CFC · California Fire Code

What construction and operational permits are required for ESS installations?

If you install or operate an ESS regulated by Chapter 12, the California Fire Code generally requires a construction permit (to install/charge/store) under **§ 105.6.6** and an operational permit (to operate or deploy) under **§ 105.5.14**, with the specific trigger and submittal requirements set out in **§ 1207.1.4** and the construction‑document list in **§ 1207.1.5**; narrow exemptions apply for certain small residential systems and some communications‑utility batteries.

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Last reviewed: July 6, 2026

What the code requires — 2–4 sentences

The California Fire Code requires both construction permits and operational permits for energy storage systems (ESS) depending on whether the ESS is stationary or mobile and on the activity (charging/storage vs deployment). The controlling provision for the permit requirement is § 1207.1.4 (construction and operational permits for stationary and mobile ESS) and the specific permit authorities invoked are § 105.6.6 (construction permit authority for ESS) and § 105.5.14 (operational permits for ESS).

If you install or operate an ESS that is regulated by Chapter 12, get a construction permit to build/alter and an operational permit to run it — unless a narrow code exemption applies. (See § 1207.1.4, § 105.6.6, § 105.5.14.)

Requirements in detail

Short decision table (what triggers which permit)

Activity / installation type Permit required? Trigger / key note Code Reference
Stationary ESS — new installation Construction permit required; Operational permit required All stationary ESS installations regulated by Chapter 12 must obtain a construction permit and an operational permit (unless exempted by § 105.5.14). § 1207.1.4, § 105.6.6, § 105.5.14.
Mobile ESS — charging & storage locations Construction permit required; Operational permit required for operations as indicated Charging/storage locations for mobile ESS are treated like permanent installations for permits and plans. § 1207.1.4, § 1207.10.3, § 105.6.6, § 105.5.14.
Mobile ESS — deployment (temporary on‑site use) Operational permit required (deployment operations) Deployment operations are specifically singled out for operational permits; shorter deployments may have special rules. § 1207.1.4, § 1207.10.3, § 105.5.14.
Detached one- and two‑family dwellings / townhouses (except Group R‑4) Operational permits NOT required The operational-permit requirement specifically excludes ESS at detached one- and two‑family dwellings and townhouses (except Group R‑4). § 105.5.14.

Notes:

  • The construction-permit authority for ESS is explicit: § 105.6.6 requires a construction permit to install ESS regulated by Section 1207.
  • The operational-permit category for ESS appears in the operational-permit table: § 105.5.14. Operational permits are required for stationary and mobile ESS regulated by Section 1207, with stated residential exceptions.

What you must deliver with a construction permit application

The code lists required construction documents for ESS permit applications (layout, ratings, manufacturer specs, commissioning & decommissioning plans, fire-protection/venting details, signage, seismic support, etc.). See § 1207.1.5 for the full list of required submittals.

Practical checklist (drawn from § 1207.1.5):

  • Location and layout diagram of ESS room/area.
  • Fire-resistance ratings of enclosing assemblies.
  • Quantities and types of ESS (nameplate kWh).
  • Manufacturer’s specifications/listings (UL 9540 listing where required).
  • Commissioning plan and decommissioning plan.

Thresholds you should check before assuming “no permit”

Several ESS technologies have explicit threshold quantities (kWh) that determine when Chapter 12 requirements apply (Table 1207.1.3). For example, lithium‑ion batteries: 20 kWh; lead‑acid: 70 kWh. If your installation meets or exceeds the relevant threshold, the Chapter 12 permit and protection rules apply. See Table 1207.1.3 and § 1207.1.4.

Exceptions & special cases

  • Communications‑utility battery systems: Operational permits are not required for lead–acid and nickel‑cadmium battery systems at communication‑utility facilities that comply with NFPA 76 and operate at less than 50 VAC and 60 VDC (see § 1207.1.4.1).
  • Residential single‑family/two‑family and townhouses: Operational permits are not required for ESS located at detached one‑ and two‑family dwellings and townhouses (other than Group R‑4). See § 105.5.14.
  • Mobile ESS temporary deployments: Mobile ESS deployments are regulated separately; deployments up to 30 days have special allowances, but deployments longer than 30 days (and up to 180 days) may require additional operational permits. See § 1207.10.7.1 and related mobile ESS permit rules under § 1207.10.3 and § 1207.1.4.

If your installation falls into one of the exceptions, the code still often requires submittals (for example, decommissioning plans, or that installations comply with NFPA 76), so verify the specific subsection text before assuming no permit or documentation is needed.

Common mistakes

  • Assuming all residential ESS are exempt. The exemption covers detached one‑ and two‑family dwellings and townhouses (except Group R‑4) for operational permits only; construction permits and chapter requirements may still apply depending on thresholds and system type. See § 105.5.14.
  • Failing to pull a construction permit for retrofits or replacements. Retrofits that change system size require a construction permit; replacements are treated as new installations per § 1207.3.7 and § 1207.3.8 (and construction-permit authority § 105.6.6).
  • Submitting incomplete construction documents. The code lists detailed submittal requirements (layout, fire ratings, manufacturer listings, commissioning/decommissioning plans) in § 1207.1.5; missing these delays approval.
  • Treating mobile deployment (temporary on‑site use) as the same as charging/storage: mobile charging/storage locations are treated like permanent installations for many requirements and need construction and operational permits as indicated in § 1207.10.3 and § 1207.1.4.

