CFC · California Fire Code

What CFC rules apply to residential ESS in Group R-3 and R-4 occupancies?

If you’re installing a home battery in a single‑family dwelling or small residential care setting (Group R‑3/R‑4), start with **CFC § 1207.11**: the battery must be UL 9540 listed, installed per the manufacturer and the electrical code, placed only in specific locations (not in bedrooms), spaced **≥ 3 ft** from other units unless justified by testing, and units **< 1 kWh** are excepted. Some units that are UL 9540‑listed and marked “For use in residential dwelling units” can follow the simpler residential path; if **§ 1207.11.4** applies you may also need to follow the more detailed §§ 1207.1–1207.9 — consult that § and your AHJ and submit manufacturer documentation with your permit.

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Last reviewed: July 6, 2026

What the code requires — 2–4 sentences

Residential electrical energy storage systems (ESS) installed in Group R‑3 and Group R‑4 occupancies must comply with the special residential provisions in § 1207.11 of the California Fire Code (CFC). § 1207.11 contains listing, installation, spacing and location limits, plus two specific exceptions (a UL 9540 “for use in residential dwelling units” pathway and a < 1 kWh exemption) . The broader requirements in §§ 1207.1–1207.9 apply only when the cross‑reference trigger in § 1207.11.4 is invoked (see below) .

The single-most-important rule: If you are installing ESS in an R‑3 or R‑4 dwelling, start with § 1207.11 — it is the controlling, simplified residential path; only if § 1207.11.4 says so will the more technical §1207.1–1207.9 requirements apply.

Requirements in detail

Controlling sections (first mention bolded)

  • § 1207.11 — Residential ESS in Group R‑3 and R‑4 (primary controlling section) .
  • § 1207.1 — General scope and the exception that points to § 1207.11.4 for cross‑reference triggers to §§ 1207.1–1207.9 .

Key decision dimensions (table)

Decision dimension Required value / limit Code Reference
ESS listing requirement Listed and labeled to UL 9540 § 1207.11.1
Installation standard Installed per manufacturer instructions and listing § 1207.11.2
Allowed separation between multiple units ≥ 3 feet (914 mm) unless large‑scale fire testing supports less § 1207.11.2.1; cross‑ref to § 1207.1.7 for large‑scale testing
Allowed locations (only) Detached garages, attached garages separated per R302.6, outdoors ≥ 3 ft from doors/windows, enclosed utility closets/basements/storage/utility spaces with finished or noncombustible walls (unfinished wood framed walls require 5/8‑inch Type X gypsum); not allowed in sleeping rooms or closets opening directly into sleeping rooms § 1207.11.3
Small‑unit exemption ESS rated < 1 kWh (3.6 MJ) are excepted from §1207.11 requirements Exception to § 1207.11
Alternate residential pathway ESS listed to UL 9540 and marked “For use in residential dwelling units” installed per manufacturer and the California Electrical Code are excepted (permitted via exception) Exception to § 1207.11
Technology/energy thresholds triggering full §1207 Per Table 1207.1.3 (e.g., lithium‑ion: 20 kWh threshold) — if the cross‑reference in § 1207.11.4 applies, these thresholds are used to determine if §§1207.1–1207.9 apply Table 1207.1.3 / § 1207.1.3

Notes on the table:

  • The UL 9540 exception can be a practical residential compliance route, but the system must be both UL 9540 listed and explicitly marked “For use in residential dwelling units” and installed per the manufacturer and the California Electrical Code (CEC) — see the § 1207.11 exceptions .
  • Large‑scale fire testing referenced for reduced separation is found in § 1207.1.7; § 1207.11.2.1 allows smaller spacing only when that testing demonstrates adequacy .

Installation, listing, and manufacturer instructions

  • ESS must be listed and labeled to UL 9540 (the listing is mandatory under § 1207.11.1) .
  • Install in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and with the listing — that is required by § 1207.11.2 (this also ties into electrical work under the California Electrical Code) .

Location, separation, and enclosure requirements

  • Allowed locations are limited and explicit in § 1207.11.3: detached garages and detached accessory buildings; attached garages that are separated per R302.6; outdoors or mounted on exterior wall surfaces not less than 3 ft (914 mm) from doors / windows directly entering the dwelling unit; and certain enclosed utility closets/basements/storage or utility spaces with finished or noncombustible walls (unfinished wood framed walls must be covered with 5/8‑inch Type X gypsum). ESS shall not be installed in sleeping rooms or in closets/spaces opening directly into sleeping rooms .
  • Unit‑to‑unit spacing: ≥ 3 ft (914 mm) between individual units unless reduced separation is justified by large‑scale fire testing per § 1207.1.7 and referenced by § 1207.11.2.1 .

When the broader §1207 rules might apply

  • § 1207.1 states that the general ESS provisions in §§ 1207.1–1207.9 are the primary rules for ESS, but it also contains the exception that ESS in Group R‑3 and R‑4 are governed by § 1207.11 “except where § 1207.11.4 requires compliance with §§ 1207.1–1207.9.” In short: start at § 1207.11; if § 1207.11.4 (the cross‑reference trigger) applies, then the thresholds and technical requirements in § 1207.1 (including Table 1207.1.3) and the rest of §§ 1207.2–1207.9 come into play .
  • Important: the text of § 1207.11.4 (the specific triggers) was not present in the retrieved file excerpts I was able to access, so I cannot quote or summarize its precise trigger language here; you must consult the official § 1207.11.4 text in the CFC to determine the specific cross‑reference conditions. (See the Related Provisions section for where to look.)

