CBC · California Building Code
Outdoor storage, weather protection and separation distances
The CBC requires that sheltered outdoor hazardous-material storage still be treated as outdoor storage unless the shelter meets specific weather-protection rules: walls can’t block more than one side (or more than 25% of the perimeter by exception), overheads must be noncombustible and are limited to 1,500 sq ft, and separation distances must be at least equal to those required for an open outdoor area (§ 414.6; § 414.6.1; § 414.6.1.2). For numeric distances and material-specific options (for example, 20 ft or reduced 3 ft with 2‑hour barriers for certain battery storage), consult the California Fire Code as directed by the CBC .
Last reviewed: July 5, 2026
What the code requires — 2-4 sentences
The California Building Code (CBC) states that outdoor storage, dispensing and use of hazardous materials must comply with the California Fire Code (§ 414.6) . Where an overhead weather-protection structure is provided, the area is still treated as outdoor storage so long as the structure meets the CBC weather-protection rules in §§ 414.6.1 through 414.6.1.3 (walls, separation and construction) — especially that walls not obstruct more than one side (or more than 25% of perimeter per the exception), and that separation distances must be at least those required for an open outdoor area (§ 414.6.1 and § 414.6.1.2) .
Requirements in detail
Scope and controlling principle
- The CBC defers to the California Fire Code (CFC) for the substantive outdoor storage, dispensing and use requirements; CBC § 414.6 makes the CFC the controlling standard for outdoor hazardous-material storage/use locations .
- If a weather-protection structure is used to shelter an outdoor hazardous-material area, CBC treats that sheltered area as outdoor storage only when the structure meets the CBC weather-protection provisions (§ 414.6.1) .
Weather-protection — what the CBC requires
- Walls: A weather-protection structure shall not have walls that obstruct more than one side of the structure. As an exception, portions of multiple sides may be obstructed provided the obstructed area does not exceed 25% of the structure’s perimeter (§ 414.6.1.1) .
- Separation distance: The horizontal distance from the weather-protection structure to buildings, lot lines, public ways or egress to a public way must be not less than the distance that would be required if the hazardous-material storage or use area were entirely open (i.e., no weather protection) (§ 414.6.1.2). Numerical distances for specific materials and control areas are specified in the California Fire Code and in material-specific CFC sections; CBC establishes the equivalence only (§ 414.6.1.2) .
- Overhead construction and size: The overhead structure must be of approved noncombustible construction and is limited to a maximum area of 1,500 sq ft (140 m2) unless increased per CBC § 506 (§ 414.6.1.3) .
Decision-relevant dimensions / values
| Requirement | Decision-relevant value(s) | Code Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Allowed wall obstruction for weather protection | Walls shall not obstruct more than one side; up to 25% of perimeter allowed as exception | § 414.6.1.1 |
| Required separation to buildings / lot lines / public ways | At least the same distance required for an outside storage/use area without weather protection (numerical distances set in the CFC/material-specific rules) | § 414.6.1.2 (see CFC for numeric distances) |
| Overhead structure construction | Approved noncombustible construction | § 414.6.1.3 |
| Maximum area of weather-protection structure | 1,500 sq ft (140 m2); exception to increase per § 506 | § 414.6.1.3 |
| Direction for substantive numeric distances | Use California Fire Code (examples: outdoor control areas often require 20 ft from buildings or public ways; material-specific rules may differ) | CBC § 414.6; see CFC Chapters cited by CBC |
Notes on numeric distances: CBC § 414.6.1.2 requires the same separation as an open outdoor area but does not itself list the feet/meters; those numeric separation minima are located in the California Fire Code (for example, the CFC’s general outdoor control-area rule establishes 20 ft minimum in many contexts, and certain materials like lithium batteries have specific parameters such as 20 ft or reduced 3 ft options with 2‑hour separation) — see the CFC for the specific material and quantity controlling the distance .
Exceptions & special cases
- Walls: The CBC allows portions of more than one side to be obstructed as long as the obstructed area of the perimeter does not exceed 25% (the text of § 414.6.1.1 contains this explicit exception) .
- Area increase: The CBC caps the noncombustible overhead area at 1,500 sq ft (§ 414.6.1.3) but explicitly permits an increase where allowed by CBC § 506 (area increase rules) .
- Material-specific rules: The CBC defers numeric separations and many protective measures to the CFC and material chapters. For example, the CFC gives alternate separation options for lithium battery outdoor storage (20 ft minimum or 3 ft with a 2‑hour fire-resistance-rated assembly, etc.) and additional size limits and fire-detection requirements for larger outdoor battery areas — those material-specific options are part of the CFC, which CBC § 414.6 points to as controlling for outdoor storage .
- Sprinklers / fire protection: The CBC requires noncombustible overhead construction but does not itself prescribe when automatic suppression is required — the CFC and specific material chapters do (for some materials, weather protection triggers additional suppression/detection requirements in the CFC) .
If you need to determine a numeric separation for a specific hazardous material or quantity, you must consult the California Fire Code chapter for that material (the CBC gives the equivalence but not the numeric table) .
Common mistakes
- Treating weather-protected outdoor areas as indoor storage without checking compliance with § 414.6.1.1–1.3. The CBC will still treat such areas as outdoor storage unless the structure qualifies under those rules (§ 414.6.1) .
