Division 6 — Industrial Base Zones

(Added 12-9-1997 by O-18451 N.S.; effective 1-1-2000.)

The purpose of the industrial zones is to accommodate a range of industrial and manufacturing activities in designated areas to promote balanced land use and provide flexibility in the design of new and redeveloped industrial projects, while assuring high quality development and protecting land for industrial uses and limiting nonindustrial uses.

(Added 12-9-1997 by O-18451 N.S.; effective 1-1-2000.) (Amended 4-5-2016 by O-20634 N.S.; effective 5-5-2016.)

• (a) The purpose of the IP zones is to provide for high quality science and business park development . The property development standards of this zone are intended to create a campus-like environment characterized by comprehensive site design, substantial landscaping, and amenities that serve the surrounding development in a manner that preserves the industrial nature of the zones.

• (b) The IP zones are differentiated based on the uses allowed as follows:

  • IP-1-1 allows research and development uses with some limited manufacturing

  • IP-2-1 allows a mix of light industrial and office uses

  • IP-3-1 allows for research and development, office, and residential uses.

(Added 12-9-1997 by O-18451 N.S.; effective 1-1-2000.) (Amended 4-11-2014 by O-20361 N.S.; effective 5-18-2014.) (Amended 1-8-2020 by O-21164 N.S.; effective 2-9-2020.)

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• (a) The purpose of the IL zones is to provide for a wide range of manufacturing and distribution activities. The development standards of this zone are intended to encourage sound industrial development by providing an attractive environment free from adverse impacts associated with some heavy industrial uses. The IL zones are intended to permit a range of uses, including nonindustrial uses in some instances.

• (b) The IL zones are differentiated based on the uses allowed as follows:

  • IL-1-1 allows primarily light industrial uses

  • IL-2-1 allows a mix of light industrial and office uses with limited commercial

  • IL-3-1 allows a mix of light industrial, office, and commercial uses

(Added 12-9-1997 by O-18451 N.S.; effective 1-1-2000.)

• (a) The purpose of the IH zones is to provide space for land-intensive industrial activities emphasizing base-sector manufacturing. The IH zones are intended to promote efficient industrial land use with minimal development standards, while providing proper safeguards for adjoining properties and the community in general. It is the intent of these zones to limit the presence of nonindustrial uses in order to preserve land that is appropriate for large-scale industrial users.

• (b) The IH zones are differentiated based on the uses allowed as follows:

  • IH-1-1 allows primarily manufacturing uses

  • IH-2-1 allows manufacturing uses with some office

(Added 12-9-1997 by O-18451 N.S.; effective 1-1-2000.)

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The purpose of the IS zone is to provide for small-scale, multi-tenant, and flexible industrial activities within urbanized areas. It is intended that the IS zones permit a wide range of industrial and nonindustrial land uses to promote economic vitality and a neighborhood scale in development . The property development regulations of the IS zone are intended to accommodate the development of small and medium sized industrial and commercial activities by providing reduced lot area, landscaping, and parking requirements, and also by promoting pedestrian-oriented environments.

(Added 12-9-1997 by O-18451 N.S.; effective 1-1-2000.)

(Retitled from “Purpose of the IS (Industrial--Small Lot) Zone” to “Purpose of the IS (Industrial--Small Scale) Zone” and amended 12-9-2020 by O-21273 N.S.; effective 1-8-2021.)

The purpose of the IBT zone is to provide for a wide variety of base sector industrial and office uses. It is intended to apply in portions of communities adjacent to the international border, other ports of entry, and areas in transition to higher intensity industries.

(“Purpose of the IBT (International--Business and Trade) Zone” added 4-11-2014 by O-20361 N.S.; effective 5-18-2014.)

On the effective date of Ordinance O-18691, all industrial zones that were established in Municipal Code Chapter 10, Article 1, Division 4 were amended and replaced with the base zones established in this division.

(Added 12-9-1997 by O-18451 N.S.; effective 1-1-2000.) (Amended 11-13-2008 by O-19801 N.S.; effective 12-13-2008.)

The regulations of Section 131.0622 apply in the industrial zones where indicated in Table 131-06B.

• (a) The uses permitted in any industrial zone may be further limited by the following:

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• (1) Section 131.0623 (Additional Use Regulations of Industrial Zones);

• (2) Use limitations applicable to the Airport Land Use Compatibility Overlay Zone (Chapter 13, Article 2, Division 15);

• (3) Use limitations applicable to Prime Industrial Land identified in Table 131-06B. An adopted land use plan may identify further use limitations.