Exceptions & special cases

  • UL 9540 / “For use in residential dwelling units” exception: An ESS that is listed to UL 9540, marked “For use in residential dwelling units,” and installed per the manufacturer and the California Electrical Code follows that exception path in § 1207.11 instead of being pushed into the full §1207 series requirements .
  • Small‑capacity exemption: ESS rated less than 1 kWh (3.6 MJ) are exempt from the §1207.11 requirements (explicit exception) .
  • Large‑scale testing: Reduced spacing is allowed only when large‑scale fire testing per § 1207.1.7 documents the adequacy of smaller separations; § 1207.11.2.1 cross‑references this provision .
  • Toxic‑gas‑producing ESS: The California Residential Code (R330.12) prohibits ESS that can release toxic or highly toxic gas during normal operation from being installed in Group R‑3 or R‑4 occupancies — an important complementary restriction (see Residential Code § R330.12) .

Common mistakes

  • Installing a non‑listed product or assuming UL 9540 listing is sufficient without confirming the “For use in residential dwelling units” marking — § 1207.11 requires both listing and (for the exception) that marking .
  • Ignoring the < 1 kWh threshold or not checking the unit’s nameplate energy capacity — small units are explicitly excepted in § 1207.11 but that must be verified on the nameplate/documentation .
  • Installing in prohibited locations — for example, bedrooms or closets that open directly into sleeping rooms are explicitly disallowed by § 1207.11.3 .
  • Placing multiple units too close together — § 1207.11.2.1 requires ≥ 3 ft separation unless large‑scale fire testing supports less; installers sometimes skip documenting or submitting the testing justification .
  • Assuming manufacturer instructions alone are adequate while ignoring the CFC/CEC cross‑requirements — § 1207.11.2 ties installation to both the listing and the manufacturer’s instructions and the electrical code where applicable .

Worked example — common homeowner scenario

Scenario: a homeowner wants to install a single lithium‑ion home battery rated 13.5 kWh (nameplate) on the exterior wall of the dwelling, 4 ft from the nearest door, UL 9540 listed and marked “For use in residential dwelling units.”

Apply the CFC rules:

  1. Start with § 1207.11 — residential ESS rules apply to R‑3/R‑4 occupancies .
  2. Check the UL 9540 / residential marking exception: the unit is UL 9540 listed and marked for residential use — therefore it meets the exception pathway so long as it is installed per the manufacturer and the California Electrical Code (CEC) (exception to § 1207.11) .
  3. Verify location limits in § 1207.11.3: exterior wall installation is allowed so long as the unit is not less than 3 ft (914 mm) from doors/windows directly entering the dwelling; the proposed 4 ft distance complies with that requirement .
  4. Spacing to other units: single unit, so § 1207.11.2.1 spacing minimum does not create an issue (but would be ≥ 3 ft between units if more were installed) .
  5. Because the unit is 13.5 kWh (below the 20 kWh lithium‑ion threshold in Table 1207.1.3), even if § 1207.11.4 were to require application of the general §§1207.1–1207.9, this nameplate energy is below the lithium‑ion threshold that typically triggers the full station‑system rules — but remember the precise applicability still depends on the language in § 1207.11.4 (which must be consulted) and the UL‑listing/installation route is already satisfied here .

Bottom line for the homeowner: with UL 9540 residential marking, installed per manufacturer and the CEC, exterior wall placement 4 ft from doors/windows complies with § 1207.11 location rules; confirm local permit/inspection requirements and supply the manufacturer’s installation documentation to the AHJ (authority having jurisdiction) .

Related provisions (quick list)

  • § 1207.11 — ESS in Group R‑3 and R‑4 (primary residential requirements)
  • § 1207.1 — General ESS scope; contains the exception that references § 1207.11.4 (cross‑reference trigger)
  • § 1207.1.3 / Table 1207.1.3 — Energy capacity thresholds by technology (e.g., lithium‑ion: 20 kWh) used when broader §1207 applicability is required
  • § 1207.1.7 — Large‑scale fire testing (referenced by § 1207.11.2.1 for reduced spacing)
  • § 1207.4.8 — Signage (index entry; see chapter 12 index) — signage requirements for ESS installations (check § 1207.4.8 text)
  • § 1207.6.1 — Ventilation (ESS installations that produce flammable gases) — related to safe indoor installations (see index and related sections)
  • California Residential Code R330.9 / R330.11 / R330.12 — related residential provisions: ventilation for gas‑producing ESS, documentation/labeling, and prohibition of ESS that release toxic/highly toxic gas into Group R‑3/R‑4 units

Code references

Grounded in the retrieved California Fire Code — click a citation to read the verbatim passage:

  • CFC § 1207.10.7.4 High relevance — show source text

    1207.10.7.4 Electrical connections. Electrical connections shall be made in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and the UL 9540 listing. Temporary wiring for electrical power connections shall comply with the California Electrical Code . Fixed electrical wiring shall not be provided. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.7.5 Local staging. Mobile ESS in transit from the charging and storage location to the deployment location and back shall not be parked within 100 feet (30 480 mm) of an occupied building for more than 1 hour during transit, unless specifically approved by the fire code official when the permit is issued. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.7.6 Fencing. An approved fence with a locked gate or other approved barrier shall be provided to keep the general public at least 5 feet (1524 mm) from the outer enclosure of a deployed mobile ESS. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.7.7 Smoking. Smoking shall be prohibited within 10 feet (3048 mm) of mobile ESS. Signs shall be posted in accordance with Section 310.