- Assuming any amount of wall enclosure is allowed — walls are limited (no more than one obstructed side; or ≤25% of perimeter if portions of multiple sides) (§ 414.6.1.1) .
- Using combustible roofing or unapproved construction for overhead protection — CBC requires approved noncombustible overhead construction (§ 414.6.1.3) .
- Ignoring the CFC numeric separations — § 414.6.1.2 requires the same separation as an open outdoor area. You must consult the CFC for feet/meters that apply to your material and quantity (the CBC does not list the numeric distances itself) .
- Missing the area cap or improperly relying on the cap — the default maximum is 1,500 sq ft; increasing that requires following CBC § 506 (area calculations / increases) and local plan-review approval (§ 414.6.1.3) .
Worked example — applying the rule with numbers
Scenario: A facility wants to shelter an outdoor battery storage area under a noncombustible canopy that is 30 ft × 40 ft (1,200 sq ft) with three partial walls. The owner asks whether the canopy qualifies as "outdoor storage" under CBC weather protection rules and what the minimum separation to the adjacent building must be.
Step 1 — Weather-protection structure eligibility
- Area: 1,200 sq ft is less than the CBC maximum of 1,500 sq ft, so the area limit in § 414.6.1.3 is satisfied (unless you seek an increase under § 506) .
- Walls: The canopy perimeter is 2(30+40) = 140 ft. The CBC allows walls to obstruct one side; as an exception portions of multiple sides are allowed provided the obstructed length is not more than 25% of the perimeter (0.25 × 140 = 35 ft) (§ 414.6.1.1) . If the three partial walls total 30 ft of linear obstruction, the exception can apply; if the walls total 50 ft they exceed the 25% exception and the structure would not meet § 414.6.1.1.
- Overhead construction: The canopy must be of approved noncombustible construction per § 414.6.1.3 .
Step 2 — Separation distance to adjacent building
- CBC § 414.6.1.2 requires that the distance from the weather-protection structure to buildings or lot lines be not less than the distance required for an outside storage area without weather protection; the CBC text does not give a numeric feet value — the applicable numeric separation is in the California Fire Code for the stored material and amounts (§ 414.6.1.2) .
- If the stored items are lithium‑ion batteries, the CFC (example material-specific rule) requires outdoor battery storage to be at least 20 ft from buildings, lot lines, public streets or means of egress unless certain 2‑hour fire-resistance assemblies or approved portable enclosures are provided that allow the distance to be reduced to 3 ft (with specific construction and extension requirements) — so the owner must meet either the 20‑ft rule or the 3‑ft + 2‑hr wall/portable enclosure option in the CFC (§ 320.4.3.* in the CFC; see the CFC text for full conditions) .
- Practical outcome: If the canopy is within 20 ft of the building and the owner is storing lithium batteries, the owner must either relocate to maintain 20 ft, or provide a qualifying 2‑hour rated barrier as described in the CFC to allow the reduced 3‑ft separation. The CBC itself only requires the separation be at least that of the open outdoor case (§ 414.6.1.2) — the numeric choices come from the CFC and the battery-specific chapter .
Related provisions
- § 414.6 — Outdoor storage, dispensing and use (CBC)
- § 414.6.1 — Weather protection (CBC)
- § 414.6.1.1 — Walls (CBC)
- § 414.6.1.2 — Separation distance (CBC)
- § 414.6.1.3 — Noncombustible construction and area limit (CBC)
- § 414.5.3 — Spill control, drainage and containment (CBC) — related to hazardous-material storage areas and drainage requirements referenced by § 414.5.3
- CBC § 506 — Area increase provisions referenced as an exception point in § 414.6.1.3 (see CBC for area-increase methods)
Note: the CBC sections above set the structural and classification tests for weather-protected outdoor storage and tie the siting/separation requirement to the open-outdoor distances. The specific numeric separation distances and additional protections (sprinklers, detection, container types, clearance from combustibles, etc.) are established in the California Fire Code and material-specific CFC chapters; consult those CFC sections for the feet/meters and quantity thresholds that actually set the required separation in practice .
Code references
Grounded in the retrieved California Building Code — click a citation to read the verbatim passage:
CBC § 414.6 High relevance — show source text
[F] 414.6 Outdoor storage, dispensing and use. The outdoor storage, dispensing and use of hazardous materials shall be in accordance with the California Fire Code .
[F] 414.6.1 Weather protection. Where weather protection is provided for sheltering outdoor hazardous material storage or use areas, such areas shall be considered outdoor storage or use where the weather protection structure complies with Sections 414.6.1.1 through 414.6.1.3.
2025 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE 4-41
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON OCCUPANCY AND USE
[F] 414.6.1.1 Walls. Walls shall not obstruct more than one side of the structure.
Exception: Walls shall be permitted to obstruct portions of multiple sides of the structure, provided that the obstructed area is not greater than 25 percent of the structure’s perimeter.
[F] 414.6.1.2 Separation distance. The distance from the structure to buildings, lot lines, public ways or means of egress to a public way shall be not less than the distance required for an outside hazardous material storage or use area without weather protection.
[F] 414.6.1.3 Noncombustible construction. The overhead structure shall be of approved noncombustible construction with a maximum area of 1,500 square feet (140 m [2] ).
Exception: The maximum area is permitted to be increased as provided by Section 506.