• (4) The presence of environmentally sensitive lands , pursuant to Chapter 14, Article 3, Division 1 (Environmentally Sensitive Lands Regulations); or

• (5) Any other applicable provision of the San Diego Municipal Code.

• (b) Within the industrial zones, no structure or improvement, or portion thereof, shall be constructed, established, or altered, nor shall any premises be used or maintained except for one or more of the purposes or activities listed in Table 131-06B. It is unlawful to establish, maintain, or use any premises for any purpose or activity not listed in this section and Section 131.0622.

• (c) All uses or activities permitted in the industrial zones shall be conducted entirely within an enclosed building unless the use or activity is traditionally conducted outdoors.

• (d) Accessory uses in the industrial zones may be permitted in accordance with Section 131.0125.

• (e) Temporary uses may be permitted in the industrial zones for a limited period of time with a Temporary Use Permit in accordance with Chapter 12, Article 3, Division 4.

• (f) For any use that cannot be readily classified, the City Manager shall determine the appropriate use category and use subcategory pursuant to Section 131.0110.

(Added 12-9-1997 by O-18451 N.S.; effective 1-1-2000.) (Amended 10-25-2011 by O-20047 N.S.; effective 1-1-2012.) (Amended 6-18-2013 by O-20261 N.S.; effective 7-19-2013.) (Amended 3-7-2023 by O-21618 N.S.; effective 5-6-2023.)

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The uses allowed in the industrial zones are shown in Table 131-06B.

Legend for Table 131-06B

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Table 131-06B

Use Regulations Table for Industrial Zones

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Footnotes for Table 131-06B

• 1 A regional and corporate headquarters establishment shall have a gross floor area of at least 40,000 square feet.

• 2 Household and office furniture, appliances, and equipment sales establishments shall occupy an area of at least 5,000 square feet in gross floor area unless the sales are of items that are manufactured on the same premises .

• 3 See Section 131.0623(g). 4 See Section 131.0623(h) 5 See Section 131.0623(a). 6 See Section 131.0623(f). 7 See Section 131.0623(b).

• 8 See Section 131.0623(c). 9 See Section 131.0623(d).

• 10 See Section 131.0623(e).

• 11 The 40,000 square feet includes all indoor and outdoor areas that are devoted to the recreational use; it does not include customer parking areas.

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• 12 Only one regional and corporate headquarters establishment is permitted on an individual parcel of land.

• 13 Development of a large retail establishment is subject to Section 143.0302.

• 14 See Section 131.0623(n).

• 15 See Section 131.0623(j).

• 16 Eating and drinking establishments abutting residential development located in a residential zone may operate only between 6:00 a.m. and 12:00 midnight.

• 17 Distribution facilities are permitted in the IP-1-1 zone only within the Otay Mesa Community Plan area.

• 18 Tasting rooms are only permitted as an accessory use to a beverage manufacturing plant.

• 19 See Section 131.0623(l).

• 20 See Section 131.0623(m).

• 21 Funeral and Mortuary Services are not permitted within floodplains located in the Coastal Overlay Zone.

• 22 A maximum of 10 percent of the gross floor area on the premises may be used for retail sales.

• 23 Moving and Storage Facilities are prohibited where the applicable land use plan identifies the premises as Prime Industrial Lands. This is not applicable to premises located in the Marine Corps Air Station Miramar Airport Land Use Compatibility Plan Accident Potential Zone 1.

(Amended 6-12-2001 by O-18948 N.S.; effective 12-12-2001.) (Amended 3-1-2006 by O-19467 N.S.; effective 8-10-2006.) (Amended 8-10-2004 by O-19308 N.S.; effective 4-11-2007.) (Amended 6-15-2007 by O-19624 N.S.; effective 7-15-2007.) (Amended 4-23-2008 by O-19739 N.S.; effective 5-23-2008.) (Amended 11-13-08 by O-19799 N.S; effective 12-13-2008.) (Amended 11-13-08 by O-19803 N.S; effective 12-13-2008.) (Amended 11-13-08 by O-19804 N.S; effective 12-13-2008.) (Amended 8-4-2011 by O-20081 N.S.; effective 10-6-2011.) (Amended 2-22-2012 by O-20140 N.S.; effective 3-23-2012.) (Amended 2-22-2012 by O-20141 N.S.; effective 3-23-2012.) (Amended 6-18-2013 by O-20261 N.S.; effective 7-19-2013.) (Amended 3-25-2014 by O-20356 N.S.; effective 4-24-2014.) (Amended 4-11-2014 by O-20361 N.S.; effective 5-18-2014.) (Amended 4-3-2014 by O-20357 N.S.; effective 10-15-2014.) (Amended 5-5-2015 by O-20481 N.S.; effective 6-4-2015.) (Amended 7-10-2015 by O-20512 N.S.; effective 8-9-2015.) (Amended 8-7-2015 by O-20555 N.S.; effective 9-6-2015.) (Amended 4-5-2016 by O-20634 N.S.; effective 5-5-2016.)