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    ENERGY SYSTEMS

    1207.11 ESS in Group R-3 and R-4 occupancies. ESS in Group R-3 and R-4 occupancies shall be in accordance with Sections 1207.11.1 through 1207.11.9.

    Exceptions:

    1. ESS listed and labeled in accordance with UL 9540 and marked “For use in residential dwelling units,” where installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and the California Electrical Code .

    2. ESS rated less than 1 kWh (3.6 megajoules).

    1207.11.1 Equipment listings. ESS shall be listed and labeled in accordance with UL 9540.

    1207.11.2 Installation. ESS shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and their listing. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.11.2.1 Spacing. Individual ESS units shall be separated from each other by at least 3 feet (914 mm) except where smaller separation distances are documented to be adequate based on large-scale fire testing complying with Section 1207.1.7.

    1207.11.3 Location. ESS shall be installed only in the following locations:

    1. Detached garages and detached accessory structures.
    2. Attached garages separated from the dwelling unit living space in accordance with Section R302.6.
    3. Outdoors or on the exterior side of exterior walls located not less than 3 feet (914 mm) from doors and windows directly entering the dwelling unit.
    4. Enclosed utility closets, basements, and storage or utility spaces within dwelling units and sleeping units with finished or noncombustible walls and ceilings. Walls and ceilings of unfinished wood-framed construction shall be provided with not less than [5] / 8 -inch (15.9 mm) Type X gypsum wallboard.

    ESS shall not be installed in sleeping rooms, or in closets or spaces opening directly into sleeping rooms. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

  • CFC § 1206.13 High relevance — show source text

    1206.13 Group R-3 and R-4 fuel cell vehicle energy storage system use. The temporary use of the dwelling unit owner or occupant’s fuel cell-powered electric vehicle to power a Group R-3 or R-4 dwelling while parked in an attached or detached garage or outside shall comply with the vehicle manufacturer’s instructions and the California Electrical Code .

    SECTION 1207—ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS (ESS)

    1207.1 General. The provisions in this section are applicable to stationary and mobile electrical energy storage systems (ESS).

    Exception: ESS in Group R-3 and R-4 occupancies shall only be required to comply with Section 1207.11 except where Section 1207.11.4 requires compliance with Sections 1207.1 through 1207.9.

    1207.1.1 Utilities and industrial applications. This section shall not apply to capacitors and capacitor equipment for electric utilities and industrial facilities used in applications such as flexible AC transmission (FACTS) devices, filter capacitor banks, power factor correction, and standalone capacitor banks for voltage correction and stabilization. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.1.2 Mobile ESS. Mobile ESS deployed at an electric utility substation or generation facility for 90 days or less shall not add to the threshold values in Table 1207.1.3 for the stationary ESS installation if both of the following conditions apply:

    1. The mobile ESS complies with Section 1207.10.
    2. The mobile ESS is being used only during periods in which the facility’s stationary ESS is being tested, repaired, retrofitted or replaced. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.1.3 Scope. ESS having capacities exceeding the values shown in Table 1207.1.3 shall comply with this section. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    TABLE 1207.1.3—ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM (ESS) THRESHOLD QUANTITIES Col2
    TECHNOLOGY ENERGY CAPACITYa
    Capacitor ESS 3 kWh
    Flow batteriesb 20 kWh
    Lead-acid batteries, all types 70 kWhc
    Lithium-ion batteries 20 kWh
    Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd), nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) and nickel zinc (Ni-Zn) batteries 70 kWh
    Nonelectrochemical ESSd 70 kWh
    Other battery technologies 10 kWh
    Other electrochemical ESS technologies 3 kWh
    Sodium nickel chloride batteries 70 kWh
    Zinc manganese dioxide batteries (Zn-MnO2) 70 kWh
    For SI: 1 kilowatt hour = 3.6 megajoules.
    a. Energy capacity is the total energy capable of being stored (nameplate rating), not the usable energy rating. For units rated in amp-hours, kWh shall equal rated voltage
    times amp-hour rating divided by 1,000.
    b. Shall include vanadium, zinc-bromine, polysulfide-bromide and other flowing electrolyte-type technologies.
    c. Fifty gallons of lead-acid battery electrolyte shall be considered equivalent to 70 kWh.
    d. Covers nonelectrochemical technologies such as flywheel and thermal ESS.    		 For SI: 1 kilowatt hour = 3.6 megajoules.
    a. Energy capacity is the total energy capable of being stored (nameplate rating), not the usable energy rating.
  • CFC § 12-9 High relevance — show source text

    2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE 12-9

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    ENERGY SYSTEMS

    1206.8 Outdoor installation. Stationary fuel cell power systems located outdoors shall be separated by not less than 5 feet (1524 mm) from the following:

    1. Lot lines.

    2. Public ways.

    3. Buildings.

    4. Stored combustible materials.

    5. Hazardous materials.

    6. High-piled stock.

    7. Any portion of a designated means of egress system.

    8. Other exposure hazards.

    1206.9 Fuel supply. The design, location and installation of the fuel supply for stationary fuel cell power systems shall comply with Chapter 53, Chapter 58 and the International Fuel Gas Code, based on the particular fuel being supplied to the system.

