Mobile ESS, Residential Installations & Utility/Communications Exemptions

Grounded in the retrieved California Fire Code — click a citation to read the verbatim passage:

• CFC § 12-16 High relevance — show source text

  Exceptions:

  1. Fire suppression systems for lead-acid and nickel-cadmium battery systems at facilities under the exclusive control of communications utilities that operate at less than 50 VAC and 60 VDC shall be provided where required by NFPA 76.
  2. Lead-acid and nickel-cadmium systems that are used for DC power for control of substations and control or safe shutdown of generating stations under the exclusive control of the electric utility, and located outdoors or in building spaces used exclusively for such installations, shall not be required to have a fire suppression system installed.
  3. Lead-acid battery systems in uninterruptable power supplies listed and labeled in accordance with UL 1778, utilized for standby power applications, which is limited to not more than 10 percent of the floor area on the floor on which the ESS is located, shall not be required to have a fire suppression system. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  12-16 2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE

  on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

  ENERGY SYSTEMS

  1207.5.5.1 Water-reactive systems. Electrochemical ESS that utilize water-reactive materials shall be protected by an approved alternative automatic fire-extinguishing system in accordance with Section 904, where the installation is approved by the fire code official based on large-scale fire testing complying with Section 1207.1.7. 1207.5.6 Maximum enclosure size. Outdoor walk-in units housing ESS shall not exceed 53 feet by 8 feet by 9.5 feet high (16 154 mm × 2438 mm × 2896 mm), not including bolt-on HVAC and related equipment, as approved. Outdoor walk-in units exceeding these limitations shall be considered indoor installations and comply with the requirements in Section 1207.7. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.) 1207.5.7 Vegetation control. Areas within 10 feet (3048 mm) on each side of outdoor ESS shall be cleared of combustible vegetation and other combustible growth. Single specimens of trees, shrubbery or cultivated ground cover such as green grass, ivy, succulents or similar plants used as ground cover shall be permitted to be exempt provided that they do not form a means of readily transmitting fire. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.) 1207.5.8 Means of egress separation. ESS located outdoors and in open parking garages shall be separated from any means of egress as required by the fire code official to ensure safe egress under fire conditions, but in no case less than 10 feet (3048 mm).

  Exception: The fire code official is authorized to approve a reduced separation distance if large-scale fire testing complying with Section 1207.1.7 is provided that shows that a fire involving the ESS will not adversely impact occupant egress. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1207.6 Electrochemical ESS technology-specific protection. Electrochemical ESS installations shall comply with the requirements of this section in accordance with the applicable requirements of Table 1207.6. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  |TABLE 1207.

• CFC § 12-10 High relevance — show source text

  Shall include vanadium, zinc-bromine, polysulfide-bromide and other flowing electrolyte-type technologies.
  c. Fifty gallons of lead-acid battery electrolyte shall be considered equivalent to 70 kWh.
  d. Covers nonelectrochemical technologies such as flywheel and thermal ESS.|

  12-10 2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE

  on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

  ENERGY SYSTEMS

  1207.1.4 Permits. Permits shall be obtained for ESS as follows:

  1. Construction permits shall be obtained for stationary ESS installations and for mobile ESS charging and storage installations covered by Section 1207.10.1. Permits shall be obtained in accordance with Section 105.6.6.
  2. Operational permits shall be obtained for stationary ESS installations and for mobile ESS deployment operations covered by Section 1207.10.3. Permits shall be obtained in accordance with Section 105.5.14.

  1207.1.4.1 Communication utilities. Operational permits shall not be required for lead-acid and nickel-cadmium battery systems at facilities under the exclusive control of communications utilities that comply with NFPA 76 and operate at less than 50 voltage alternating current (VAC) and 60 voltage direct current (VDC).