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(Amended 8-4-2016 by O-20704 N.S.; effective 8-27-2016.) (Amended 2-22-2017 by O-20793 N.S.; effective 4-12-2017.) (Amended 9-15-2017 by O-20857 N.S.; effective 10-15-2017.) (Amended 10-17-2017 by O-20859 N.S.; effective 11-16-2017.) (Amended 3-22-2018 by O-20917 N.S.; effective 4-21-2018.) (Amended 5-22-2018 by O-20928 N.S.; effective 6-21-2018.) (Amended 8-9-2019 by O-21114 N.S. and O-21117 N.S.; effective 9-8-2019.) (Amended 1-8-2020 by O-21163 N.S. and O-21164 N.S.; effective 2-9-2020.) (Amended 8-12-2020 by O-21223 N.S.; effective 10-8-2020.) (Amended 10-30-2020 by O-21254 N.S.; effective 11-29-2020.) (Amended 2-1-2021 by O-21288 N.S.; effective 3-3-2021.) (Amended 3-10-2021 by O-21289 N.S.; effective 3-10-2021.) (Amended 4-14-2021 by O-21305 N.S.; effective 5-29-2021.) (Amended 11-23-2021 by O-21391 N.S.; effective 1-6-2022.) (Amended 1-27-2022 by O-21416 N.S.; effective 2-26-2022.) (Amended 3-11-2022 by O-21439 N.S.; effective 4-10-2022.) (Amended 5-23-2022 by O-21458 N.S.; effective 6-22-2022.) (Amended 3-7-2023 by O-21618 N.S.; effective 5-6-2023.) (Amended 7-22-2024 by O-21836 N.S.; effective 10-5-2024.)

[Editors Note: Amendments as adopted by O-21836 N.S. will not apply within the Coastal Overlay Zone until the California Coastal Commission certifies it as a Local Coastal Program Amendment.

Click the link to view the Strikeout Ordinance highlighting changes to prior language http://docs.sandiego.gov/municode_strikeout_ord/O-21836-SO.pdf ]

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The additional use regulations identified in this section are applicable to uses where indicated in Table 131-06B. In addition to the use-specific regulations below, the combined gross floor area for the uses identified in Sections 131.0623(a), (b), (d), (h), (k), (m), and (n) shall not exceed 35 percent of the allowable gross floor area of the premises .

• (a) Sundries, pharmaceuticals, and convenience sales are permitted subject to the following:

  • (1) An establishment offering these items for sale shall be limited to 1,000 square feet of gross floor area ; and

  • (2) The total area occupied by these uses shall not exceed 10 percent of the gross floor area of the building in which they are located.

• (b) Eating and drinking establishments are permitted subject to the following:

  • (1) The dining and serving area of individual establishments are limited to 3,000 square feet of gross floor area, except where provided in accordance with Section 131.0623(i);

  • (2) No live entertainment is permitted on a premises in an IH zone or on any premises abutting a residential zone;

  • (3) Establishments with drive-in or drive-through services are subject to Section 141.0607; and

  • (4) Establishments abutting residential zones may operate only between 6:00 a.m. and midnight.

• (c) Business support services are permitted subject to the following:

  • (1) Individual establishments are limited to 3,500 square feet of gross floor area ; and

  • (2) The total area occupied by these uses shall not exceed 25 percent of the gross floor area of the building in which they are located.

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• (d) Personal appearance and health services are permitted subject to the following:

  • (1) Individual establishments are limited to 3,500 square feet of gross floor area ; and

  • (2) The total area occupied by these uses shall not exceed 10 percent of the gross floor area of the building in which they are located.

• (e) Light manufacturing and assembly uses in the IP-1-1 and the IP-3-1 zones are limited to the following:

  • (1) Prototype fabrication;

  • (2) Production requiring advanced technology and skills and directly related to research and development activities on the premises ;

  • (3) Manufacturing of biochemical research and diagnostic compounds to be used primarily by universities, laboratories, hospitals, and clinics for scientific research and developmental testing purposes;

  • (4) Production of experimental products;

  • (5) Development of production or operating systems to be installed and operated at another location, including manufacturing of products necessary for such development;

  • (6) Manufacturing of biological, biomedical, and pharmaceutical products;

  • (7) Manufacturing of scientific, engineering, and medical instruments; and

  • (8) Beverage and food manufacturing. Beverage manufacturing operations may include a tasting room as an accessory use .