    1206.10 Manual shutoff. Access to a manual shutoff valve shall be provided for the fuel piping within 6 feet (1829 mm) of any fuel storage tank serving the fuel cell and within 6 feet (1829 mm) of the power system. If the fuel tank and the stationary fuel cell power system are less than 12 feet (3658 mm) apart, a single shutoff valve shall be permitted. If the stationary fuel cell power system is located indoors, the shutoff valve shall be located outside of the room in which the system is installed, unless otherwise approved by the fire code official.

    1206.11 Ventilation and exhaust. Ventilation and exhaust for stationary fuel cell power systems shall be provided in accordance with NFPA 853.

    1206.12 Fire protection. Fire protection systems for stationary fuel cell power system installations shall be provided in accordance with NFPA 853.

    1206.13 Group R-3 and R-4 fuel cell vehicle energy storage system use. The temporary use of the dwelling unit owner or occupant’s fuel cell-powered electric vehicle to power a Group R-3 or R-4 dwelling while parked in an attached or detached garage or outside shall comply with the vehicle manufacturer’s instructions and the California Electrical Code .

    SECTION 1207—ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS (ESS)

    1207.1 General. The provisions in this section are applicable to stationary and mobile electrical energy storage systems (ESS).

    Exception: ESS in Group R-3 and R-4 occupancies shall only be required to comply with Section 1207.11 except where Section 1207.11.4 requires compliance with Sections 1207.1 through 1207.9.

    1207.1.1 Utilities and industrial applications. This section shall not apply to capacitors and capacitor equipment for electric utilities and industrial facilities used in applications such as flexible AC transmission (FACTS) devices, filter capacitor banks, power factor correction, and standalone capacitor banks for voltage correction and stabilization. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.1.2 Mobile ESS. Mobile ESS deployed at an electric utility substation or generation facility for 90 days or less shall not add to the threshold values in Table 1207.1.3 for the stationary ESS installation if both of the following conditions apply:

    1. The mobile ESS complies with Section 1207.10.
    2. The mobile ESS is being used only during periods in which the facility’s stationary ESS is being tested, repaired, retrofitted or replaced. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)
  • CFC § 1207.10.7 High relevance — show source text

    Exceptions:

    1. Electrical connections shall be permitted to be made using temporary wiring complying with the manufacturer’s instructions, the UL 9540 listing and the California Electrical Code .
    2. Fire suppression system connections to the water supply shall be permitted to use approved temporary connections. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.7 Deployed mobile ESS requirements. Deployed mobile ESS equipment and operations shall comply with this section and Table 1207.10. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.7.1 Duration. The duration of mobile ESS deployment shall not exceed 30 days.

    Exceptions:

    1. Mobile ESS deployments that provide power for durations longer than 30 days shall comply with Section 1207.10.6.
    2. Mobile ESS deployments shall not exceed 180 days unless additional operational permits are obtained. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.7.2 Restricted locations. Deployed mobile ESS operations shall not be located indoors, in covered parking garages, on rooftops, below grade or under building overhangs. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.7.3 Clearance to exposures. Deployed mobile ESS shall be separated by a minimum of 10 feet (3048 mm) from the following exposures:

    1. Public ways.

    2. Buildings.

    3. Stored combustible materials.

    4. Hazardous materials.

    5. High-piled storage.

    6. Other exposure hazards.

    Deployed mobile ESS shall be separated by a minimum of 50 feet (15 240 mm) from public seating areas and from tents, canopies and membrane structures with an occupant load of 30 or more. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.7.4 Electrical connections. Electrical connections shall be made in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and the UL 9540 listing. Temporary wiring for electrical power connections shall comply with the California Electrical Code . Fixed electrical wiring shall not be provided. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.7.5 Local staging. Mobile ESS in transit from the charging and storage location to the deployment location and back shall not be parked within 100 feet (30 480 mm) of an occupied building for more than 1 hour during transit, unless specifically approved by the fire code official when the permit is issued. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.7.6 Fencing. An approved fence with a locked gate or other approved barrier shall be provided to keep the general public at least 5 feet (1524 mm) from the outer enclosure of a deployed mobile ESS. (Material based on NFPA 855 2023 Ed.)

    1207.10.7.7 Smoking. Smoking shall be prohibited within 10 feet (3048 mm) of mobile ESS. Signs shall be posted in accordance with Section 310.

    2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE 12-23

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    ENERGY SYSTEMS

    1207.11 ESS in Group R-3 and R-4 occupancies. ESS in Group R-3 and R-4 occupancies shall be in accordance with Sections 1207.11.1 through 1207.11.9.

    Exceptions:

  • CFC § 2.2. High relevance — show source text

    (76 mm) embedment per barrier shall be used. Spacing between barriers shall be not greater than 36 inches (914 mm).

    2.2. Premanufactured wheel barriers shall be anchored in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation

    instructions.

    1. An approved method designed to resist an impact of 2,000 pounds per square foot (95 760 N/m [2] ) in the direction of travel at 24 inches (610 mm) above grade.

    R330.9 Ventilation. Indoor installations of ESS that produce hydrogen or other flammable gases during charging shall be provided with mechanical ventilation in accordance with the California Mechanical Code.