  1207.1.5 Construction documents. The following information shall be provided with the permit application:

  1. Location and layout diagram of the room or area in which the ESS is to be installed.
  2. Details on the hourly fire-resistance ratings of assemblies enclosing the ESS.
  3. The quantities and types of ESS to be installed.
  4. Manufacturer’s specifications, ratings and listings of each ESS.
  5. Description of energy (battery) management systems and their operation.
  6. Location and content of required signage.
  7. Details on fire suppression, smoke or fire detection, thermal management, ventilation, exhaust and deflagration venting systems, if provided.
  8. Support arrangement associated with the installation, including any required seismic restraint.
  9. A commissioning plan complying with Section 1207.2.1.
  10. A decommissioning plan complying with Section 1207.2.3.
  11. A fire safety and evacuation plan in accordance with Section 404.

  1207.1.5.1 Utilities applicability. Plans and specifications associated with ESS owned and operated by electric utilities as a component of the electric grid that are considered critical infrastructure documents in accordance with the provisions of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation and other applicable governmental laws and regulations shall be made available to the fire code official for viewing based on the requirements of the applicable governmental laws and regulations. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1207.1.6 Hazard mitigation analysis. A failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) or other approved hazard mitigation analysis shall be provided in accordance with Section 104.2.2 under any of the following conditions:

  1. Where ESS technologies not specifically identified in Table 1207.1.3 are provided.
  2. More than one ESS technology is provided in a single fire area where there is a potential for adverse interaction between technologies.
  3. Where allowed as a basis for increasing maximum allowable quantities. See Section 1207.5.2.
  4. Where required by the fire code official to address a potential hazard with an ESS installation that is not addressed by existing requirements.
• CFC § 1207.6.2 High relevance — show source text

  1207.6.2 Spill control and neutralization. Where required by Table 1207.6 or elsewhere in this code, areas containing free-flowing liquid electrolyte or hazardous materials shall be provided with spill control and neutralization in accordance with this section. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1207.6.2.1 Spill control. Spill control shall be provided to prevent the flow of liquid electrolyte or hazardous materials to adjoining rooms or areas. The method shall be capable of containing a spill from the single largest battery or vessel. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1207.6.2.2 Neutralization. An approved method that is capable of neutralizing spilled liquid electrolyte from the largest battery or vessel to a pH between 5.0 and 9.0 shall be provided. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1207.6.2.3 Communications utilities. The requirements of Section 1207.6.2 shall apply only when the aggregate capacity of multiple vessels exceeds 1,000 gallons (3785 L) for lead-acid and nickel-cadmium battery systems operating at less than 50 VAC and 60 VDC that are located at facilities under the exclusive control of communications utilities, and those facilities comply with NFPA 76 in addition to applicable requirements of this code.

  1207.6.3 Explosion control. Where required by Table 1207.6 or elsewhere in this code, explosion control complying with Section 911 shall be provided for rooms, areas, ESS cabinets or ESS walk-in units containing electrochemical ESS technologies.

  Exceptions: (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1. Where approved, explosion control is permitted to be waived by the fire code official based on large-scale fire testing complying with Section 1207.1.7 that demonstrates that flammable gases are not liberated from electrochemical ESS cells or modules.

  2. Where approved, explosion control is permitted to be waived by the fire code official based on documentation provided in accordance with Section 104.2.2 that demonstrates that the electrochemical ESS technology to be used does not have the potential to release flammable gas concentrations in excess of 25 percent of the LFL anywhere in the room, area, walk-in unit or structure under thermal runaway or other fault conditions.

  3. Where approved, ESS cabinets that have no debris, shrapnel or enclosure pieces ejected during large-scale fire testing complying with Section 1207.1.5 shall be permitted in lieu of providing explosion control complying with Section 911.

  4. Explosion control is not required for lead-acid and nickel-cadmium battery systems less than 50 VAC, 60 VDC in telecommunication facilities under the exclusive control of communications utilities located in building spaces or walk-in units used exclusively for such installations.

  5. Explosion control is not required for lead-acid and nickel-cadmium systems used for DC power for control of substations and control or safe shutdown of generating stations under the exclusive control of the electric utility, located in building spaces or walk-in units used exclusively for such installations.

