperature of 130°F (54°C).	H250, Category 1; Pyrophoric solid; Catches fire spon- taneously if exposed to air. A pyrophoric solid is a solid which, even in small quantities, is liable to ignite within 5 minutes after coming into contact with air. Classification criteria: The solid ignites within 5 minutes of coming into contact with air.
Pyrophoric	Liquid	A liquid with an autoignition temperature in air, at or below a temperature of 130°F (54°C).	H250, Category 1; Pyrophoric liquid; Catches fire spon- taneously if exposed to air: A pyrophoric liquid is a liquid which, even in small quantities, is liable to ignite within 5 minutes after coming into contact with air. Classification criteria: The liquid ignites within 5 minutes when added to an inert carrier and exposed to air, or it ignites or chars a filter paper on contact with air within 5 minutes. Testing is performed at 25 ±2°C and 50 ±5% relative humidity.
Pyrophoric	Gas	A gas with an autoignition temperature in air, at or below a temperature of 130°F (54°C).	H220, Category 1A; Extremely flammable gas.

CFC § 601.2 High relevance — show source text

APPENDIX C

TABLE C 601.2 SINGLE STACK SIZE*	Col2	Col3	Col4
MAXIMUM CONNECTED DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNITS	MAXIMUM CONNECTED DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNITS	MAXIMUM CONNECTED DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNITS	MAXIMUM CONNECTED DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNITS
STACK SIZE (inches)	STACKS LESS THAN 75 FEET IN HEIGHT	STACK 75 FEET TO LESS THAN 160 FEET IN HEIGHT	STACK 160 FEET OR GREATER IN HEIGHT
3	24	NP	NP
4	225	24	NP
5	480	225	24
6	1015	480	225
8	2320	1015	480
10	4500	2320	1015
12	8100	4500	2320
15	13 600	8100	4500

For SI units: 1 inch = 25 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm

NP = Not permitted

C 601.7 Stack Offsets. Where there are no fixture drain connections below a horizontal offset in a stack, the offset does not need to be vented. Where there are fixture drain connections below a horizontal offset in a stack, the offset shall be vented. There shall be no fixture connections to a stack within 2 feet (610 mm) above and below a horizontal offset.

C 601.8 Prohibited Connections Near Base of Stack. Where stacks are more than 75 feet (22 860 mm) high, a separate stack shall be provided for the fixtures on the lower two stories. The stack for the lower two stories shall be permitted to be connected to the branch of the building drain that serves the stack for the upper stories at a point that is not less than 8 feet (2438 mm) downstream from the base of the upper stack. Where stacks are less than 75 feet (22 860 mm) high but more than two stories high, the lowest story shall not connect within 8 feet (2438 mm) downstream from the base of the stack. Venting for the lowest story shall be provided in accordance with Section C 601.8.1 and Section C 601.8.2.

C 601.8.1 Conditional Vent. Venting of fixtures on the lowest floor shall be in accordance with Section 908.0 through Section 911.5 and may connect into the single-stack as a conditional vent. The conditional vent connects into the stack by means of a wye-fitting to prevent ingress of drainage into the vent. No more than 12 drainage fixture units (DFU) may be connected into the conditional vent and shall connect not less than 8 feet (2438 mm) above the stack base.

C 601.8.2 Other Branch Vent. Other branch vents shall be vented in accordance with Section 908.0 through Section 911.5.

CFC § 2.1.3 High relevance — show source text

TABLE R301.2.1.3—WIND SPEED CONVERSIONSa	Col2	Col3	Col4	Col5	Col6	Col7	Col8	Col9	Col10	Col11	Col12
Vult	110	115	120	130	140	150	160	170	180	190	200
Vasd	85	89	93	101	108	116	124	132	139	147	155
For SI: 1 mile per hour = 0.447 m/s. a. Linear interpolation is permitted.	For SI: 1 mile per hour = 0.447 m/s. a. Linear interpolation is permitted.	For SI: 1 mile per hour = 0.447 m/s. a. Linear interpolation is permitted.	For SI: 1 mile per hour = 0.447 m/s. a. Linear interpolation is permitted.	For SI: 1 mile per hour = 0.447 m/s. a. Linear interpolation is permitted.	For SI: 1 mile per hour = 0.447 m/s. a. Linear interpolation is permitted.	For SI: 1 mile per hour = 0.447 m/s. a. Linear interpolation is permitted.	For SI: 1 mile per hour = 0.447 m/s. a. Linear interpolation is permitted.	For SI: 1 mile per hour = 0.447 m/s. a. Linear interpolation is permitted.	For SI: 1 mile per hour = 0.447 m/s. a. Linear interpolation is permitted.	For SI: 1 mile per hour = 0.447 m/s. a. Linear interpolation is permitted.	For SI: 1 mile per hour = 0.447 m/s. a. Linear interpolation is permitted.