    R330.10 Electric vehicle use. The temporary use of an owner or occupant’s electric-powered vehicle to power a dwelling unit while parked in an attached or detached garage or outdoors shall comply with the vehicle manufacturer’s instructions and the California Electrical Code.

    R330.11 Documentation and labeling. The following information shall be provided:

    1. A copy of the manufacturer’s installation, operation, maintenance and decommissioning instructions shall be provided to the owner or placed in a conspicuous location near the ESS equipment.
    2. A label on the installed system containing the contact information for the qualified maintenance and service providers.

    R330.12 Toxic and highly toxic gas. ESS that have the potential to release toxic or highly toxic gas during charging, discharging and normal use conditions shall not be installed within Group R-3 or R-4 occupancies.

    SECTION R331—STATIONARY ENGINE GENERATORS

    R331.1 General. Stationary engine generators shall be listed and labeled in accordance with UL 2200 and shall comply with this section. The connection of stationary engine generators to the premise wiring system shall be by means of a listed transfer switch.

    R331.2 Installation. The installation of stationary engine generators shall be in an approved location and in accordance with the listing, the manufacturer’s installation instructions and the California Electrical Code.

    SECTION R332—STATIONARY FUEL CELL POWER SYSTEMS

    R332.1 General. Stationary fuel cell power systems in new and existing buildings and structures shall comply with Section 1206 of the California Fire Code .

    SECTION R333—RESERVED

    SECTION R334—CONSTRUCTION WASTE REDUCTION, DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING

    R334.1 Construction waste management. Recycle and/or salvage for reuse a minimum of 65 percent of the nonhazardous construction and demolition waste in accordance with the California Green Building Standards Code, Chapter 4, Division 4.4.

    SECTION R335—SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR LICENSED 24-HOUR CARE FACILITIES IN A GROUP R-3.1

    R335.1 Scope. The provisions of this section shall apply to 24-hour care facilities in a Group R-3.1 occupancy licensed by a governmental

    agency.

    R335.2 General. The provisions in this section shall apply in addition to general requirements in this code.

    R335.2.1 Restraint shall not be practiced in a Group R-3.1 occupancy.

    Exception: Occupancies which meet all the requirements for a Group I-3 occupancy.

  • CFC § 1.2. High relevance — show source text

    1.2. Minimum 36 inches (914 mm) in height by 3 inches (76 mm) in diameter Schedule 80 steel pipe fully welded to a steel plate not less than 8 inches (203 mm) in length by [1] / 4 inch (6.4 mm) in thickness and bolted to a concrete floor by means of 4 [1] / 2 -inch (114 mm) concrete anchors imbedded not less than 3 inches (76 mm). Spacing shall be not greater than 60 inches (1524 mm), and each bollard shall be located not less than 6 inches (152 mm) from the ESS.

    1.3. Premanufactured steel pipe bollards filled with concrete and anchored in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation instructions, with spacing not greater than 60 inches (1524 mm). Each bollard shall be located not less than 6 inches (152 mm) from the ESS. 2. Wheel barriers constructed in accordance with one of the following: 2.1. Concrete or polymer 4 inches (102 mm) in height by 5 inches (127 mm) in width by 70 inches (1778 mm) in length, anchored to the concrete floor not less than every 36 inches (914 mm) and located not less than 54 inches (1372 mm) from the ESS. Concrete anchors not less than 3 [1] / 2 inches (89 mm) in diameter with 3-inch

    3-78 2025 CALIFORNIA RESIDENTIAL CODE

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    BUILDING PLANNING

    (76 mm) embedment per barrier shall be used. Spacing between barriers shall be not greater than 36 inches (914 mm).

    2.2. Premanufactured wheel barriers shall be anchored in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation

    instructions.

    1. An approved method designed to resist an impact of 2,000 pounds per square foot (95 760 N/m [2] ) in the direction of travel at 24 inches (610 mm) above grade.

    R330.9 Ventilation. Indoor installations of ESS that produce hydrogen or other flammable gases during charging shall be provided with mechanical ventilation in accordance with the California Mechanical Code.

    R330.10 Electric vehicle use. The temporary use of an owner or occupant’s electric-powered vehicle to power a dwelling unit while parked in an attached or detached garage or outdoors shall comply with the vehicle manufacturer’s instructions and the California Electrical Code.

    R330.11 Documentation and labeling. The following information shall be provided:

    1. A copy of the manufacturer’s installation, operation, maintenance and decommissioning instructions shall be provided to the owner or placed in a conspicuous location near the ESS equipment.
    2. A label on the installed system containing the contact information for the qualified maintenance and service providers.

    R330.12 Toxic and highly toxic gas. ESS that have the potential to release toxic or highly toxic gas during charging, discharging and normal use conditions shall not be installed within Group R-3 or R-4 occupancies.

    SECTION R331—STATIONARY ENGINE GENERATORS

    R331.1 General. Stationary engine generators shall be listed and labeled in accordance with UL 2200 and shall comply with this section. The connection of stationary engine generators to the premise wiring system shall be by means of a listed transfer switch.