SECTION 415—GROUPS H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4 AND H-5
[F] 415.1 General. Occupancies classified as Group H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4 and H-5 in accordance with Section 307 shall comply with Sections 415.1 through 415.11.
[F] 415.2 Compliance. Buildings and structures with an occupancy in Group H shall comply with the applicable provisions of Section 414 and the California Fire Code .
[F] 415.3 Automatic fire detection systems. Group H occupancies shall be provided with an automatic fire detection system in accordance with Section 907.2.
[F] 415.4 Automatic sprinkler system. Group H occupancies shall be equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.2.5.
[F] 415.5 Emergency alarms. Emergency alarms for the detection and notification of an emergency condition in Group H occupancies shall be provided as set forth herein.
[F] 415.5.1 Storage. An approved manual emergency alarm system shall be provided in buildings, rooms or areas used for storage of hazardous materials. Emergency alarm-initiating devices shall be installed outside of each interior exit or exit access door of storage buildings, rooms or areas. Activation of an emergency alarm-initiating device shall sound a local alarm to alert occupants of an emergency situation involving hazardous materials.
CBC § 414.5.2 High relevance — show source text
[F] 414.5.2 Emergency or standby power. Where required by the California Fire Code or this code, mechanical ventilation, treatment systems, temperature control, alarm, detection or other electrically operated systems shall be provided with emergency or standby power in accordance with Section 2702. For storage and use areas for highly toxic or toxic materials, see Sections 6004.2.2.8 and 6004.3.4.2 of the California Fire Code .
[F] 414.5.2.1 Exempt applications. Emergency or standby power is not required for the mechanical ventilation systems provided for any of the following:
- Storage of Class IB and IC flammable and combustible liquids in closed containers not exceeding 6.5 gallons (25 L) capacity.
- Storage of Class 1 and 2 oxidizers.
- Storage of Class II, III, IV and V organic peroxides.
- Storage of asphyxiant, irritant and radioactive gases.
[F] 414.5.2.2 Fail-safe engineered systems. Standby power for mechanical ventilation, treatment systems and temperature control systems shall not be required where an approved fail-safe engineered system is installed.
[F] 414.5.3 Spill control, drainage and containment. Rooms, buildings or areas occupied for the storage of solid and liquid hazardous materials shall be provided with a means to control spillage and to contain or drain off spillage and fire protection water discharged in the storage area where required in the California Fire Code . The methods of spill control shall be in accordance with the California Fire Code .
414.5.4 Hazardous material handling. The handling of hazardous materials shall be in accordance with California Fire Code Section 5003.
[F] 414.6 Outdoor storage, dispensing and use. The outdoor storage, dispensing and use of hazardous materials shall be in accordance with the California Fire Code .
[F] 414.6.1 Weather protection. Where weather protection is provided for sheltering outdoor hazardous material storage or use areas, such areas shall be considered outdoor storage or use where the weather protection structure complies with Sections 414.6.1.1 through 414.6.1.3.
2025 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE 4-41
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON OCCUPANCY AND USE
[F] 414.6.1.1 Walls. Walls shall not obstruct more than one side of the structure.
Exception: Walls shall be permitted to obstruct portions of multiple sides of the structure, provided that the obstructed area is not greater than 25 percent of the structure’s perimeter.
[F] 414.6.1.2 Separation distance. The distance from the structure to buildings, lot lines, public ways or means of egress to a public way shall be not less than the distance required for an outside hazardous material storage or use area without weather protection.
[F] 414.6.1.3 Noncombustible construction. The overhead structure shall be of approved noncombustible construction with a maximum area of 1,500 square feet (140 m [2] ).
Exception: The maximum area is permitted to be increased as provided by Section 506.
SECTION 415—GROUPS H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4 AND H-5
CBC § 320.4.3.3 High relevance — show source text
** Outdoor storage of lithium-ion or lithium metal batteries shall comply with one of the following:
- Battery storage shall be located not less than 20 feet (6096 mm) from any building, lot line, public street, public alley, public way or means of egress.
- Battery storage shall be located not less than 3 feet (914 mm) from any building, lot line, public street, public alley, public way or means of egress, where the battery storage is separated by a 2-hour fire-resistance-rated assembly without openings or penetrations and extending 5 feet (1524 mm) above and to the sides of the battery storage area.
- Battery storage shall be located not less than 3 feet (914 mm) from any building, lot line, public street, public alley, public way or means of egress, where batteries are contained in approved, prefabricated portable structures providing a complete 2-hour fire-resistance-rated enclosure. 4. A maximum of 15 cubic feet of lithium-ion or lithium metal batteries or cells packaged in accordance with DOTn shipping requirements where not less than 3 feet (914 mm) from any building with noncombustible exterior walls, lot line, public street, public alley, public way or means of egress.
320.4.3.3 Storage area size limits and separation. Outdoor storage areas for lithium-ion or lithium metal batteries shall not exceed 900 square feet (83.6 m [2] ). The height of battery storage in such areas shall not exceed 10 feet (3048 mm). Multiple battery storage areas shall be separated from each other by not less than 20 feet (6096 mm) of open space. 320.4.3.4 Fire detection. Outdoor storage areas for lithium-ion or lithium metal batteries exceeding 900 square feet (371 m [2] ), regardless of whether such areas are open, under weather protection or in a prefabricated portable structure, shall be provided with an approved automatic fire detection and alarm system complying with Section 907. The fire detection system shall use radiant energy-sensing fire detection.