Worked example — concrete scenario

Scenario: A commercial warehouse owner wants to install a stationary lithium‑ion ESS with 50 kWh nameplate energy capacity.

  1. Check technology threshold: Lithium‑ion threshold = 20 kWh (Table 1207.1.3). A 50 kWh system exceeds the threshold, so Chapter 12 rules apply.
  2. Permits required:
    • Construction permit: Required for stationary ESS installations under § 1207.1.4(1) and by the construction‑permit list § 105.6.6. Pull a construction permit before installation.
    • Operational permit: Required for stationary ESS under § 1207.1.4(2) and § 105.5.14, unless another narrow exemption applies (it does not in this case for a commercial warehouse).
  3. Plan submittals: Prepare the construction documents listed in § 1207.1.5 (layout, fire‑rating info, manufacturer UL 9540 listing, commissioning and decommissioning plans, signage, fire protection/venting details, seismic support, etc.). Expect the fire code official to review these as part of the construction permit.
  4. Commissioning: The ESS must be commissioned per § 1207.2.1, and the commissioning report provided prior to final inspection/approval.

Bottom line: for this 50 kWh lithium‑ion system you must obtain a construction permit and an operational permit, and submit the detailed construction documents and commissioning plan required by Chapter 12.

Related provisions

  • § 1207.1.5 — Construction documents required with permit applications (layout, fire‑resistance ratings, specs, commissioning/decommissioning plans).
  • § 1207.10.3 — Mobile ESS permits (charging/storage and deployment operations).
  • § 1207.3.7 — Retrofits require construction permits and compliance (when size increases).
  • § 1207.2.1 — Commissioning requirements and commissioning report submittal.
  • Table 1207.1.3 — Threshold quantities by technology (kWh) — e.g., lithium‑ion = 20 kWh, lead‑acid = 70 kWh.
  • § 1207.10.7.1 — Duration limits and special rules for deployed mobile ESS (30‑day rule and extensions).

Code references

Grounded in the retrieved California Fire Code — click a citation to read the verbatim passage:

  • CFC § 12-10 High relevance — show source text

    Shall include vanadium, zinc-bromine, polysulfide-bromide and other flowing electrolyte-type technologies.
    c. Fifty gallons of lead-acid battery electrolyte shall be considered equivalent to 70 kWh.
    d. Covers nonelectrochemical technologies such as flywheel and thermal ESS.|

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    1207.1.4 Permits. Permits shall be obtained for ESS as follows:

    1. Construction permits shall be obtained for stationary ESS installations and for mobile ESS charging and storage installations covered by Section 1207.10.1. Permits shall be obtained in accordance with Section 105.6.6.
    2. Operational permits shall be obtained for stationary ESS installations and for mobile ESS deployment operations covered by Section 1207.10.3. Permits shall be obtained in accordance with Section 105.5.14.

    1207.1.4.1 Communication utilities. Operational permits shall not be required for lead-acid and nickel-cadmium battery systems at facilities under the exclusive control of communications utilities that comply with NFPA 76 and operate at less than 50 voltage alternating current (VAC) and 60 voltage direct current (VDC).

    1207.1.5 Construction documents. The following information shall be provided with the permit application:

    1. Location and layout diagram of the room or area in which the ESS is to be installed.
    2. Details on the hourly fire-resistance ratings of assemblies enclosing the ESS.
    3. The quantities and types of ESS to be installed.
    4. Manufacturer’s specifications, ratings and listings of each ESS.
    5. Description of energy (battery) management systems and their operation.
    6. Location and content of required signage.
    7. Details on fire suppression, smoke or fire detection, thermal management, ventilation, exhaust and deflagration venting systems, if provided.
    8. Support arrangement associated with the installation, including any required seismic restraint.
    9. A commissioning plan complying with Section 1207.2.1.
    10. A decommissioning plan complying with Section 1207.2.3.
    11. A fire safety and evacuation plan in accordance with Section 404.

    1207.1.5.1 Utilities applicability. Plans and specifications associated with ESS owned and operated by electric utilities as a component of the electric grid that are considered critical infrastructure documents in accordance with the provisions of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation and other applicable governmental laws and regulations shall be made available to the fire code official for viewing based on the requirements of the applicable governmental laws and regulations. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.1.6 Hazard mitigation analysis. A failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) or other approved hazard mitigation analysis shall be provided in accordance with Section 104.2.2 under any of the following conditions:

    1. Where ESS technologies not specifically identified in Table 1207.1.3 are provided.
    2. More than one ESS technology is provided in a single fire area where there is a potential for adverse interaction between technologies.
    3. Where allowed as a basis for increasing maximum allowable quantities. See Section 1207.5.2.
    4. Where required by the fire code official to address a potential hazard with an ESS installation that is not addressed by existing requirements.
  • CFC § 1207.1.3 High relevance — show source text
    TABLE 1207.1.3—ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM (ESS) THRESHOLD QUANTITIES Col2
    TECHNOLOGY ENERGY CAPACITYa
    Capacitor ESS 3 kWh
    Flow batteriesb 20 kWh
    Lead-acid batteries, all types 70 kWhc
    Lithium-ion batteries 20 kWh
    Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd), nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) and nickel zinc (Ni-Zn) batteries 70 kWh
    Nonelectrochemical ESSd 70 kWh
    Other battery technologies 10 kWh
    Other electrochemical ESS technologies 3 kWh
    Sodium nickel chloride batteries 70 kWh
    Zinc manganese dioxide batteries (Zn-MnO2) 70 kWh
    For SI: 1 kilowatt hour = 3.6 megajoules.
    a. Energy capacity is the total energy capable of being stored (nameplate rating), not the usable energy rating. For units rated in amp-hours, kWh shall equal rated voltage
    times amp-hour rating divided by 1,000.
    b. Shall include vanadium, zinc-bromine, polysulfide-bromide and other flowing electrolyte-type technologies.
    c. Fifty gallons of lead-acid battery electrolyte shall be considered equivalent to 70 kWh.
    d. Covers nonelectrochemical technologies such as flywheel and thermal ESS.    		 For SI: 1 kilowatt hour = 3.6 megajoules.
    a. Energy capacity is the total energy capable of being stored (nameplate rating), not the usable energy rating. For units rated in amp-hours, kWh shall equal rated voltage
    times amp-hour rating divided by 1,000.
    b. Shall include vanadium, zinc-bromine, polysulfide-bromide and other flowing electrolyte-type technologies.
    c. Fifty gallons of lead-acid battery electrolyte shall be considered equivalent to 70 kWh.
    d. Covers nonelectrochemical technologies such as flywheel and thermal ESS.

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    1207.1.4 Permits. Permits shall be obtained for ESS as follows:

    1. Construction permits shall be obtained for stationary ESS installations and for mobile ESS charging and storage installations covered by Section 1207.10.1. Permits shall be obtained in accordance with Section 105.6.6.
    2. Operational permits shall be obtained for stationary ESS installations and for mobile ESS deployment operations covered by Section 1207.10.3. Permits shall be obtained in accordance with Section 105.5.14.

    1207.1.4.1 Communication utilities. Operational permits shall not be required for lead-acid and nickel-cadmium battery systems at facilities under the exclusive control of communications utilities that comply with NFPA 76 and operate at less than 50 voltage alternating current (VAC) and 60 voltage direct current (VDC).

    1207.1.5 Construction documents. The following information shall be provided with the permit application:

    1. Location and layout diagram of the room or area in which the ESS is to be installed.
    2. Details on the hourly fire-resistance ratings of assemblies enclosing the ESS.
    3. The quantities and types of ESS to be installed.
    4. Manufacturer’s specifications, ratings and listings of each ESS.
  • CFC § 1207.10.2 High relevance — show source text

    Exception: Mobile ESS used to temporarily provide power to lead-acid and nickel-cadmium systems that are used for DC power for control of substations and control or safe shutdown of generating stations under the exclusive control of the electric utility, and located outdoors or in building spaces used exclusively for such installations. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.2 Deployment. For the purpose of Section 1207.10, deployment covers operations where mobile ESS are located at a site other than the charging and storage site and are being used to provide power.

    Exception: Mobile ESS used to temporarily provide power to lead-acid and nickel-cadmium systems that are used for DC power for control of substations and control or safe shutdown of generating stations under the exclusive control of the electric utility, and located outdoors or in building spaces used exclusively for such installations. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.3 Permits. Construction and operational permits shall be provided for charging and storage of mobile ESS and operational permits shall be provided for deployment of mobile ESS as required by Section 1207.1.4.

    1207.10.4 Construction documents. Construction documents complying with Section 1207.1.5 shall be provided with the construction permit application for mobile ESS charging and storage locations.

    1207.10.4.1 Deployment documents. The following information shall be provided with the operation permit applications for mobile ESS deployments:

    1. Relevant information for the mobile ESS equipment and protection measures in the construction documents required by Section 1207.1.5.

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    1. Location and layout diagram of the area in which the mobile ESS is to be deployed, including a scale diagram of all nearby exposures.

    2. Location and content of signage, including no smoking signs.

    3. Description of fencing to be provided around the ESS, including locking methods.

    4. Details on fire suppression, smoke and automatic fire detection, system monitoring, thermal management, exhaust ventilation and explosion control, if provided.

    5. For deployment, the intended duration of operation, including anticipated connection and disconnection times and dates.

    6. Location and description of local staging stops during transit to the deployment site. See Section 1207.10.7.5.

    7. Description of the temporary wiring, including connection methods, conductor type and size, and circuit overcurrent protection to be provided.