  6. Explosion control is not required for lead-acid battery systems in uninterruptable power supplies listed and labeled in accordance with UL 1778, utilized for standby power applications, and housed in a single cabinet in a single fire area in buildings or walk-in units.

• CFC § 1207.1.7 High relevance — show source text

  Exceptions: (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1. Where approved, explosion control is permitted to be waived by the fire code official based on large-scale fire testing complying with Section 1207.1.7 that demonstrates that flammable gases are not liberated from electrochemical ESS cells or modules.

  2. Where approved, explosion control is permitted to be waived by the fire code official based on documentation provided in accordance with Section 104.2.2 that demonstrates that the electrochemical ESS technology to be used does not have the potential to release flammable gas concentrations in excess of 25 percent of the LFL anywhere in the room, area, walk-in unit or structure under thermal runaway or other fault conditions.

  3. Where approved, ESS cabinets that have no debris, shrapnel or enclosure pieces ejected during large-scale fire testing complying with Section 1207.1.5 shall be permitted in lieu of providing explosion control complying with Section 911.

  4. Explosion control is not required for lead-acid and nickel-cadmium battery systems less than 50 VAC, 60 VDC in telecommunication facilities under the exclusive control of communications utilities located in building spaces or walk-in units used exclusively for such installations.

  5. Explosion control is not required for lead-acid and nickel-cadmium systems used for DC power for control of substations and control or safe shutdown of generating stations under the exclusive control of the electric utility, located in building spaces or walk-in units used exclusively for such installations.

  6. Explosion control is not required for lead-acid battery systems in uninterruptable power supplies listed and labeled in accordance with UL 1778, utilized for standby power applications, and housed in a single cabinet in a single fire area in buildings or walk-in units.

  1207.6.4 Safety caps. Where required by Table 1207.6 or elsewhere in this code, vented batteries and other ESS shall be provided with flame-arresting safety caps.

  1207.6.5 Thermal runaway. Where required by Table 1207.6 or elsewhere in this code, batteries and other ESS shall be provided with a listed device or other approved method to prevent, detect and minimize the impact of thermal runaway.

  1207.7 Indoor installations. Indoor ESS installations shall be in accordance with Sections 1207.7.1 through 1207.7.4. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  12-18 2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE

  on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

  ENERGY SYSTEMS

  TABLE 1207.7—INDOOR ESS INSTALLATIONS	Col2	Col3	Col4
  COMPLIANCE REQUIRED	COMPLIANCE REQUIRED	DEDICATED-USE BUILDINGSa	NONDEDICATED-USE BUILDINGSb
  Feature	Section	Section	Section
  Dwelling units and sleeping units	1207.7.3	NA	Yes
  COMPLIANCE REQUIRED	COMPLIANCE REQUIRED	DEDICATED-USE BUILDINGSa	NONDEDICATED-USE BUILDINGSb
  Feature	Section	Section	Section
  Elevation	1207.5.

• CFC § 1207.2.2.1 High relevance — show source text

  4. Desired or field-determined control set points that are permanently recorded on control drawings at control devices or, for digital control systems, in system programming instructions.
  5. A schedule for inspecting and recalibrating all ESS controls.
  6. A service record log form that lists the schedule for all required servicing and maintenance actions and space for logging such actions that are completed over time and retained on-site.

  The ESS shall be operated and maintained in accordance with the manual and a copy of the manual shall be retained at an approved on-site location.

  1207.2.2.1 Ongoing inspection and testing. Systems that monitor and protect the ESS installation shall be inspected and tested in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and the operation and maintenance manual. Inspection and testing records shall be maintained in the operation and maintenance manual.

  1207.2.3 Decommissioning. The code official shall be notified prior to the decommissioning of an ESS. Decommissioning shall be performed in accordance with the decommissioning plan that includes the following:

  1. A narrative description of the activities to be accomplished for removing the ESS from service, and from the facility in which it is located.