  • CFC § 7.62 High relevance — show source text
    1. For occupancies in Groups R-2 and R-3, within the interior conditioned space of individual dwelling units, where the open-sided walking surface is located not more than 25 feet (7.62 meters) measured vertically to the floor or walking surface below, required guards shall not be less than 36 inches (914 mm) in height measured vertically above the adjacent walking surface. 3. For occupancies in Group R-3, and within individual dwelling units in occupancies in Group R-2, where the top of the guard serves as a handrail on the open sides of stairs, the top of the guard shall be not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 38 inches (965 mm) measured vertically from a line connecting the nosings. 4. The guard height in assembly seating areas shall comply with Section 1030.17 as applicable. 5. Along alternating tread devices and ship’s ladders, guards where the top rail serves as a handrail shall have height not less than 30 inches (762 mm) and not more than 34 inches (864 mm), measured vertically from a line connecting the leading edge of the treads. 6. In Group F occupancies where exit access stairways serve fewer than three stories and such stairways are not open to the public, and where the top of the guard also serves as a handrail, the top of the guard shall be not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 38 inches (965 mm) measured vertically from a line connecting the nosings.

    [BE] 1015.4 Opening limitations. Required guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 4 inches (102 mm) in diameter from the walking surface to the required guard height.

    Exceptions:

    1. From a height of 36 inches (914 mm) to 42 inches (1067 mm), guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 4 [3] / 8 inches (111 mm) in diameter.
    2. The triangular openings at the open sides of a stair, formed by the riser, tread and bottom rail shall not allow passage of a sphere 6 inches (152 mm) in diameter.
    3. At elevated walking surfaces for access to and use of electrical, mechanical or plumbing systems or equipment, guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 21 inches (533 mm) in diameter.
    4. In areas that are not open to the public within occupancies in Group I-3, F, H or S, and for alternating tread devices and ship’s ladders, guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 21 inches (533 mm) in diameter.
    5. In assembly seating areas, guards required at the end of aisles in accordance with Section 1030.17.4 shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 4 inches (102 mm) in diameter up to a height of 26 inches (660 mm). From a height of 26 inches (660 mm) to 42 inches (1067 mm) above the adjacent walking surfaces, guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 8 inches (203 mm) in diameter.
    6. Within individual dwelling units and sleeping units in Group R-2 and R-3 occupancies, guards on the open sides of stairs shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 4 [3] / 8 (111 mm) inches in diameter. 7. [SFM] In lifeguard towers not open to the public, guards shall not have openings which allow passage of a sphere 21 inches (533 mm) in diameter.
  • CFC § 1207.7.1 High relevance — show source text

    202 Battery System, Stationary Storage 1207 Dedicated-use buildings 1207.7.1 Defined 202

    Explosion control 1207.6.3 Fire-resistance-rated

    separations 1207.7.4 Group R-3 and R-4 occupancies 1207.11 Indoor installations 1207.7 Nondedicated-use buildings 1207.7.2 Outdoor installations 1207.8

    Permit 105.5.14, 105.6.6 Signage 1207.4.8 Special installations 1207.9 Spill control and neutralization 1207.6.2

    Ventilation 1207.6.1

    Battery Types Flow 202

    Lead acid 202 Lithium metal polymer 202 Lithium-ion 202

    Nickel cadmium 202

    Stationary storage 202 Bin Box 3208.1

    Defined 202 Biofuel, Solid (see Solid Biofuel) Biomass Feedstock, Solid (see Solid Biomass Feedstock) Bleachers 202 Means of egress 1030.1.1, 1030.17 Occupant load 1004.4 Separation 903.2.1.5.1, 1030.1.1.1 Board of Appeals Appendix A Boarding House (Occupancy Group R) 203

    Bond For explosives 5601.2.4.1 For fireworks display 5601.2.4.2 Bonding and Grounding 2104.2.4, 2106.3.4 Aircraft fueling 2006.3.7.1, 2006.5.2

    CNG motor fuel-dispensing facilities 2308.8.1.2.4 Cryogenic fluids 5503.6.2 Organic coating 2904.3 Piping, valves and fittings 5706.4.7.6 Powdered coating 2406.6.4 Roll-coating operations 2405.11 Underground tanks 5706.6.1.8 Vessels 5705.3.2 Bonfires 202, 307.4.1 Permit 105.5.36, 307.2 Breakaway Protection (see Emergency Breakaway Devices) Breakout 202, 1010.3 Breathing Apparatus 2603.3.2 Bridges (see Access Roads, Fire Apparatus) Building 202 Unsafe 115 Vacant (see Vacant Premises) Building Information Card 508.1.6 Building Information Sign Appendix J Building Official 202, 403.10.1.4, 510.1, 3105.2, 3105.4 Duties and powers 104 Building Services and Systems Chapter 6 Bulk Oxygen System 202, Chapter 63 Bulk Plant or Terminal 5706.4

    Defined 202

    Bulk Transfer 202, 5706.5 Burning (see Open Burning) Business Occupancy (Group B) 203 Alarms and detection 907.2.2 Means of egress Aisles 1018.3

    Stairways, exit access 1019 Travel distance 1006.2.1, 1006.3,

    1017.2

  • CFC § 907.2.3 High relevance — show source text

    Early Suppression Fast-Response Sprinkler (ESFR) (see Automatic Sprinklers) Education Occupancy (Group E) 203 Alarms and detection 907.2.3 Means of egress Aisles 1018.2, 1018.5 Corridors 1020.3, 1020.2 Locking 1010.2.12, 1010.2.7 Panic hardware 1010.2.8