    8. Description of how fire suppression system connections to water supplies or extinguishing agents are to be provided.

    9. Contact information for personnel who are responsible for maintaining and servicing the equipment, and responding to emergencies as required by Section 1207.1.8.1. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.5 Approved locations. Locations where mobile ESS are charged, stored and deployed shall be restricted to the locations established on the construction and operational permits. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.6 Charging and storage. Installations where mobile ESS are charged and stored shall be treated as permanent ESS indoor or outdoor installations, and shall comply with the following sections, as applicable:

    1. Indoor charging and storage shall comply with Section 1207.7.
    2. Outdoor charging and storage shall comply with Section 1207.8.
    3. Charging and storage on rooftops and in open parking garages shall comply with Section 1207.9.
  • CFC § 1207.10.2. High relevance — show source text

    See Section 1207.10.2.
    b. Mobile operations on wheeled vehicles and trailers shall not be required to comply with Section 1207.4.4 seismic and structural load requirements.
    c. Fire suppression system connections to the water supply shall be permitted to use approved temporary connections.
    d. In walk-in units, spacing is not required between ESS units and the walls of the enclosure.
    e. Alarm signals are not required to be transmitted to an approved location for mobile ESS deployed 30 days or less.|a. See Section 1207.10.2.
    b. Mobile operations on wheeled vehicles and trailers shall not be required to comply with Section 1207.4.4 seismic and structural load requirements.
    c. Fire suppression system connections to the water supply shall be permitted to use approved temporary connections.
    d. In walk-in units, spacing is not required between ESS units and the walls of the enclosure.
    e. Alarm signals are not required to be transmitted to an approved location for mobile ESS deployed 30 days or less.|a. See Section 1207.10.2.
    b. Mobile operations on wheeled vehicles and trailers shall not be required to comply with Section 1207.4.4 seismic and structural load requirements.
    c. Fire suppression system connections to the water supply shall be permitted to use approved temporary connections.
    d. In walk-in units, spacing is not required between ESS units and the walls of the enclosure.
    e. Alarm signals are not required to be transmitted to an approved location for mobile ESS deployed 30 days or less.|

    1207.10.1 Charging and storage. For the purpose of Section 1207.10, charging and storage covers the operation where mobile ESS are charged and stored so they are ready for deployment to another site, and where they are charged and stored after a deployment.

    Exception: Mobile ESS used to temporarily provide power to lead-acid and nickel-cadmium systems that are used for DC power for control of substations and control or safe shutdown of generating stations under the exclusive control of the electric utility, and located outdoors or in building spaces used exclusively for such installations. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.2 Deployment. For the purpose of Section 1207.10, deployment covers operations where mobile ESS are located at a site other than the charging and storage site and are being used to provide power.

    Exception: Mobile ESS used to temporarily provide power to lead-acid and nickel-cadmium systems that are used for DC power for control of substations and control or safe shutdown of generating stations under the exclusive control of the electric utility, and located outdoors or in building spaces used exclusively for such installations. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.3 Permits. Construction and operational permits shall be provided for charging and storage of mobile ESS and operational permits shall be provided for deployment of mobile ESS as required by Section 1207.1.4.

    1207.10.4 Construction documents. Construction documents complying with Section 1207.1.5 shall be provided with the construction permit application for mobile ESS charging and storage locations.

    1207.10.4.1 Deployment documents. The following information shall be provided with the operation permit applications for mobile ESS deployments:

    1. Relevant information for the mobile ESS equipment and protection measures in the construction documents required by Section 1207.1.5.

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  • CFC § 1207.10.7.5. High relevance — show source text

    1. Location and layout diagram of the area in which the mobile ESS is to be deployed, including a scale diagram of all nearby exposures.

    2. Location and content of signage, including no smoking signs.

    3. Description of fencing to be provided around the ESS, including locking methods.

    4. Details on fire suppression, smoke and automatic fire detection, system monitoring, thermal management, exhaust ventilation and explosion control, if provided.

    5. For deployment, the intended duration of operation, including anticipated connection and disconnection times and dates.

    6. Location and description of local staging stops during transit to the deployment site. See Section 1207.10.7.5.

    7. Description of the temporary wiring, including connection methods, conductor type and size, and circuit overcurrent protection to be provided.

    8. Description of how fire suppression system connections to water supplies or extinguishing agents are to be provided.

    9. Contact information for personnel who are responsible for maintaining and servicing the equipment, and responding to emergencies as required by Section 1207.1.8.1. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.5 Approved locations. Locations where mobile ESS are charged, stored and deployed shall be restricted to the locations established on the construction and operational permits. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.6 Charging and storage. Installations where mobile ESS are charged and stored shall be treated as permanent ESS indoor or outdoor installations, and shall comply with the following sections, as applicable:

    1. Indoor charging and storage shall comply with Section 1207.7.
    2. Outdoor charging and storage shall comply with Section 1207.8.
    3. Charging and storage on rooftops and in open parking garages shall comply with Section 1207.9.

    Exceptions:

    1. Electrical connections shall be permitted to be made using temporary wiring complying with the manufacturer’s instructions, the UL 9540 listing and the California Electrical Code .
    2. Fire suppression system connections to the water supply shall be permitted to use approved temporary connections. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.7 Deployed mobile ESS requirements. Deployed mobile ESS equipment and operations shall comply with this section and Table 1207.10. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.7.1 Duration. The duration of mobile ESS deployment shall not exceed 30 days.