  2. A listing of any contingencies for removing an intact operational ESS from service, and for removing an ESS from service that has been damaged by a fire or other event. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1207.3 Equipment. ESS equipment shall be in accordance with Sections 1207.3.1 through 1207.3.9.

  1207.3.1 Energy storage system listings. ESS shall be listed in accordance with UL 9540.

  Exceptions:

  1. Lead-acid and nickel-cadmium battery systems less than 50 VAC, 60 VDC in telecommunications facilities for installations of communications equipment under the exclusive control of communications utilities located outdoors or in building spaces used exclusively for such installations that are in compliance with NFPA 76.
  2. Lead-acid and nickel-cadmium battery systems that are used for DC power for control of substations and control or safe shutdown of generating stations under the exclusive control of the electric utility, and located outdoors or in building spaces used exclusively for such installations.
  3. Lead-acid battery systems in uninterruptable power supplies listed and labeled in accordance with UL 1778 and utilized for standby power applications.

  (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1207.3.2 Equipment listing. Chargers, inverters and energy storage management systems shall be covered as part of the UL 9540 listing or shall be listed separately.

  1207.3.3 Utility interactive systems. Inverters shall be listed and labeled in accordance with UL 1741. Only inverters listed and labeled for utility interactive system use and identified as interactive shall be allowed to operate in parallel with the electric utility power system to supply power to common loads.

  1207.3.4 Energy storage management system. Where required by the ESS listing, an approved energy storage management system that monitors and balances cell voltages, currents and temperatures within the manufacturer’s specifications shall be provided. The system shall disconnect electrical connections to the ESS or otherwise place it in a safe condition if potentially hazardous temperatures or other conditions such as short circuits, over voltage or under voltage are detected. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1207.3.5 Enclosures. Enclosures of ESS shall be of noncombustible construction. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

• CFC § 1207.1.3 High relevance — show source text

  TABLE 1207.1.3—ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM (ESS) THRESHOLD QUANTITIES	Col2
  TECHNOLOGY	ENERGY CAPACITYa
  Capacitor ESS	3 kWh
  Flow batteriesb	20 kWh
  Lead-acid batteries, all types	70 kWhc
  Lithium-ion batteries	20 kWh
  Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd), nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) and nickel zinc (Ni-Zn) batteries	70 kWh
  Nonelectrochemical ESSd	70 kWh
  Other battery technologies	10 kWh
  Other electrochemical ESS technologies	3 kWh
  Sodium nickel chloride batteries	70 kWh
  Zinc manganese dioxide batteries (Zn-MnO2)	70 kWh
  For SI: 1 kilowatt hour = 3.6 megajoules. a. Energy capacity is the total energy capable of being stored (nameplate rating), not the usable energy rating. For units rated in amp-hours, kWh shall equal rated voltage times amp-hour rating divided by 1,000. b. Shall include vanadium, zinc-bromine, polysulfide-bromide and other flowing electrolyte-type technologies. c. Fifty gallons of lead-acid battery electrolyte shall be considered equivalent to 70 kWh. d. Covers nonelectrochemical technologies such as flywheel and thermal ESS.	For SI: 1 kilowatt hour = 3.6 megajoules. a. Energy capacity is the total energy capable of being stored (nameplate rating), not the usable energy rating. For units rated in amp-hours, kWh shall equal rated voltage times amp-hour rating divided by 1,000. b. Shall include vanadium, zinc-bromine, polysulfide-bromide and other flowing electrolyte-type technologies. c. Fifty gallons of lead-acid battery electrolyte shall be considered equivalent to 70 kWh. d. Covers nonelectrochemical technologies such as flywheel and thermal ESS.

  12-10 2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE

  on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

  ENERGY SYSTEMS

  1207.1.4 Permits. Permits shall be obtained for ESS as follows:

  1. Construction permits shall be obtained for stationary ESS installations and for mobile ESS charging and storage installations covered by Section 1207.10.1. Permits shall be obtained in accordance with Section 105.6.6.
  2. Operational permits shall be obtained for stationary ESS installations and for mobile ESS deployment operations covered by Section 1207.10.3. Permits shall be obtained in accordance with Section 105.5.14.