320.4.3.5 Containers. Containers for outdoor storage of used or waste batteries shall be open-top and constructed of noncom- bustible materials, containers complying with DOTn regulations for lithium-ion and lithium-metal transportation or shall be approved for battery collection and storage.
3-18 2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
320.4.3.6 Weather protection. Where weather protection is provided for sheltering outdoor lithium-ion or lithium metal battery storage or use areas, such areas shall be considered outdoor storage or use where the weather protection structure complies with all of the following: 1. Walls shall not obstruct more than one side or more than 25 percent of the perimeter of the storage area. 2. The overhead structure shall be of approved noncombustible construction with a maximum area of 3,600 square feet (334.5 m [2] ). 3. The distance from the structure to buildings, lot lines, public ways or means of egress to a public way shall be not less than the distance required for an outside storage in Section 320.4.3.2. _4.
CBC § 3.9 Medium relevance — show source text
Where storage areas exceed 50,000 square feet in area, the maximum allowable quantities area is allowed to be increased by 2 percent for each 1,000 square feet of area in excess
of 50,000 square feet, up to not more than 100 percent of the table amounts. Separation of control areas is not required. The aggregate amount shall not exceed 80,000 pounds.
d. “Low BV” Category 1B flammable gas has a burning velocity of 3.9 in/s (10 cm/s) or less.|50-20 2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS—GENERAL PROVISIONS
5003.11.2.1 Fire protection and storage arrangements. Fire protection and container storage arrangements for quantities of Category 1B flammable gases permitted by Table 5003.11.2 shall be in accordance with the all of the following:
- Storage of Category 1B flammable gases on shelves shall not exceed 6 feet (1829 mm) in height, and shelving shall be metal.
- Rack storage, pallet storage or piles of Category 1B flammable gas greater than 6 feet 6 inches (1981 mm) in height shall be provided with an automatic sprinkler system with a minimum design density of Extra Hazard Group 1.
- Combustible commodities shall not be stored above Category 1B flammable gases.
- Flammable liquids shall be separated from Category 1B flammable gases by a distance of not less than 20 feet (6096 mm). The separation is permitted to be reduced to 10 feet (3048 mm) where secondary containment or diking is provided to retain a flammable liquid spill at a distance of 10 feet (3048 mm) from the Category 1B flammable gas storage.
5003.12 Outdoor control areas. Outdoor control areas for hazardous materials shall be in accordance with the following general requirements:
- Outdoor control areas shall be kept free from weeds, debris and common combustible materials not necessary to the storage. The area surrounding an outdoor control area shall be kept clear of such materials for not less than 15 feet (4572 mm).
- Outdoor control areas shall be located not closer than 20 feet (6096 mm) from a public street, public alley, public way or lot line that can be built on.
Exceptions:
- For solid and liquid hazardous materials, a 2-hour fire-resistance-rated wall without openings extending not less than 30 inches (762 mm) above and to the sides of the storage area shall be allowed in lieu of such distance.
- For compressed gas hazardous materials, unless otherwise specified, the minimum required distances shall not apply where fire barriers without openings or penetrations having a minimum fire-resistance rating of 2 hours interrupt the line of sight between the storage and the exposure. The configuration of the fire barrier shall be designed to allow natural ventilation to prevent the accumulation of hazardous gas concentrations.
- Where a property exceeds 10,000 square feet (929 m [2] ), a group of two outdoor control areas is allowed where approved and where each control area is separated by a minimum distance of 50 feet (15 240 mm).
- Where a property exceeds 35,000 square feet (3252 m [2] ), additional groups of outdoor control areas are allowed where approved and where each group is separated by a minimum distance of 300 feet (91 440 mm).
CBC § 304.8 Medium relevance — show source text
The configuration of the protective structure shall allow natural ventila-
tion to prevent the accumulation of hazardous gas concentrations.|For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 cubic foot = 0.02832 m3.
a. The minimum required distances shall be reduced to 5 feet where protective structures having a minimum fire resistance of 2 hours interrupt the line of sight between the
container and the exposure. The protective structure shall be not less than 5 feet from the exposure. The configuration of the protective structure shall allow natural ventila-
tion to prevent the accumulation of hazardous gas concentrations.|For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 cubic foot = 0.02832 m3.
a. The minimum required distances shall be reduced to 5 feet where protective structures having a minimum fire resistance of 2 hours interrupt the line of sight between the
container and the exposure. The protective structure shall be not less than 5 feet from the exposure. The configuration of the protective structure shall allow natural ventila-
tion to prevent the accumulation of hazardous gas concentrations.|For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 cubic foot = 0.02832 m3.
a. The minimum required distances shall be reduced to 5 feet where protective structures having a minimum fire resistance of 2 hours interrupt the line of sight between the
container and the exposure. The protective structure shall be not less than 5 feet from the exposure. The configuration of the protective structure shall allow natural ventila-
tion to prevent the accumulation of hazardous gas concentrations.|6404.2.2 Weather protection. Where overhead construction is provided for sheltering outdoor storage areas of pyrophoric materials, the storage areas shall be provided with approved automatic fire-extinguishing system protection.