R301.2.1.4 Exposure category. For each wind direction considered, an exposure category that adequately reflects the characteristics of ground surface irregularities shall be determined for the site at which the building or structure is to be constructed. For a site located in the transition zone between categories, the category resulting in the largest wind forces shall apply. Account shall be taken of variations in ground surface roughness that arise from natural topography and vegetation as well as from constructed features. For a site where multiple detached one- and two-family dwellings, townhouses or other structures are to be constructed as part of a subdivision or master-planned community, or are otherwise designated as a developed area by the authority having jurisdiction, the exposure category for an individual structure shall be based on the site conditions that will exist at the time when all adjacent structures on the site have been constructed, provided that their construction is expected to begin within 1 year of the start of construction for the structure for which the exposure category is determined. For any given wind direction, the exposure in which a specific building or other structure is sited shall be assessed as being one of the following categories:

Exposure B. Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas or other terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of single-family dwellings or larger. Exposure B shall be assumed unless the site meets the definition of another type exposure.
Exposure C. Open terrain with scattered obstructions, including surface undulations or other irregularities, having heights generally less than 30 feet (9144 mm) extending more than 1,500 feet (457 m) from the building site in any quadrant.

CFC § 11-22 High relevance — show source text
11-22 2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE

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CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS

1106.1.1 Access to piles. Access roadways shall be within 150 feet (45 720 mm) of any point in the storage yard where storage piles are located not less than 20 feet (6096 mm) from any storage pile.

1106.1.2 Location within piles. Fire apparatus access roads shall be located within all pile clearances identified in Section 3405.4 and within all fire breaks required in Section 3405.5.

SECTION 1107—ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS

1107.1 Lithium-ion technology energy storage systems. The owner of an energy storage system (ESS) utilizing lithium-ion battery technology having capacities exceeding the values in Table 1207.1.3 and installed prior to the jurisdiction’s adoption of the 2018 or later edition of the California Fire Code shall provide the fire code official a failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) or other approved hazard mitigation analysis in accordance with Section 104.2.2 for review and approval.

Exception: Detached one- and two-family dwellings and townhouses.

1107.1.1 Early detection. In addition to the requirements of Sections 1207.1.8.1 and 1207.1.8.2, the analysis shall include an assessment of the ability of the installed protection systems to provide for early detection and notification of a thermal runaway event in relation to the ability of emergency responders to safely mitigate the size and impact of a thermal runaway event.

1107.1.2 Corrective action plan. Where hazards are identified by the analysis, a plan that includes a timetable for corrective action shall be submitted to the fire code official for review and approval. The plan shall include actions and system improvements necessary for eliminating or mitigating any identified hazards, including listed methods for early detection and notification of a thermal runaway event.

SECTION 1108—GROUP A PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM

1108.1 Group A occupancy public address system. Existing buildings or structures intended for public assemblies of 10,000 or more persons, which, on or after January 1, 1991, have or subsequently have installed a public address system, shall have an emergency backup power system for the public address system.

SECTIONS 1109 THROUGH 1112—RESERVED

SECTION 1113—EXISTING GROUP R-1 AND GROUP R-2 OCCUPANCIES [SFM]

1113.1 Scope. The provisions of this section are intended to maintain or increase the current degree of public safety, health and general welfare in existing buildings classified as Group R Occupancies.

1113.1.1 Application. In accordance with Health and Safety Code Section 13143.2, the provisions of Sections 1113.2 through 1113.12 shall only apply to multiple-story structures existing on January 1, 1975, let for human habitation, including, and limited to, apart- ment houses, hotels and motels wherein rooms used for sleeping are let above the ground floor.
CFC § 5001.3.3.15 High relevance — show source text
5001.3.3.15 Emergency plan. A written emergency plan shall be developed to ensure that proper actions are taken in the event of an emergency, and the plan shall be followed if an emergency condition occurs. The process of developing and updating the plan shall involve the participation of affected employees.