    Exceptions:

    1. Mobile ESS deployments that provide power for durations longer than 30 days shall comply with Section 1207.10.6.
    2. Mobile ESS deployments shall not exceed 180 days unless additional operational permits are obtained. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.7.2 Restricted locations. Deployed mobile ESS operations shall not be located indoors, in covered parking garages, on rooftops, below grade or under building overhangs. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.7.3 Clearance to exposures. Deployed mobile ESS shall be separated by a minimum of 10 feet (3048 mm) from the following exposures:

    1. Public ways.

    2. Buildings.

    3. Stored combustible materials.

    4. Hazardous materials.

    5. High-piled storage.

    6. Other exposure hazards.

  • CFC § 1207.1.7. High relevance — show source text
    1. Clearances to buildings are permitted to be reduced to 3 feet (914 mm) where a weatherproof enclosure constructed of noncombustible materials is provided over the ESS, and it has been demonstrated that a fire within the enclosure will not ignite combustible materials outside the enclosure based on large-scale fire testing complying with Section 1207.1.7.

    1207.8.4 Exterior wall installations. ESS shall be permitted to be installed outdoors on exterior walls of buildings when all of the following conditions are met:

    1. The maximum energy capacity of individual ESS units shall not exceed 20 kWh.
    2. The ESS shall comply with applicable requirements in Section 1207.
    3. The ESS shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and their listing.
    4. Individual ESS units shall be separated from each other by at least 3 feet (914 mm).
    5. The ESS shall be separated from doors, windows, operable openings into buildings or HVAC inlets by at least 5 feet (1524 mm).

    Exception: Where approved, smaller separation distances in Items 4 and 5 shall be permitted based on large-scale fire testing complying with Section 1207.1.7. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

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    1207.9 Special installations. Rooftop and open parking garage ESS installations shall comply with Sections 1207.9.1 through 1207.9.6.

    TABLE 1207.9—SPECIAL ESS INSTALLATIONS Col2 Col3 Col4
    COMPLIANCE REQUIRED COMPLIANCE REQUIRED ROOFTOPSa OPEN PARKING GARAGESb
    Feature Section Section Section
    All ESS installations 1207.4 Yes Yes
    Clearance to exposures 1207.9.3 Yes Yes
    Fire suppression systems 1207.9.4 Yes Yes
    Maximum allowable quantities 1207.5.2 Yes Yes
    Maximum enclosure size 1207.5.6 Yes Yes
    Means of egress separation 1207.5.8 Yes Yes
    Open parking garage installations 1207.9.6 No Yes
    Rooftop installations 1207.9.5 Yes No
    Size and separation 1207.5.1 Yes Yes
    Smoke and automatic fire detection 1207.5.4 Yes Yes
    Technology-specific protection 1207.6 Yes Yes
    a. See Section 1207.9.1.
    b. See Section 1207.9.2.    		 a. See Section 1207.9.1.
    b. See Section 1207.9.2.    		 a. See Section 1207.9.1.
    b. See Section 1207.9.2.    		 a. See Section 1207.9.1.
    b. See Section 1207.9.2.

    1207.9.1 Rooftop installations. For the purpose of Table 1207.9, rooftop ESS installations are those located on the roofs of buildings. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  • CFC § 1207.3.7 High relevance — show source text

    1207.3.7 Retrofits. Retrofitting of an existing ESS shall comply with the following:

    1. A construction permit shall be obtained in accordance with Section 105.6.6.
    2. New batteries, battery modules, capacitors and similar ESS components shall be listed.
    3. Battery management and other monitoring systems shall be connected and installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

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    1. The overall installation shall continue to comply with UL 9540 listing requirements, where applicable.
    2. Systems that have been retrofitted shall be commissioned in accordance with Section 1207.2.1.
    3. Retrofits shall be documented in the service records log. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.3.7.1 Retrofitting lead acid and nickel cadmium. Changing out or retrofitting of lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries with other lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries in the following applications shall be considered repairs where there is no increase in system size or energy capacity greater than 10 percent of the original design.

    1. At facilities under the exclusive control of communications utilities that comply with NFPA 76 and operate at less than 50 VAC and 60 VDC.

    2. Battery systems used for DC power for control of substations and control or safe shutdown of generating stations under the exclusive control of the electric utility, and located outdoors or in building spaces used exclusively for such installations.

    3. Batteries in uninterruptible power supplies listed and labeled in accordance with UL 1778 and used for standby power applications only.

    (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.3.8 Replacements. Replacements of ESS shall be considered new ESS installations and shall comply with the provisions of Section 1207 as applicable to new ESS. The ESS being replaced shall be decommissioned in accordance with Section 1207.2.3. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.3.9 Reused and repurposed equipment. Equipment and materials shall only be reused or reinstalled as permitted in Section 104.9.1. Storage batteries previously used in other applications, such as electric vehicle propulsion, shall not be reused in applications regulated by Chapter 12 unless approved by the fire code official and unless the equipment is refurbished by a battery refurbishing company approved in accordance with UL 1974. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.4 General installations requirements. Stationary and mobile ESS shall comply with the requirements of Sections 1207.4.1 through 1207.4.12.

    1207.4.1 Electrical disconnects. Where the ESS disconnecting means is not within sight of the main electrical service disconnecting means, placards or directories shall be installed at the location of the main electrical service disconnecting means indicating the location of stationary storage battery system disconnecting means in accordance with the California Electrical Code .