SECTION 6405—USE
6405.1 General. The use of pyrophoric materials in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area indicated in Table 5003.1.1(1) or 5003.1.1(3) shall be in accordance with Sections 5001, 5003, 5005 and this chapter.
6405.2 Weather protection. Where overhead construction is provided for sheltering of outdoor use areas of pyrophoric materials, the use areas shall be provided with approved automatic fire-extinguishing system protection.
6405.3 Silane gas. The use of silane gas, and gas mixtures with a silane concentration of 1.37 percent or more by volume, shall be in accordance with ANSI/CGA G-13.
64-4 2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE – MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE CHAPTER 65 – PYROXYLIN (CELLULOSE NITRATE) PLASTICS
(Matrix Adoption Tables are nonregulatory, intended only as an aid to the code user. See Chapter 1 for state agency authority and building applications.)
CBC § 5004.11 Medium relevance — show source text
5004.11 Clearance from combustibles. The area surrounding an outdoor storage area or tank shall be kept clear of combustible materials and vegetation for a minimum distance of 25 feet (7620 mm).
5004.12 Noncombustible floor. Except for surfacing, floors of storage areas shall be of noncombustible construction.
5004.13 Weather protection. Where overhead noncombustible construction is provided for sheltering outdoor hazardous material storage areas, such storage shall not be considered indoor storage where the area is constructed in accordance with the requirements for weather protection as required by the California Building Code .
Exception: Storage of explosive materials shall be considered as indoor storage.
5004.14 Outdoor storage location. Outdoor storage areas for hazardous materials shall be located as required by Section 5003.12 except where material-specific requirements, including requirements in referenced standards, are provided in other chapters of this code.
SECTION 5005—USE, DISPENSING AND HANDLING
5005.1 General. Use, dispensing and handling of hazardous materials in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area set forth in Section 5003.1 shall be in accordance with Sections 5001, 5003 and 5005. Use, dispensing and handling of hazardous materials in amounts not exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area set forth in Section 5003.1 shall be in accordance with Sections 5001 and 5003.
5005.1.1 Separation of incompatible materials. Separation of incompatible materials shall be in accordance with Section 5003.9.8.
5005.1.2 Noncombustible floor. Except for surfacing, floors of areas where liquid or solid hazardous materials are dispensed or used in open systems shall be of noncombustible, liquid-tight construction.
5005.1.3 Spill control and secondary containment for hazardous material liquids. Where required by other provisions of Section 5005, spill control and secondary containment shall be provided for hazardous material liquids in accordance with Section 5004.2.
5005.1.4 Limit controls. Limit controls shall be provided in accordance with Sections 5005.1.4.1 through 5005.1.4.4.
5005.1.4.1 High-liquid-level control. Open tanks in which liquid hazardous materials are used shall be equipped with a liquid-level limit control or other means to prevent overfilling of the tank.
5005.1.4.2 Low-liquid-level control. Approved safeguards shall be provided to prevent a low-liquid level in a tank from creating a hazardous condition, including but not limited to, overheating of a tank or its contents.
5005.1.4.3 Temperature control. Temperature control shall be provided in accordance with Section 5004.8.1.
5005.1.4.4 Pressure control. Pressure control shall be provided in accordance with Section 5004.8.2.
5005.1.5 Standby or emergency power. Where mechanical ventilation, treatment systems, temperature control, manual alarm, detection or other electrically operated systems are required by this code, such systems shall be provided with emergency or standby power in accordance with Section 1203.
5005.1.5.1 Exempt applications. Standby power for mechanical ventilation, treatment systems and temperature control systems shall not be required where an approved fail-safe engineered system is installed.
CBC § 903.2.5 Medium relevance — show source text
903.2.5
Ventilation 414.3, 415.9.1.7, 415.11.1.6, 415.11.1.8.1, 415.11.3.2, 415.11.6.8, 415.11.7.4, 415.11.8, 415.11.11, 1202.6 Weather protection 414.6.1 Hazardous Occupancy (Group H), (see Hazardous Materials) 307, 414, 415 Alarms and detection 415.11.2, 415.11.4, 415.11.6.9, 415.11.8, 415.3, 415.5, 907.2.5, 908.1, 908.2 Area 503, 505, 506, 507, 508 Dispersing 414.5, 414.6, 415.6 Gas detection systems 415.11.7 Group provisions H-1 (detonation) 307.3, 415.6.2, 415.7, 415.6.4.1, 415.7.1 H-2 (deflagration) 307.4, 415.8, 415.9 H-3 (physical hazard) 415.10, 307.5, 415.8 H-4 (health hazard) 307.6, 415.10 H-5 (semiconductor) 307.7, 415.11 Height 415.7, 415.8.1, 415.9.1.1, 426.1.1, 503, 504, 505, 506 Incidental uses 509
Interior finishes 416.2.1, 416.3.1, Table 803.13, 804 Live load Table 1607.1