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• (f) Building supplies and equipment sales are permitted subject to the following:

  • (1) Items for sale shall be limited to equipment, parts, and products used in the installation or repair of permanent improvements to structures or premises ; and

  • (2) Building supplies and equipment sales establishments shall occupy an area of at least 10,000 square feet of gross floor area .

• (g) Retail sales uses subject to this section are permitted subject to the following:

  • (1) The items offered for sale must be manufactured on the premises ; and

  • (2) A maximum of 25 percent of the gross floor area on the premises may be used for retail sales. At least 75 percent of the gross floor area shall be used for manufacturing, warehousing, or wholesale distribution of the products that are offered for sale.

• (h) Convenience stores and eating and drinking establishments are permitted subject to the following:

  • (1) An individual establishment shall not exceed 1,000 square feet of gross floor area; except where provided in accordance with Section 131.0623(i); and

  • (2) Drive-in and drive-through facilities are not permitted.

• (i) Industrial development greater than 12,000 square feet of gross floor area that is primarily engaged in the manufacturing of malt beverages or distilled spirits in sealed cans, bottles, or kegs, may include an eating and drinking establishment as an accessory use , subject to applicable state and local regulations, if the eating and drinking establishment does not exceed 25 percent of the gross floor area of the structures on the premises .

• (j) To encourage and facilitate living in closer proximity to employment opportunities, residential uses in the IP-3-1 zone are permitted subject to the following regulations:

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• (1) Residential development is permitted in accordance with the Business Park - Residential Permitted CPIOZ of the applicable community plan subject to the following:

  • (A) Residential development shall not exceed a maximum of 49 percent of the total lot area within the Business Park - Residential Permitted CPIOZ or, in other areas, a maximum of 49 percent of the gross floor area of the premises ; and

  • (B) Residential development shall comply with the development regulations of the residential zone identified in the Business Park - Residential Permitted CPIOZ of the applicable community plan, except that the lot area, lot dimensions, floor area ratio , and setback requirements of the IP-3-1 zone shall apply.

• (2) Residential development is permitted outside of the Business Park - Residential Permitted CPIOZ as follows:

  • (A) Live/work quarters in accordance with Section 141.0311.

  • (B) Shopkeeper units may include space for uses in accordance with Section 131.0623(j)(2)(C) and shall comply with the Live/Work quarters regulations in Section 141.0311.

• (C) A maximum of 49 percent of the gross floor area on the premises may be used for residential uses. At least 51 percent of the gross floor area on the premises shall be used for Retail Sales, Commercial Services, Artisan Food and Beverage Producer, Offices, Research and Development, or Light Manufacturing.

  • (D) The residential area and the business area must be occupied by the same tenant and no portion of the residential area shall be rented or sold separately.

  • (E) The residential area is permitted above, adjacent to, or behind the business area, provided that there is internal access between the residential area and business area.

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• (k) Physical fitness facilities are permitted subject to the following:

  • (1) The physical fitness facility is located within a development that is greater than 20,000 square feet of gross floor area in an industrial zone;

  • (2) The physical fitness facility is primarily used by employees of the premises as an accessory use ; and

  • (3) The physical fitness facility does not exceed 25 percent of the gross floor area of the structures on the premises .

• (l) Aquaculture Facilities and Horticulture, Nurseries & Greenhouses are permitted in IP zones subject to the following:

  • (1) The aquaculture facility, horticulture facility, nursery or greenhouse shall directly support the research and development uses on the premises ; and

  • (2) The aquaculture facility, horticulture facility, nursery or greenhouse shall be excluded from the gross floor area calculation of the structures on the premises .

• (m) Food, Beverages and Groceries are permitted if individual establishments are limited to 20,000 square feet of gross floor area.

• (n) Instructional Studios are permitted subject to the following:

  • (1) Individual establishments are limited to 5,000 square feet of gross floor area ;

  • (2) The total area occupied by these uses shall not exceed 25 percent of the gross floor area of the building in which they are located; and

  • (3) The instructional studio shall be primarily used by employees of the premises as an accessory use and shall not be a minor-oriented facility

(Added 12-9-1997 by O-18451 N.S.; effective 1-1-2000.) (Amended 6-5-2013 by O-20262 N.S.; effective 7-6-2013.) (Amended 6-18-2013 by O-20261 N.S.; effective 7-19-2013.) (Amended 4-11-2014 by O-20361 N.S.; effective 5-18-2014.) (Amended 5-5-2015 by O-20481 N.S.; effective 6-4-2015.) (Amended 3-22-2018 by O-20917 N.S.; effective 4-21-2018.)