5001.3.3.16 Accident procedures. Written procedures for investigation and documentation of accidents shall be developed, and accidents shall be investigated and documented in accordance with these procedures.

5001.3.3.17 Consequence analysis. Where an accidental release of hazardous materials could endanger people or property, either on- or off-site, an analysis of the expected consequences of a plausible release shall be performed and utilized in the analysis and selection of active and passive hazard mitigation controls.

5001.3.3.18 Safety audits. Safety audits shall be conducted on a periodic basis to verify compliance with the requirements of this section.

5001.4 Retail and wholesale storage and display. For retail and wholesale storage and display of nonflammable solid and nonflammable or noncombustible liquid hazardous materials in Group M occupancies and storage in Group S occupancies, see Section 5003.11.

5001.5 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sections 105.5 and 105.6.

Where required by the fire code official, permittees shall apply for approval to permanently close a storage, use or handling facility. Such application shall be submitted not less than 30 days prior to the termination of the storage, use or handling of hazardous materials. The fire code official is authorized to require that the application be accompanied by an approved facility closure plan in accordance with Section 5001.6.3.

5001.5.1 Hazardous Materials Management Plan (HMMP) . Where required by the fire code official, an application for a permit shall include a Hazardous Materials Management Plan (HMMP). The HMMP shall include a facility site plan designating the following:
1. Access to each storage and use area.
2. Location of emergency equipment.
3. Location where liaison will meet emergency responders.
4. Facility evacuation meeting point locations.
5. The general purpose of other areas within the building.
6. Location of all above-ground and underground tanks and their appurtenances including, but not limited to, sumps, vaults, below-grade treatment systems and piping.
7. The hazard classes in each area.
8. Locations of all control areas and Group H occupancies.
9. Emergency exits.
[For SFM] The HMMP shall comply with Health and Safety Code, Chapter 6.95, Sections 25500 through 25545, and Title 19, Division 2, Chapter 4.

5001.5.2 Hazardous Materials Inventory Statement (HMIS). Where required by the fire code official, an application for a permit shall include an HMIS, such as Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) Title III, Tier II Report or other approved statement. The HMIS shall include the following information:
1. Product name.
2. Component.
3. Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) number.
4. Location where stored or used.
5. Container size.
6. Hazard classification.
7. Amount in storage.
8. Amount in use-closed systems.
9. Amount in use-open systems.
[For SFM] The HMIS shall comply with Health and Safety Code, Chapter 6.95, Sections 25500 through 25545, and Title 19, Division 2, Chapter 4.
CFC § 07-31 High relevance — show source text
1. The customer must contact the Underground Service Alert (USA) or PG&E to locate and mark underground facilities in the work area. Failure to do so can result in injury to personnel and/or costly damage to utility facilities.
2. When single-phase service larger than 200-amps or three-phase service is desired, consult PG&E.
3. Service Post Installation (see Page 3)
A The use of temporary service posts shall be restricted to installation of a temporary nature, such as building construction, temporary sales locations, etc. Temporary service posts shall be furnished and installed by the customer. If the temporary service is to be established at the permanent meter location, consult PG&E.

B Minimum dimensions of posts shall be 4” x 6” x 7’ 0” long and depth of setting shall be 24 inches minimum.

C Post installations shall be in protected locations, out of the way of vehicular traffic or other hazardous conditions.
1. Service to Substantial Portable Structure (see Page 4)
A Portable buildings, such as small sheds, combined office/toilet structures, etc., are not considered to be substantial structures unless staked in place in the manner shown in Figure 3 on Page 4.

B Temporary underground service to a portable building will only be connected to a substantial portable structure. For definition of substantial portable structure and method of installation, see Figure 3 on Page 4, Note 8A on Page 1, and Note 1 on Page 4.