Location on property 414.6.1.2, 415.6 Low hazard 306.3, 311.3 Means of egress Corridors 415.11.2 One means of egress Table 1006.3.4(1), Table 1006.3.4(2) Panic hardware 1006.2.2.2, 1006.2.2.3, 1006.2.2.4, 1010.2.8 Stairway, exit access 1019 Travel distance 1006.3, 1006.2.1, Table 1017.2
Mixed occupancies 508.3, 508.4 Accessory 508.2 Moderate hazard 306.2, 311.2 Multiple hazards 306.2, 311.2 Occupancy exceptions 307.1 Plumbing fixtures Chapter 29 Risk category Table 1604.5 Separation from other occupancies 415.6.1, 508.1, 508.2.4, 508.3.3, 508.4 Smoke and heat removal 910.2 Special provisions based on materials Combustible liquids Table 307.1(1), 307.4, 307.5, 414.2.5, 414.5.3,
415.9.2
Corrosives 307.6, Table 414.2.5.1, 414.3, 415.10.3, Table 415.11.1.1 Explosives 307.3, 307.3.1, Table 415.6.5
CBC § 2506.2 Medium relevance — show source text
Vertical and horizontal assemblies
2504
Wallboard Table 2506.2, 2508.2, 2508.2.1, 2508.4, 2510.5.2.1 Water-resistant backing board 2506.2, 2509.2
Habitable Space 1208 Handrails 1014 Alternating tread devices 1011.14 Assembly aisles 1030.16 Construction 1014.5, 1014.6, 1014.7 Extensions 1014.7 Glazing 2407 Graspability 1014.4 Guards 1015.3 Height 1014.2 Loads 1607.9
Location 1014.1, 1014.8, 1014.9,
1014.10
Ramps 1012.8 Stairs 1011.11
Hardboard 1403.3.2, 2303.1.7 Hardware (see Doors and Locks and Latching) Hardwood
Fastening 2304.10 Quality 2303.3 Veneer 1403.3.2 Hazardous Materials 307, 414, 415 Compliance with California Fire Code 307.2
Control areas 414.2
Explosion control 414.5.1, Table 414.5.1, 415.11.6.5, 426.1.4 Mercantile occupancies 309.2 Reporting 414.1.3 Sprinkler protection Table 414.2.5.1, Table 414.2.5.2, 415.4, 415.11.12,
903.2.5
Ventilation 414.3, 415.9.1.7, 415.11.1.6, 415.11.1.8.1, 415.11.3.2, 415.11.6.8, 415.11.7.4, 415.11.8, 415.11.11, 1202.6 Weather protection 414.6.1 Hazardous Occupancy (Group H), (see Hazardous Materials) 307, 414, 415 Alarms and detection 415.11.2, 415.11.4, 415.11.6.9, 415.11.8, 415.3, 415.5, 907.2.5, 908.1, 908.2 Area 503, 505, 506, 507, 508 Dispersing 414.5, 414.6, 415.6 Gas detection systems 415.11.7 Group provisions H-1 (detonation) 307.3, 415.6.2, 415.7, 415.6.4.1, 415.7.1 H-2 (deflagration) 307.4, 415.8, 415.9 H-3 (physical hazard) 415.10, 307.5, 415.8 H-4 (health hazard) 307.6, 415.10 H-5 (semiconductor) 307.7, 415.11 Height 415.7, 415.8.1, 415.9.1.1, 426.1.1, 503, 504, 505, 506 Incidental uses 509
CBC § 5004.7.2 Medium relevance — show source text
5004.7.2 Fail-safe engineered systems. Standby power for mechanical ventilation, treatment systems and temperature control systems shall not be required where an approved fail-safe engineered system is installed.
5004.8 Limit controls. Limit controls shall be provided in accordance with Sections 5004.8.1 and 5004.8.2.
5004.8.1 Temperature control. Materials that must be kept at temperatures other than normal ambient temperatures to prevent a hazardous reaction shall be provided with an approved means to maintain the temperature within a safe range. Redundant temperature control equipment that will operate on failure of the primary temperature control system shall be provided. Where approved, alternative means that prevent a hazardous reaction are allowed.
5004.8.2 Pressure control. Stationary tanks and equipment containing hazardous material liquids that can generate pressures exceeding design limits because of exposure fires or internal reaction shall have some form of construction or other approved means that will relieve excessive internal pressure. The means of pressure relief shall vent to an approved location or to an exhaust scrubber or treatment system where required by Chapter 60.
50-24 2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS—GENERAL PROVISIONS
5004.9 Emergency alarm. An approved manual emergency alarm system shall be provided in buildings, rooms or areas used for storage of hazardous materials. Emergency alarm-initiating devices shall be installed outside of each interior exit or exit access door of storage buildings, rooms or areas. Activation of an emergency alarm-initiating device shall sound a local alarm to alert occupants of an emergency situation involving hazardous materials.
5004.10 Supervision and monitoring. Emergency alarm, detection and automatic fire-extinguishing systems required by Section 5004 shall be electrically supervised and monitored by an approved supervising station or, where approved, shall initiate an audible and visual signal at a constantly attended on-site location.
5004.11 Clearance from combustibles. The area surrounding an outdoor storage area or tank shall be kept clear of combustible materials and vegetation for a minimum distance of 25 feet (7620 mm).
5004.12 Noncombustible floor. Except for surfacing, floors of storage areas shall be of noncombustible construction.
5004.13 Weather protection. Where overhead noncombustible construction is provided for sheltering outdoor hazardous material storage areas, such storage shall not be considered indoor storage where the area is constructed in accordance with the requirements for weather protection as required by the California Building Code .
Exception: Storage of explosive materials shall be considered as indoor storage.