  1207.1.4.1 Communication utilities. Operational permits shall not be required for lead-acid and nickel-cadmium battery systems at facilities under the exclusive control of communications utilities that comply with NFPA 76 and operate at less than 50 voltage alternating current (VAC) and 60 voltage direct current (VDC).

  1207.1.5 Construction documents. The following information shall be provided with the permit application:

  1. Location and layout diagram of the room or area in which the ESS is to be installed.
  2. Details on the hourly fire-resistance ratings of assemblies enclosing the ESS.
  3. The quantities and types of ESS to be installed.
  4. Manufacturer’s specifications, ratings and listings of each ESS.
• CFC § 1207.3.7 High relevance — show source text

  1207.3.7 Retrofits. Retrofitting of an existing ESS shall comply with the following:

  1. A construction permit shall be obtained in accordance with Section 105.6.6.
  2. New batteries, battery modules, capacitors and similar ESS components shall be listed.
  3. Battery management and other monitoring systems shall be connected and installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

  2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE 12-13

  on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

  ENERGY SYSTEMS

  4. The overall installation shall continue to comply with UL 9540 listing requirements, where applicable.
  5. Systems that have been retrofitted shall be commissioned in accordance with Section 1207.2.1.
  6. Retrofits shall be documented in the service records log. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1207.3.7.1 Retrofitting lead acid and nickel cadmium. Changing out or retrofitting of lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries with other lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries in the following applications shall be considered repairs where there is no increase in system size or energy capacity greater than 10 percent of the original design.

  1. At facilities under the exclusive control of communications utilities that comply with NFPA 76 and operate at less than 50 VAC and 60 VDC.

  2. Battery systems used for DC power for control of substations and control or safe shutdown of generating stations under the exclusive control of the electric utility, and located outdoors or in building spaces used exclusively for such installations.

  3. Batteries in uninterruptible power supplies listed and labeled in accordance with UL 1778 and used for standby power applications only.

  (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1207.3.8 Replacements. Replacements of ESS shall be considered new ESS installations and shall comply with the provisions of Section 1207 as applicable to new ESS. The ESS being replaced shall be decommissioned in accordance with Section 1207.2.3. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1207.3.9 Reused and repurposed equipment. Equipment and materials shall only be reused or reinstalled as permitted in Section 104.9.1. Storage batteries previously used in other applications, such as electric vehicle propulsion, shall not be reused in applications regulated by Chapter 12 unless approved by the fire code official and unless the equipment is refurbished by a battery refurbishing company approved in accordance with UL 1974. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1207.4 General installations requirements. Stationary and mobile ESS shall comply with the requirements of Sections 1207.4.1 through 1207.4.12.

  1207.4.1 Electrical disconnects. Where the ESS disconnecting means is not within sight of the main electrical service disconnecting means, placards or directories shall be installed at the location of the main electrical service disconnecting means indicating the location of stationary storage battery system disconnecting means in accordance with the California Electrical Code .

  Exception: Electrical disconnects for lead-acid and nickel-cadmium battery systems at facilities under the exclusive control of communications utilities and operating at less than 50 VAC and 60 VDC shall be permitted to have electrical disconnects signage in accordance with NFPA 76.

• CFC § 1207.3.8 High relevance — show source text

  (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1207.3.8 Replacements. Replacements of ESS shall be considered new ESS installations and shall comply with the provisions of Section 1207 as applicable to new ESS. The ESS being replaced shall be decommissioned in accordance with Section 1207.2.3. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1207.3.9 Reused and repurposed equipment. Equipment and materials shall only be reused or reinstalled as permitted in Section 104.9.1. Storage batteries previously used in other applications, such as electric vehicle propulsion, shall not be reused in applications regulated by Chapter 12 unless approved by the fire code official and unless the equipment is refurbished by a battery refurbishing company approved in accordance with UL 1974. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1207.4 General installations requirements. Stationary and mobile ESS shall comply with the requirements of Sections 1207.4.1 through 1207.4.12.