Rev. #04: 07-31-15 036670 Page 1 of 4

UG-1: Services Greenbook EMWP Temporary Underground Electric Service Single-Phase, 120/240 Volt, 200 Amps Maximum
1. Grounding
The customer shall be responsible for bonding and grounding all exposed non-current-carrying metal parts. Grounding shall be in accordance with the National Electrical Code and local ordinances except that the grounding wire shall be protected against mechanical damage by rigid steel conduit or armored copper ground wire may be used (minimum #8 AWG copper). For installation, see Figure 1 on Page 3.
1. Service Trench
The minimum conduit depth shown in Figure 1 on Page 3 and Figure 3 on Page 4, may be reduced from 24 inches to 18 inches for the length of the customer’s service trench. However, in the vicinity of PG&E’s splice box, the conduit depth must be 24 inches to assure proper entry into boxes’ conduit knockout. Splice boxes without extensions do not require a 24-inch trench depth at the box location. Contact PG&E to determine if the splice box has an extension.

References Location Document

CFC § 1.75 High relevance — show source text

250|1.75|0.65|3.25|9.25|6.00|303844|303844| |1/0|2|SAPT-1/0-26|YE25R-60|0.250|1.75|0.65|3.25|9.25|6.00|303845|303845| |4/0|2/0|SAPT-4/0-206|YE28R-60|0.375|1.54|0.91|3.50|10.9|6.00|303846|W249
U249
U2492| |350|4/0|PTB-350-6|YE31AG3|0.460|2.25|1.12|4.70|10.7|6.00|303554|−
U31ART
U31ART2| |500/60
0|500|PTM-500-346|YE34AP-
GE|0.750|2.56|1.57|6.30|12.3|6.00|300013|−
U34ART3
U34ART2,3| |700|500|PTL-750|YE39AGB|0.750|2.56|1.60|6.30|12.3|6.00|303555|−
−
P39ART| |1,000|700|PTF-1000-34
6|YE44AG7|0.750|2.56|1.60|6.30|12.3|6.00|033757|−
−
P44ART|

1 Within this column, the first entry corresponds to a 6-ton press tool, the second entry corresponds to a 12-ton press tool, and the third entry corresponds to a 15-ton press tool. 2 A U-die adapter must be used when utilizing U-dies in 15-ton press tool. 3 Homac equivalent of this die is 106A.

Notes

The material for the pin terminals is on Table 41. Copper Rod-Soft Drawn, Tinned, Aluminum Connector EC Grade, Untinned
Connector is supplied pre-filled with inhibitor and sealed.
Connector is supplied pre-filled with inhibitor and sealed.
Pin terminals connected to copper secondary conductors use a copper connector. Pin terminals connected to aluminum secondary conductors use a fired wedge or h-tap.

Application

To make straight connections of insulated aluminum secondary neutral to bare copper neutral, see Note 10 Page 7.
To connect aluminum primary stress cone termination to terminal tap connector or cutout.
To make watertight termination for secondary risers.

015251 Page 38 of 39 Rev. #07: 03-25-22

UG-1: Connectors Greenbook Connectors for Insulated Cables Underground Distribution Systems

Pin Terminals (continued)

Table 42 Color Coding	Col2
Color Coding Requirements for Plastic End Plugs in Pin Terminals	Color Coding Requirements for Plastic End Plugs in Pin Terminals
Conductor Size	Plug Color
#6	Blue
#2	Red
1/0	Yellow
4/0	Pink
350	Brown
700	Purple

Table 43 Specifications and Ordering Information for Copper Pin Terminal

Frequently asked questions

When exactly do I need to submit the FMEA — at permitting or at inspection?

Submit the hazard mitigation analysis with the construction documents/permit application in accordance with § 1207.1.6 and § 104.2.2; the fire code official reviews and approves the analysis before final acceptance.

Does a product’s factory FMEA suffice?

Only if the product listing covers the specific failure modes and site conditions. The code explicitly requires the site hazard mitigation analysis to address failure modes not covered by the product listing. § 1207.1.6.1 (3).

If I have only one listed ESS technology but I want higher quantities, do I still need an FMEA?

Yes — if you are using hazard analysis as the basis to increase maximum allowable quantities, an FMEA is required under § 1207.1.6 (3).

Who can require an FMEA?

The fire code official (authority having jurisdiction) can require an FMEA where a potential hazard isn’t addressed by the code’s existing requirements. § 1207.1.6 (4).

What minimum failure modes must the FMEA evaluate?

At minimum: thermal runaway (electrochemical), mechanical failure (nonelectrochemical), BMS/fire-protection failures not covered by product listing, and failure of external protection systems (ventilation, detection, suppression). § 1207.1.6.1 (1–4).

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California Fire Code