    Stairways, exit access 1019 Travel distance 1017.2, 1006.3.3,

    1006.2.1

    Sprinklers 903.2.3 Egress (see Means of Egress) Electrical Equipment 603 Aviation facilities 2006.14 Dust-producing machines 5906.5.5 Signs 603.4.1, 1207.4.8 Work space and clearance 603.4 Workstations in HPM facilities

    2703.7.2

    2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE INDEX-5

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    INDEX

    Energy Storage System (ESS) 202, 1207 Cabinets 1207.4.10, 1207.4.8, 1207.6.3 Commissioning, decommissioning, operation and maintenance 202, 1207.2

    Fire remediation 1207.1.8 Hazard mitigation analysis 1207.1.6 Large-scale fire test 1207.1.7 Mobile ESS 202, 1207.1, 1207.1.2,

    1207.10 Residential (R-3 and R-4) 1207.11 Stationary ESS 202, 1207 Walk-in units 202, 1207.1.7, 1207.4.12, 1207.4.6, 1207.4.8, 1207.4.9, 1207.5.2, 1207.5.2.1, 1207.5.4, 1207.5.5, 1207.5.6, 1207.6.1, 1207.6.3, 1207.9.4 Energy Systems Chapter 12, 1201.1, 1201.2 Electrical energy storage systems 1201.3, 1207 Emergency and standby power systems 1203

    Permits 105.5.14, 105.6.10, 105.6.21,

    105.6.6 Portable generators 1204, 3309 Solar and photovoltaic systems 1205 Stationary fuel cell power systems 1206 Entry, Right of 104.4 Equipment, Fueled 313 Equipment Platform Defined 202

    Guards required 1015.2 Escalator Openings (see Floor Openings and Shafts) Escape Openings 1031 ESFR Sprinklers (see Automatic Sprinklers) Ethylene Gas 2503

    Generators 2506

  • CFC § 2203.8 High relevance — show source text

    Training 2203.8 Combustible Fibers Chapter 37

    Backflow Prevention 903.3.5, 912.6 Balconies 903.3.1.2.1, 1021, 4104.2 Assembly 1030.5 Guards 1015.2 Means of egress 1021, 1030.5 Travel distance 1017.2.1

    Barricade Artificial defined (for explosives) 202 Explosives 202, 911.1, Table 911.1, 911.5, Table 5601.8.1(1), 5604.10.5, Table 5604.5.2(1), Table 5605.3, 5605.6, 5607.8 Fire apparatus access road 503.5, 503.5.1, 901.8.1 Natural (for explosives) 202 Placement at fire scene 104.11.1

    Basement 202, 605.4.2.8, 903.2.11.1.3, 905.3.1, 2311.4.3, 3003.1, 5704.3.5.1, 5705.3.7.2, 5706.4.4.1, 5904.1.3, 6103.2.1.1, 6204.1.8, 6304.1.5, 6704.1.5 Emergency escape 1031 Means of egress 1006.2, 1006.3.4, 1019.1, 1023.2 Battery Charging (see Powered Industrial Trucks) Battery System, Stationary Lead-Acid

    202 Battery System, Stationary Storage 1207 Dedicated-use buildings 1207.7.1 Defined 202

    Explosion control 1207.6.3 Fire-resistance-rated

    separations 1207.7.4 Group R-3 and R-4 occupancies 1207.11 Indoor installations 1207.7 Nondedicated-use buildings 1207.7.2 Outdoor installations 1207.8

    Permit 105.5.14, 105.6.6 Signage 1207.4.8 Special installations 1207.9 Spill control and neutralization 1207.6.2

    Ventilation 1207.6.1

    Battery Types Flow 202

    Lead acid 202 Lithium metal polymer 202 Lithium-ion 202

    Nickel cadmium 202

    Stationary storage 202 Bin Box 3208.1

    Defined 202 Biofuel, Solid (see Solid Biofuel) Biomass Feedstock, Solid (see Solid Biomass Feedstock) Bleachers 202 Means of egress 1030.1.1, 1030.17 Occupant load 1004.4 Separation 903.2.1.5.1, 1030.1.1.1 Board of Appeals Appendix A Boarding House (Occupancy Group R) 203

    Bond For explosives 5601.2.4.1 For fireworks display 5601.2.4.2 Bonding and Grounding 2104.2.4, 2106.3.4 Aircraft fueling 2006.3.7.1, 2006.5.2

  • CFC § 1207.1.8 High relevance — show source text

    Fire remediation 1207.1.8 Hazard mitigation analysis 1207.1.6 Large-scale fire test 1207.1.7 Mobile ESS 202, 1207.1, 1207.1.2,

    1207.10 Residential (R-3 and R-4) 1207.11 Stationary ESS 202, 1207 Walk-in units 202, 1207.1.7, 1207.4.12, 1207.4.6, 1207.4.8, 1207.4.9, 1207.5.2, 1207.5.2.1, 1207.5.4, 1207.5.5, 1207.5.6, 1207.6.1, 1207.6.3, 1207.9.4 Energy Systems Chapter 12, 1201.1, 1201.2 Electrical energy storage systems 1201.3, 1207 Emergency and standby power systems 1203

    Permits 105.5.14, 105.6.10, 105.6.21,

    105.6.6 Portable generators 1204, 3309 Solar and photovoltaic systems 1205 Stationary fuel cell power systems 1206 Entry, Right of 104.4 Equipment, Fueled 313 Equipment Platform Defined 202