5004.14 Outdoor storage location. Outdoor storage areas for hazardous materials shall be located as required by Section 5003.12 except where material-specific requirements, including requirements in referenced standards, are provided in other chapters of this code.
SECTION 5005—USE, DISPENSING AND HANDLING
5005.1 General. Use, dispensing and handling of hazardous materials in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area set forth in Section 5003.1 shall be in accordance with Sections 5001, 5003 and 5005. Use, dispensing and handling of hazardous materials in amounts not exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area set forth in Section 5003.1 shall be in accordance with Sections 5001 and 5003.
5005.1.1 Separation of incompatible materials. Separation of incompatible materials shall be in accordance with Section 5003.9.8.
CBC § 2.25 Medium relevance — show source text
00|2.25|0.70|DR|3.70|1.05|DR|DR| |Minimum 33
mil steel
furring or
minimum
1x wood
furringc|33 mil cold-
formed steel
stud|#10 screw|Steel thick-
ness plus 3
threads|16|3.85|1.45|DR|DR|3.40|DR|DR|DR| |Minimum 33
mil steel
furring or
minimum
1x wood
furringc|33 mil cold-
formed steel
stud|#10 screw|Steel thick-
ness plus 3
threads|24|3.40|DR|DR|DR|2.70|DR|DR|DR| |Minimum 33
mil steel
furring or
minimum
1x wood
furringc|43 mil or
thicker cold-
formed steel
stud|#8 Screw|Steel thick-
ness plus 3
threads|12|3.00|1.80|DR|DR|3.00|0.65|DR|DR| |Minimum 33
mil steel
furring or
minimum
1x wood
furringc|43 mil or
thicker cold-
formed steel
stud|#8 Screw|Steel thick-
ness plus 3
threads|16|3.00|1.00|DR|DR|2.85|DR|DR|DR| |Minimum 33
mil steel
furring or
minimum
1x wood
furringc|43 mil or
thicker cold-
formed steel
stud|#8 Screw|Steel thick-
ness plus 3
threads|24|2.85|DR|DR|DR|2.20|DR|DR|DR| |Minimum 33
mil steel
furring or
minimum
1x wood
furringc|43 mil or
thicker cold-
formed steel
stud|#10 screw|Steel thick-
ness plus 3
threads|12|4.00|3.85|2.80|1.80|4.00|3.05|1.50|DR| |Minimum 33
mil steel
furring or
minimum
1x wood
furringc|43 mil or
thicker cold-
formed steel
stud|#10 screw|Steel thick-
ness plus 3
threads|16|4.00|3.30|1.95|0.60|4.00|2.25|DR|DR| |Minimum 33
mil steel
furring or
minimum
1x wood
furringc|43 mil or
thicker cold-
formed steel
stud|#10 screw|Steel thick-
ness plus 3
threads|24|4.00|2.25|DR|DR|4.00|0.65|DR|DR| |For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 pound per square foot (psf) = 0.0479 kPa, 1 pound per square inch = 0.00689 MPa.
DR = Design Required, o.c. = on center.
a. Wood furring shall be spruce-pine-fir or any softwood species with a specific gravity of 0.42 or greater.CBC § 11.5 Medium relevance — show source text
5-foot
level of storage
3.
Locate in
longitudinal flue
space,
staggered
vertical
4.
Shields required
where multiple-
level|1.
Ordinary
temperature,
quick-response
sprinklers,
maximum 8 feet
3 inches
horizontal
spacing
2.
One line of
sprinklers at the
6-foot level and
the 11.5-foot
level of storage
3.
Locate in
longitudinal flue
space,
staggered
vertical
4.
Shields required
where multiple-
level| |TABLE 5704.3.6.3(8)—AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR
CLASS I LIQUID STORAGE IN METAL CONTAINERS OF 1-GALLON CAPACITY OR LESS WITH UNCARTONED
OR CASE-CUT SHELF DISPLAY UP TO 6.5 FEET, AND PALLETIZED STORAGE ABOVE IN A DOUBLE-ROW RACK ARRAYa|CEILING SPRINKLER DESIGN AND DEMAND|Maximum
spacing|Maximum
spacing|100 ft2/head|100 ft2/head| |TABLE 5704.3.6.3(8)—AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR
CLASS I LIQUID STORAGE IN METAL CONTAINERS OF 1-GALLON CAPACITY OR LESS WITH UNCARTONED
OR CASE-CUT SHELF DISPLAY UP TO 6.5 FEET, AND PALLETIZED STORAGE ABOVE IN A DOUBLE-ROW RACK ARRAYa|CEILING SPRINKLER DESIGN AND DEMAND|Area
(square feet)|Ordinary
temperature|Not
Applicable|Not
Applicable| |TABLE 5704.3.6.3(8)—AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR
CLASS I LIQUID STORAGE IN METAL CONTAINERS OF 1-GALLON CAPACITY OR LESS WITH UNCARTONED
OR CASE-CUT SHELF DISPLAY UP TO 6.5 FEET, AND PALLETIZED STORAGE ABOVE IN A DOUBLE-ROW RACK ARRAYa|CEILING SPRINKLER DESIGN AND DEMAND|Area
(square feet)|High
temperature|2,000b|2,000b| |TABLE 5704.3.6.3(8)—AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR
CLASS I LIQUID STORAGE IN METAL CONTAINERS OF 1-GALLON CAPACITY OR LESS WITH UNCARTONED
OR CASE-CUT SHELF DISPLAY UP TO 6.5 FEET, AND PALLETIZED STORAGE ABOVE IN A DOUBLE-ROW RACK ARRAYa|CEILING SPRINKLER DESIGN AND DEMAND|Density
(gpm/ft2)|Density
(gpm/ft2)|0.60|0.60| |**TABLE 5704.3.6.CBC § 5504.2.1.3 Medium relevance — show source text
5504.2.1.3 Ventilation. Storage areas for stationary containers shall be ventilated in accordance with the California Mechani- cal Code .