  1207.4.1 Electrical disconnects. Where the ESS disconnecting means is not within sight of the main electrical service disconnecting means, placards or directories shall be installed at the location of the main electrical service disconnecting means indicating the location of stationary storage battery system disconnecting means in accordance with the California Electrical Code .

  Exception: Electrical disconnects for lead-acid and nickel-cadmium battery systems at facilities under the exclusive control of communications utilities and operating at less than 50 VAC and 60 VDC shall be permitted to have electrical disconnects signage in accordance with NFPA 76.

  1207.4.2 Working clearances. Access and working space shall be provided and maintained about all electrical equipment to permit ready and safe operation and maintenance of such equipment in accordance with the California Electrical Code and the manufacturer’s instructions.

  1207.4.3 Fire-resistance-rated separations. Rooms and other indoor areas containing ESS shall be separated from other areas of the building in accordance with Section 1207.7.4. ESS shall be permitted to be in the same room with the equipment they support.

  1207.4.4 Seismic and structural design. Stationary ESS shall comply with the seismic design requirements in Chapter 16 of the California Building Code, and shall not exceed the floor loading limitation of the building.

  1207.4.5 Vehicle impact protection. Where ESS are subject to impact by a motor vehicle, including forklifts, vehicle impact protection shall be provided in accordance with Section 312.

  1207.4.6 Combustible storage. Combustible materials shall not be stored in ESS rooms, areas or walk-in units. Combustible materials in occupied work centers covered by Section 1207.4.10 shall be stored at least 3 feet (914 mm) from ESS cabinets.

  1207.4.7 Toxic and highly toxic gases. ESS that have the potential to release toxic and highly toxic gas during charging, discharging and normal use conditions shall be provided with a hazardous exhaust system in accordance with Chapter 5 of the California Mechanical Code .

• CFC § 1206.13 High relevance — show source text

  1206.13 Group R-3 and R-4 fuel cell vehicle energy storage system use. The temporary use of the dwelling unit owner or occupant’s fuel cell-powered electric vehicle to power a Group R-3 or R-4 dwelling while parked in an attached or detached garage or outside shall comply with the vehicle manufacturer’s instructions and the California Electrical Code .

  SECTION 1207—ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS (ESS)

  1207.1 General. The provisions in this section are applicable to stationary and mobile electrical energy storage systems (ESS).

  Exception: ESS in Group R-3 and R-4 occupancies shall only be required to comply with Section 1207.11 except where Section 1207.11.4 requires compliance with Sections 1207.1 through 1207.9.

  1207.1.1 Utilities and industrial applications. This section shall not apply to capacitors and capacitor equipment for electric utilities and industrial facilities used in applications such as flexible AC transmission (FACTS) devices, filter capacitor banks, power factor correction, and standalone capacitor banks for voltage correction and stabilization. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1207.1.2 Mobile ESS. Mobile ESS deployed at an electric utility substation or generation facility for 90 days or less shall not add to the threshold values in Table 1207.1.3 for the stationary ESS installation if both of the following conditions apply:

  1. The mobile ESS complies with Section 1207.10.
  2. The mobile ESS is being used only during periods in which the facility’s stationary ESS is being tested, repaired, retrofitted or replaced. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1207.1.3 Scope. ESS having capacities exceeding the values shown in Table 1207.1.3 shall comply with this section. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  TABLE 1207.1.3—ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM (ESS) THRESHOLD QUANTITIES	Col2
  TECHNOLOGY	ENERGY CAPACITYa
  Capacitor ESS	3 kWh
  Flow batteriesb	20 kWh
  Lead-acid batteries, all types	70 kWhc
  Lithium-ion batteries	20 kWh
  Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd), nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) and nickel zinc (Ni-Zn) batteries	70 kWh
  Nonelectrochemical ESSd	70 kWh
  Other battery technologies	10 kWh
  Other electrochemical ESS technologies	3 kWh
  Sodium nickel chloride batteries	70 kWh
  Zinc manganese dioxide batteries (Zn-MnO2)	70 kWh
  For SI: 1 kilowatt hour = 3.6 megajoules. a. Energy capacity is the total energy capable of being stored (nameplate rating), not the usable energy rating. For units rated in amp-hours, kWh shall equal rated voltage times amp-hour rating divided by 1,000. b. Shall include vanadium, zinc-bromine, polysulfide-bromide and other flowing electrolyte-type technologies. c. Fifty gallons of lead-acid battery electrolyte shall be considered equivalent to 70 kWh. d. Covers nonelectrochemical technologies such as flywheel and thermal ESS.	For SI: 1 kilowatt hour = 3.6 megajoules. a. Energy capacity is the total energy capable of being stored (nameplate rating), not the usable energy rating.

• CFC § 1207.10.2 High relevance — show source text

  Exception: Mobile ESS used to temporarily provide power to lead-acid and nickel-cadmium systems that are used for DC power for control of substations and control or safe shutdown of generating stations under the exclusive control of the electric utility, and located outdoors or in building spaces used exclusively for such installations. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1207.10.2 Deployment. For the purpose of Section 1207.10, deployment covers operations where mobile ESS are located at a site other than the charging and storage site and are being used to provide power.

  Exception: Mobile ESS used to temporarily provide power to lead-acid and nickel-cadmium systems that are used for DC power for control of substations and control or safe shutdown of generating stations under the exclusive control of the electric utility, and located outdoors or in building spaces used exclusively for such installations. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1207.10.3 Permits. Construction and operational permits shall be provided for charging and storage of mobile ESS and operational permits shall be provided for deployment of mobile ESS as required by Section 1207.1.4.

  1207.10.4 Construction documents. Construction documents complying with Section 1207.1.5 shall be provided with the construction permit application for mobile ESS charging and storage locations.

  1207.10.4.1 Deployment documents. The following information shall be provided with the operation permit applications for mobile ESS deployments:

  1. Relevant information for the mobile ESS equipment and protection measures in the construction documents required by Section 1207.1.5.

  12-22 2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE

  on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

  ENERGY SYSTEMS

  2. Location and layout diagram of the area in which the mobile ESS is to be deployed, including a scale diagram of all nearby exposures.

  3. Location and content of signage, including no smoking signs.

  4. Description of fencing to be provided around the ESS, including locking methods.

  5. Details on fire suppression, smoke and automatic fire detection, system monitoring, thermal management, exhaust ventilation and explosion control, if provided.

  6. For deployment, the intended duration of operation, including anticipated connection and disconnection times and dates.

  7. Location and description of local staging stops during transit to the deployment site. See Section 1207.10.7.5.

  8. Description of the temporary wiring, including connection methods, conductor type and size, and circuit overcurrent protection to be provided.

  9. Description of how fire suppression system connections to water supplies or extinguishing agents are to be provided.

  10. Contact information for personnel who are responsible for maintaining and servicing the equipment, and responding to emergencies as required by Section 1207.1.8.1. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1207.10.5 Approved locations. Locations where mobile ESS are charged, stored and deployed shall be restricted to the locations established on the construction and operational permits. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  1207.10.6 Charging and storage. Installations where mobile ESS are charged and stored shall be treated as permanent ESS indoor or outdoor installations, and shall comply with the following sections, as applicable:

  1. Indoor charging and storage shall comply with Section 1207.7.
  2. Outdoor charging and storage shall comply with Section 1207.8.
  3. Charging and storage on rooftops and in open parking garages shall comply with Section 1207.9.
• CFC § 3.4.2 High relevance — show source text