    Exception: Electrical disconnects for lead-acid and nickel-cadmium battery systems at facilities under the exclusive control of communications utilities and operating at less than 50 VAC and 60 VDC shall be permitted to have electrical disconnects signage in accordance with NFPA 76.

  • CFC § 1207.2 High relevance — show source text

    1207.2 Commissioning, decommissioning, operation and maintenance. Commissioning, decommissioning, operation and maintenance shall be conducted in accordance with this section.

    1207.2.1 Commissioning. Commissioning of newly installed ESS and existing ESS that have been retrofitted, replaced or previously decommissioned and are returning to service shall be conducted prior to the ESS being placed in service in accordance with a commissioning plan that has been approved prior to initiating commissioning. The commissioning plan shall include the following:

    1. A narrative description of the activities that will be accomplished during each phase of commissioning, including the personnel intended to accomplish each of the activities.
    2. A listing of the specific ESS and associated components, controls and safety-related devices to be tested, a description of the tests to be performed and the functions to be tested.
    3. Conditions under which all testing will be performed, which are representative of the conditions during normal operation of the system.
    4. Documentation of the owner’s project requirements and the basis of design necessary to understand the installation and operation of the ESS.
    5. Verification that required equipment and systems are installed in accordance with the approved plans and specifications.
    6. Integrated testing for all fire and safety systems.
    7. Testing for any required thermal management, ventilation or exhaust systems associated with the ESS installation.
    8. Preparation and delivery of operation and maintenance documentation.
    9. Training of facility operating and maintenance staff.
    10. Identification and documentation of the requirements for maintaining system performance to meet the original design intent during the operation phase.
    11. Identification and documentation of personnel who are qualified to service, maintain and decommission the ESS, and respond to incidents involving the ESS, including documentation that such service has been contracted for./p>
    12. A decommissioning plan for removing the ESS from service, and from the facility in which it is located. The plan shall include details on providing a safe, orderly shutdown of energy storage and safety systems with notification to the code officials prior to the actual decommissioning of the system. The decommissioning plan shall include contingencies for removing an intact operational ESS from service, and for removing an ESS from service that has been damaged by a fire or other event.

    Exceptions:

    1. Commissioning shall not be required for lead-acid and nickel-cadmium battery systems at facilities under the exclusive control of communications utilities that comply with NFPA 76 and operate at less than 50 VAC and 60 VDC. A decommissioning plan shall be provided and maintained where required by the fire code official.
    2. Lead-acid and nickel-cadmium battery systems less than 50 VAC, 60 VDC that are in telecommunications facilities for installations of communications equipment under the exclusive control of communications utilities, and are located outdoors or in building spaces or walk-in units used exclusively for such installations that are in compliance with NFPA 76, shall be permitted to have a commissioning plan in compliance with recognized industry practices in lieu of complying with Section 1207.2.1.
    3. Lead-acid and nickel-cadmium battery systems that are used for DC power for control of substations and control or safe shutdown of generating stations under the exclusive control of the electric utilities, and are located in building spaces or walk-in units used exclusively for such installations, shall be permitted to have a commissioning plan in compliance with applicable governmental laws and regulations in lieu of developing a commissioning plan in accordance with Section 1207.2.1. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)
  • CFC § 105.5.11 High relevance — show source text
    1. The display of liquid- or gas-fired equipment in the mall.
    2. The use of open-flame or flame-producing equipment in the mall.

    105.5.11 Cryogenic fluids. An operational permit is required to produce, store, transport on site, use, handle or dispense cryogenic fluids in excess of the amounts listed in Table 105.5.11.

    Exception: Permits are not required for vehicles equipped for and using cryogenic fluids as a fuel for propelling the vehicle or for refrigerating the lading.

    TABLE 105.5.11—PERMIT AMOUNTS FOR CRYOGENIC FLUIDS Col2 Col3
    TYPE OF
    CRYOGENIC FLUID    		 INSIDE BUILDING
    (gallons)    		 OUTSIDE BUILDING
    (gallons)
    Flammable More than 1 60
    Inert 60 500
    Oxidizing (includes oxygen) 10 50
    Physical or health hazard not indicated above Any Amount Any Amount
    For SI: 1 gallon = 3.785 L. For SI: 1 gallon = 3.785 L. For SI: 1 gallon = 3.785 L.

    105.5.12 Cutting and welding. An operational permit is required to conduct cutting or welding operations within the jurisdiction.

    105.5.13 Dry cleaning. An operational permit is required to engage in the business of dry cleaning or to change to a more hazardous cleaning solvent used in existing dry cleaning equipment.

    105.5.14 Energy storage systems. An operational permit is required for stationary and mobile energy storage systems regulated by Section 1207. Operational permits shall not be required for ESS located at detached one- and two-family dwellings and town- houses, other than Group R-4.

    105.5.15 Exhibits and trade shows. An operational permit is required to operate exhibits and trade shows.

    105.5.16 Explosives. An operational permit is required for the manufacture, storage, handling, sale or use of any quantity of explosives, explosive materials, fireworks or pyrotechnic special effects within the scope of Chapter 56. See Health and Safety Code Division 11, Part 1, Sections 12000, et seq. for additional requirements.

    Exception: Storage in Group R-3 occupancies of smokeless propellant, black powder and small arms primers for personal use, not for resale and in accordance with Section 5606.