    Guards required 1015.2 Escalator Openings (see Floor Openings and Shafts) Escape Openings 1031 ESFR Sprinklers (see Automatic Sprinklers) Ethylene Gas 2503

    Generators 2506

    Evacuation 115.2, 405, 2603.3.4, 2603.3.5 Evacuation Diagrams 403.9.1.1, 403.9.2.3 Evacuation Drills 405 Frequency 405.3, Table 405.3 Notification 405.7 Recall and reentry 405.10 Evacuation Plans 404

    Excess Flow Control

    Defined 202

    Excess Flow Valve

    Defined 202

    Exhausted Enclosure 202, 5003.8.5 Exhibit Gallery Occupancy load Table 1004.5 Exhibition Halls (Occupancy Group A-3)

    202

    Exhibits and Trade Shows 105.5.15 Existing Defined 202 Existing Buildings Chapter 11 Group I-2 1105 Outdoor occupancies 1106 Exit 1022 Configuration 1007 Defined 202

    Enclosure 1023

    Horizontal 1026 Number required 1006 Passageways 1024

    Ramps, interior and exterior 1023, 1027 Stairways, interior or exterior 1023, 1027 Stories 1004.2.3, 1006.3, 1017.3.1 Exit Access 101, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019 Aisles 1018

    Atriums 1006.3.2, 1017.3.2, 1019.3 Balconies 1017.2.1, 1021 Common path 1006.2.1 Corridor 1020

  • CFC § 4-1 High relevance — show source text

    26]_||||X||||||||||||||||||||

    • The California Code of Regulations (CCR), Title 19, Division 1 provisions that are found in the California Fire Code are a reprint from the current CCR, Title 19, Division 1 text for the code user’s convenience only. The scope, applicability and appeals procedures of CCR, Title 19, Division I remain the same.

    2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE APPENDIX CHAPTER 4-1

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    APPENDIX CHAPTER 4-2 2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    PART VII— APPENDICES

    SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

    SECTION 435—SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR LICENSED 24-HOUR CARE FACILITIES IN A GROUP R-2.1, R-3.1, R-4 [SFM]

    435.1 Scope . The provisions of this section shall apply to 24-hour care facilities in a Group R-2.1, R-3.1 or R-4 occupancy licensed by a governmental agency.

    435.2 General. The provisions in this section shall apply in addition to general requirements in this code.

    435.2.1 Restraint shall not be practiced in a Group R-2.1, R-3.1 or R-4 occupancies.

    Exception: Occupancies which meet all the requirements for a Group I-3 occupancy.

    435.2.2 Pursuant to Health and Safety Code, Section 13133, regulations of the state fire marshal pertaining to occupancies classified as Residential Facilities (RF) and Residential-care Facilities for the Elderly (RCFE) shall apply uniformly throughout the state and no city, county, city and county, including a charter city or charter county, or fire protection district shall adopt or enforce any ordinance or local rule or regulation relating to fire and panic safety which is inconsistent with these regulations. A city, county, city and county, including a charter city or charter county may, pursuant to Health and Safety Code, Section 13143.5, or a fire protection district may, pursuant to Health and Safety Code, Section 13869.7, adopt standards more stringent than those adopted by the state fire marshal that are reasonably necessary to accommodate local climate, geological or topographical conditions relating to roof coverings for Residential-care Facilities for the Elderly.

    Exception: Local regulations relating to roof coverings in facilities licensed as a Residential Care Facility for the Elderly (RCFE) in accordance with Health and Safety Code Section 13133.

    435.3 Building height and area provisions.

    435.3.1 Group R-2.1, R-3.1 and R-4 shall be constructed in accordance with Table 504.3 of the California Building Code.

    _**[California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Division 1, §3.26] Operators Statement – Group I, R-2.1, R-3.1 and R-4 Occupancies.

Frequently asked questions

Can a typical 13.5 kWh residential lithium‑ion battery be installed under § 1207.11?

Yes — if the product is UL 9540 listed and marked “For use in residential dwelling units” and installed per the manufacturer and the California Electrical Code, it fits the § 1207.11 exception; also check location limits in § 1207.11.3 (no bedrooms, maintain distances, etc.) .

What is the smallest ESS that still needs no formal § 1207 compliance?

ESS rated less than 1 kWh (3.6 MJ) are excepted from § 1207.11 per the explicit exception in that section — verify rating on the nameplate or manufacturer documentation .

Are batteries allowed inside a bedroom or in a closet that opens into a sleeping room?

No — § 1207.11.3 expressly prohibits installation in sleeping rooms or in closets/spaces that open directly into sleeping rooms for Group R‑3/R‑4 occupancies .

When will the more technical §§ 1207.1–1207.9 apply to a residential installation?

They apply only if the cross‑reference in § 1207.11.4 requires it. The general rule in § 1207.1 explains that § 1207.11 is the primary residential path except where § 1207.11.4 requires compliance with §§ 1207.1–1207.9. (Note: the exact trigger language in § 1207.11.4 was not present in the retrieved excerpts and should be consulted directly in the code.) .

Do installation instructions from the manufacturer replace the CFC?

No — § 1207.11.2 requires installation in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and their listing, but that is in addition to satisfying applicable CFC/CEC requirements (the AHJ still enforces the code) .

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