  Add 5 gpm to the flow rate required by Section_R309.3.4.2_ where the water service pipe supplies more than one dwelling.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 gallon per minute = 0.063 L/s, 1 pound per square inch = 6.895 kPa.
  NP = Not Permitted. Pressure loss exceeds reasonable limits.
  a. Values are applicable for underground piping materials listed in_ the California Plumbing Code_ and are based on an SDR of 11 and a Hazen Williams C Factor of 150.
  b. Values include the following length allowances for fittings: 25-percent length increase for actual lengths up to 100 feet and 15-percent length increase for actual lengths over
  100 feet.
  c. Flow rate from Section P2904.4.2. Add 5 gpm to the flow rate required by Section_R309.3.4.2_ where the water service pipe supplies more than one dwelling.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 gallon per minute = 0.063 L/s, 1 pound per square inch = 6.895 kPa.
  NP = Not Permitted. Pressure loss exceeds reasonable limits.
  a. Values are applicable for underground piping materials listed in_ the California Plumbing Code_ and are based on an SDR of 11 and a Hazen Williams C Factor of 150.
  b. Values include the following length allowances for fittings: 25-percent length increase for actual lengths up to 100 feet and 15-percent length increase for actual lengths over
  100 feet.
  c. Flow rate from Section P2904.4.2. Add 5 gpm to the flow rate required by Section_R309.3.4.2_ where the water service pipe supplies more than one dwelling.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 gallon per minute = 0.063 L/s, 1 pound per square inch = 6.895 kPa.
  NP = Not Permitted. Pressure loss exceeds reasonable limits.
  a. Values are applicable for underground piping materials listed in_ the California Plumbing Code_ and are based on an SDR of 11 and a Hazen Williams C Factor of 150.
  b. Values include the following length allowances for fittings: 25-percent length increase for actual lengths up to 100 feet and 15-percent length increase for actual lengths over
  100 feet.
  c. Flow rate from Section P2904.4.2. Add 5 gpm to the flow rate required by Section_R309.3.4.2_ where the water service pipe supplies more than one dwelling.|For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 gallon per minute = 0.063 L/s, 1 pound per square inch = 6.895 kPa.
  NP = Not Permitted. Pressure loss exceeds reasonable limits.
  a. Values are applicable for underground piping materials listed in_ the California Plumbing Code_ and are based on an SDR of 11 and a Hazen Williams C Factor of 150.
  b. Values include the following length allowances for fittings: 25-percent length increase for actual lengths up to 100 feet and 15-percent length increase for actual lengths over
  100 feet.
  c. Flow rate from Section P2904.4.2.

• CFC § 6-3 High relevance — show source text

  ” Division 1, “Housing and Community](https://govt.westlaw.com/calregs/Document/I63FDC8F082C911E2BD79AA7206D382EB?viewType=FullText&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=CategoryPageItem&contextData=(sc.Default)) Development,” Chapter 2, “Mobilehome Parks and Installations,” Article 7, “MH-Unit and Commercial Modular Installations and Facilities,” Section 1333, “Foundation Systems.”

  B. PG&E will make an exception and install utility services to a location where mobile homes may be moved, including mobile home parks, under certain, specific conditions.

  1. The mobile homes must be served by meter pedestals or other PG&E-approved services and the meter facilities must be installed at a fixed location.

  2. Applicants are responsible for connecting their mobile homes to those fixed locations and to the meter pedestals or other utility facilities.

  See Numbered Document 052521, “Electrical Service Requirements for Mobile Home Developments,” for more information and for specifications. This PG&E document is included in Appendix C, “Electric and Gas Engineering Documents,” and also in PG&E’s Electric Underground Construction Manual, Book 1.

  6-3 2022 – 2023

  Section 6, Electric Metering: Residential

  6.4. Services

  6.4.1. Single Meter: Underground Service

  A. Services, 0 Amps Through 225 Amps, Single Phase

  Figure 6-1, “Typical Underground Service-Termination Enclosure, Combination Meter-Socket Panel (Residential, 0 Amps−225 Amps),” on Page 6-5, illustrates a single, underground, residential, single-phase meter panel (i.e., 4 terminal for a 120/240-volt service and 5 terminal for a 120/208-volt service).