    105.5.17 Fire hydrants and valves. An operational permit is required to use or operate fire hydrants or valves intended for fire suppression purposes that are installed on water systems and provided with ready access from a fire apparatus access road that is open to or generally used by the public.

    Exception: A permit is not required for authorized employees of the water company that supplies the system or the fire department to use or operate fire hydrants or valves.

    105.5.18 Flammable and combustible liquids. An operational permit is required:

    1. To use or operate a pipeline for the transportation within facilities of flammable or combustible liquids. This requirement shall not apply to the off-site transportation in pipelines regulated by the Department of Transportation (DOTn) nor does it apply to piping systems.
  • CFC § 105.5.14 High relevance — show source text

    105.5.14 Energy storage systems. An operational permit is required for stationary and mobile energy storage systems regulated by Section 1207. Operational permits shall not be required for ESS located at detached one- and two-family dwellings and town- houses, other than Group R-4.

    105.5.15 Exhibits and trade shows. An operational permit is required to operate exhibits and trade shows.

    105.5.16 Explosives. An operational permit is required for the manufacture, storage, handling, sale or use of any quantity of explosives, explosive materials, fireworks or pyrotechnic special effects within the scope of Chapter 56. See Health and Safety Code Division 11, Part 1, Sections 12000, et seq. for additional requirements.

    Exception: Storage in Group R-3 occupancies of smokeless propellant, black powder and small arms primers for personal use, not for resale and in accordance with Section 5606.

    105.5.17 Fire hydrants and valves. An operational permit is required to use or operate fire hydrants or valves intended for fire suppression purposes that are installed on water systems and provided with ready access from a fire apparatus access road that is open to or generally used by the public.

    Exception: A permit is not required for authorized employees of the water company that supplies the system or the fire department to use or operate fire hydrants or valves.

    105.5.18 Flammable and combustible liquids. An operational permit is required:

    1. To use or operate a pipeline for the transportation within facilities of flammable or combustible liquids. This requirement shall not apply to the off-site transportation in pipelines regulated by the Department of Transportation (DOTn) nor does it apply to piping systems.
    2. To store, handle or use Class I liquids in excess of 5 gallons (19 L) in a building or in excess of 10 gallons (37.9 L) outside of a building, except that a permit is not required for the following: 2.1. The storage or use of Class I liquids in the fuel tank of a motor vehicle, aircraft, motorboat, mobile power plant or mobile heating plant, unless such storage, in the opinion of the fire code official, would cause an unsafe condition.

    2.2. The storage or use of paints, oils, varnishes or similar flammable mixtures where such liquids are stored for maintenance, painting or similar purposes for a period of not more than 30 days. 3. To store, handle or use Class II or Class IIIA liquids in excess of 25 gallons (95 L) in a building or in excess of 60 gallons (227 L) outside a building, except for fuel oil used in connection with oil-burning equipment. 4. To store, handle or use Class IIIB liquids in tanks or portable tanks for fueling motor vehicles at motor fuel-dispensing facilities or where connected to fuel-burning equipment.

    Exception: Fuel oil and used motor oil used for space heating or water heating. 5. To remove Class I or II liquids from an underground storage tank used for fueling motor vehicles by any means other than the approved, stationary on-site pumps normally used for dispensing purposes. 6. To operate tank vehicles, equipment, tanks, plants, terminals, wells, fuel-dispensing stations, refineries, distilleries and similar facilities where flammable and combustible liquids are produced, processed, transported, stored, dispensed or used.

    1-20 2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

  • CFC § 1207.3.8 High relevance — show source text

    (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.3.8 Replacements. Replacements of ESS shall be considered new ESS installations and shall comply with the provisions of Section 1207 as applicable to new ESS. The ESS being replaced shall be decommissioned in accordance with Section 1207.2.3. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.3.9 Reused and repurposed equipment. Equipment and materials shall only be reused or reinstalled as permitted in Section 104.9.1. Storage batteries previously used in other applications, such as electric vehicle propulsion, shall not be reused in applications regulated by Chapter 12 unless approved by the fire code official and unless the equipment is refurbished by a battery refurbishing company approved in accordance with UL 1974. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.4 General installations requirements. Stationary and mobile ESS shall comply with the requirements of Sections 1207.4.1 through 1207.4.12.

    1207.4.1 Electrical disconnects. Where the ESS disconnecting means is not within sight of the main electrical service disconnecting means, placards or directories shall be installed at the location of the main electrical service disconnecting means indicating the location of stationary storage battery system disconnecting means in accordance with the California Electrical Code .

    Exception: Electrical disconnects for lead-acid and nickel-cadmium battery systems at facilities under the exclusive control of communications utilities and operating at less than 50 VAC and 60 VDC shall be permitted to have electrical disconnects signage in accordance with NFPA 76.

    1207.4.2 Working clearances. Access and working space shall be provided and maintained about all electrical equipment to permit ready and safe operation and maintenance of such equipment in accordance with the California Electrical Code and the manufacturer’s instructions.

    1207.4.3 Fire-resistance-rated separations. Rooms and other indoor areas containing ESS shall be separated from other areas of the building in accordance with Section 1207.7.4. ESS shall be permitted to be in the same room with the equipment they support.