5504.2.2 Portable containers. Indoor storage of portable containers shall comply with the provisions applicable to the type of fluid stored and Sections 5504.2.2.1 through 5504.2.2.3.
5504.2.2.1 Containers. Portable containers shall comply with Section 5503.1.
5504.2.2.2 Construction of indoor areas. Cryogenic fluids in portable containers stored indoors shall be stored in buildings, rooms or areas constructed in accordance with the California Building Code .
5504.2.2.3 Ventilation. Storage areas shall be ventilated in accordance with the California Mechanical Code .
5504.3 Outdoor storage. Outdoor storage of containers shall be in accordance with Sections 5504.3.1 through 5504.3.1.2.3.
5504.3.1 Separation from hazardous conditions. Cryogenic containers and systems in outdoor storage shall be separated from materials and conditions that pose exposure hazards to or from each other in accordance with Sections 5504.3.1.1 through 5504.3.1.1.5.
2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE 55-5
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
CRYOGENIC FLUIDS
5504.3.1.1 Stationary containers. Stationary containers shall be separated from exposure hazards in accordance with the provisions applicable to the type of fluid contained and the minimum separation distances indicated in Table 5504.3.1.1.
TABLE 5504.3.1.1—SEPARATION OF STATIONARY CONTAINERS FROM EXPOSURE HAZARDS Col2 EXPOSURE MINIMUM DISTANCE
(feet)Air intakes 10 Building exits 10 Buildings, regardless of construction type 1 Combustible materials such as paper, leaves, weeds, dry grass or debris 15 Lot lines 5 Nonambulatory patient areas 50 Other hazardous materials In accordance with Chapter 50 Places of public assembly 50 Wall openings 1 For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. 5504.3.1.1.1 Point-of-fill connections. Remote transfer points and fill connection points shall not be positioned closer to exposures than the minimum distances required for stationary containers.
5504.3.1.1.2 Surfaces beneath containers. Containers shall be placed on surfaces that are compatible with the fluid in the container.
5504.3.1.1.3 Location. Containers of cryogenic fluids shall not be located within diked areas containing other hazardous materials.
5504.3.1.1.4 Areas subject to flooding. Stationary containers located in areas subject to flooding shall be securely anchored or elevated to prevent the containers from separating from foundations or supports.
5504.3.1.1.5 Drainage. The area surrounding stationary containers shall be provided with a means to prevent accidental discharge of fluids from endangering personnel, containers, equipment and adjacent structures or to enter enclosed spaces. The stationary container shall not be placed where spilled or discharged fluids will be retained around the container.
Frequently asked questions
Does a canopy automatically make an outdoor storage area “indoor” or “outdoor”?
No. Under the CBC a canopy does not convert an outdoor storage area to indoor storage. The sheltered area is treated as outdoor storage so long as the weather-protection structure complies with §§ 414.6.1–414.6.1.3 (walls, separation equivalence and noncombustible overhead construction) .
How much of the canopy perimeter can be walled in?
Walls may not obstruct more than one side of the structure. As an exception, portions of multiple sides may be obstructed provided the obstructed length does not exceed 25% of the structure’s perimeter (§ 414.6.1.1) .
Where do I find the numeric separation distances (feet) I must meet?
CBC § 414.6.1.2 requires the same separation as an open outdoor area, but the CBC does not list the numeric distances — those are in the California Fire Code (material- and quantity-specific tables and sections) which the CBC references as controlling for outdoor storage .
What is the maximum roofed (weather-protection) area allowed by the CBC?
The CBC limits the overhead noncombustible structure to 1,500 sq ft (140 m2) by § 414.6.1.3 unless an increase is approved per CBC § 506 .
If I provide a 2‑hour fire‑resistance barrier, can I reduce the required separation?
Possibly — the CBC requires the separation to be at least the same as open outdoor storage (itself not numeric), and the CFC contains material-specific provisions that allow reduced separations when appropriate 2‑hour rated assemblies or approved enclosures are provided (for example, battery storage options in the CFC) — you must consult the CFC chapter for the material to confirm the allowed reduction and its conditions .
More in California Building Code
- Administration & Permits
- Energy Efficiency
- Existing Buildings
- Occupancy Classification & Use
- Hazardous Materials & Occupancies
- Types of Construction
- Fire-Resistance & Fire Safety
- Interior Finishes
- Means of Egress
- Accessibility
- Exterior Walls
- Roofing & Roof Assemblies
- Structural Design
- Special Inspections & Tests
- Foundations & Soils
- Concrete
- Masonry
- Steel
- Wood
- Elevators & Conveying Systems
Ask about the CBC
Get cited, plain-English answers on the California Building Code for your project — any code section, any scenario.
Start Free Trial