    1207.4.4 Seismic and structural design. Stationary ESS shall comply with the seismic design requirements in Chapter 16 of the California Building Code, and shall not exceed the floor loading limitation of the building.

    1207.4.5 Vehicle impact protection. Where ESS are subject to impact by a motor vehicle, including forklifts, vehicle impact protection shall be provided in accordance with Section 312.

    1207.4.6 Combustible storage. Combustible materials shall not be stored in ESS rooms, areas or walk-in units. Combustible materials in occupied work centers covered by Section 1207.4.10 shall be stored at least 3 feet (914 mm) from ESS cabinets.

    1207.4.7 Toxic and highly toxic gases. ESS that have the potential to release toxic and highly toxic gas during charging, discharging and normal use conditions shall be provided with a hazardous exhaust system in accordance with Chapter 5 of the California Mechanical Code .

  • CFC § 1207.1.7 High relevance — show source text

    Exceptions: (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1. Where approved, explosion control is permitted to be waived by the fire code official based on large-scale fire testing complying with Section 1207.1.7 that demonstrates that flammable gases are not liberated from electrochemical ESS cells or modules.

    2. Where approved, explosion control is permitted to be waived by the fire code official based on documentation provided in accordance with Section 104.2.2 that demonstrates that the electrochemical ESS technology to be used does not have the potential to release flammable gas concentrations in excess of 25 percent of the LFL anywhere in the room, area, walk-in unit or structure under thermal runaway or other fault conditions.

    3. Where approved, ESS cabinets that have no debris, shrapnel or enclosure pieces ejected during large-scale fire testing complying with Section 1207.1.5 shall be permitted in lieu of providing explosion control complying with Section 911.

    4. Explosion control is not required for lead-acid and nickel-cadmium battery systems less than 50 VAC, 60 VDC in telecommunication facilities under the exclusive control of communications utilities located in building spaces or walk-in units used exclusively for such installations.

    5. Explosion control is not required for lead-acid and nickel-cadmium systems used for DC power for control of substations and control or safe shutdown of generating stations under the exclusive control of the electric utility, located in building spaces or walk-in units used exclusively for such installations.

    6. Explosion control is not required for lead-acid battery systems in uninterruptable power supplies listed and labeled in accordance with UL 1778, utilized for standby power applications, and housed in a single cabinet in a single fire area in buildings or walk-in units.

    1207.6.4 Safety caps. Where required by Table 1207.6 or elsewhere in this code, vented batteries and other ESS shall be provided with flame-arresting safety caps.

    1207.6.5 Thermal runaway. Where required by Table 1207.6 or elsewhere in this code, batteries and other ESS shall be provided with a listed device or other approved method to prevent, detect and minimize the impact of thermal runaway.

    1207.7 Indoor installations. Indoor ESS installations shall be in accordance with Sections 1207.7.1 through 1207.7.4. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    12-18 2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    ENERGY SYSTEMS

    TABLE 1207.7—INDOOR ESS INSTALLATIONS Col2 Col3 Col4
    COMPLIANCE REQUIRED COMPLIANCE REQUIRED DEDICATED-USE
    BUILDINGSa    		 NONDEDICATED-USE
    BUILDINGSb
    Feature Section Section Section
    Dwelling units and sleeping units 1207.7.3 NA Yes
    COMPLIANCE REQUIRED COMPLIANCE REQUIRED DEDICATED-USE
    BUILDINGSa    		 NONDEDICATED-USE
    BUILDINGSb
    Feature Section Section Section
    Elevation 1207.5.

Frequently asked questions

Do I always need both a construction and an operational permit for an ESS?

Not always. The default for Chapter 12 ESS is that stationary and certain mobile activities require construction permits (installation/charging & storage sites) and operational permits (operation/deployment), per § 1207.1.4, § 105.6.6, and § 105.5.14. However, operational permits are explicitly not required for ESS at detached one‑ and two‑family dwellings and townhouses (other than Group R‑4).

If I replace batteries in an existing ESS, do I need a new construction permit?

Replacements are considered new ESS installations and must comply with Section 1207; decommissioning the old system and obtaining applicable permits is required. Retrofits that do not increase capacity more than 10% may be treated as repairs in narrow telecom/electric‑utility cases, see § 1207.3.7 and § 1207.3.9.

Are there abbreviated permit requirements for mobile ESS deployed short‑term?

Yes. Mobile ESS deployments have specific operational permit rules and duration limits (deployments up to 30 days have some modified requirements), but the code still requires operational permits for deployments as described in § 1207.10.3 and § 1207.10.7. Check with the authority having jurisdiction for deployment durations and permitted locations.

What minimum documents should I prepare to speed plan review?

Prepare the items listed in § 1207.1.5: location/layout, fire‑resistance ratings, quantities & technology, manufacturer listings (UL 9540 when applicable), protection system details, commissioning and decommissioning plans, signage and emergency contact info. Submitting these complete materials avoids delays.

Who decides whether an exception applies (e.g., communication facilities)?

The fire code official determines applicability of exceptions and may require additional documentation (for example, NFPA 76 compliance) before granting an exemption per § 1207.1.4.1 and other exception clauses. Always confirm with your local fire code official.

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