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(Amended 1-8-2020 by O-21164 N.S.; effective 2-9-2020.) (Amended 3-11-2022 by O-21439 N.S.; effective 4-10-2022.)

• (a) Within the industrial zones, no structure or improvement shall be constructed, established, or altered, nor shall any premises be used unless the premises complies with the regulations and standards in this division and with any applicable development regulations in Chapter 13, Article 2 (Overlay Zones) and Chapter 14 (General and Supplemental Regulations).

• (b) A Neighborhood Development Permit or Site Development Permit is required for the types of development identified in Table 143-03A.

• (c) The regulations in this division apply to all development in the industrial base zones whether or not a permit or other approval is required except where specifically identified.

• (Added 12-9-1997 by O-18451 N.S.; amended 10-18-1999 by O-18691 N.S.; effective 1-1-2000.)

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The following development regulations apply in the industrial zones as shown in Table 131-06C.

Table 131-06C Development Regulations for Industrial Zones

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Footnotes for Table 131-06C

• 1 Within the Kearny Mesa Community Plan area, the minimum lot size is 40,000 square feet.

• 2 See Section 131.0642.

• 3 See Section 131.0643(a).

• 4 See Section 131.0643(c).

• 5 See Section 131.0643(e).

• 6 See Section 131.0643(d).

• 7 Within the Kearny Mesa Community Plan area, the maximum floor area ratio is 1.0.

• 8 See Section 131.0643(f).

• 9 See Section 131.0643(g).

• 10 One dwelling unit per specified minimum square feet of lot area as determined in accordance with Section 113.0222.

• 11 Within the Otay Mesa Community Plan area, the maximum floor area ratio is 0.50 unless a final map has been recorded prior to May 18, 2014. This restriction does not apply to residential development in accordance with Section 131.0623(i).

(Amended 1-9-2001 by O-18910 N.S.; effective 8-8-2001.) (Amended 11-13-08 by O-19799 N.S; effective 12-13-2008.) (Amended 8-4-2011 by O-20081 N.S.; effective 10-6-2011.) (Amended 6-18-2013 by O-20261 N.S.; effective 7-19-2013.) (Amended 4-11-2014 by O-20361 N.S.; effective 5-18-2014.) (Amended 4-5-2016 by O-20634 N.S.; effective 5-5-2016.) (Amended 10-30-2020 by O-21254 N.S.; effective 11-29-2020.) (Amended 12-9-2020 by O-21273 N.S.; effective 1-8-2021.) (Amended 7-22-2024 by O-21836 N.S.; effective 10-5-2024.)

[Editors Note: Amendments as adopted by O-21836 N.S. will not apply within the Coastal Overlay Zone until the California Coastal Commission certifies it as a Local Coastal Program Amendment.

Click the link to view the Strikeout Ordinance highlighting changes to prior language http://docs.sandiego.gov/municode_strikeout_ord/O-21836-SO.pdf ]

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Maximum floor area ratio is specified in Table 131-06C.

Floor Area Ratio Bonus for Child Care Facilities

In the IP zones, IL-2-1, IL-3-2, IH-2-1, IH-1-1, and IBT-1-1 zones, a floor area ratio bonus over the otherwise maximum allowable gross floor area is permitted at the rate of 10 square feet of additional gross floor area for each 1 square foot of gross floor area devoted to the child care facility to be added to the total area of the premises when determining the floor area ratio for a development . The area designated for the child care facility must maintain an ‘E’ occupancy permit for a minimum of 10 years from the time of construction permit issuance and must comply with the requirements of Section 141.0606 (Child Care Facilities).

(“Maximum Floor Area Ration” added 7-22-2024 by O-21836 N.S.; effective 10-5-2024.)

[Editors Note: Amendments as adopted by O-21836 N.S. will not apply within the Coastal Overlay Zone until the California Coastal Commission certifies it as a Local Coastal Program Amendment.

Click the link to view the Strikeout Ordinance highlighting changes to prior language http://docs.sandiego.gov/municode_strikeout_ord/O-21836-SO.pdf ]

The minimum street frontage is 60 feet for any lot in the IP zones that fronts principally on a turnaround or on a curving street with a centerline radius of less than 100 feet.

(Added 12-9-1997 by O-18451 N.S.; effective 1-1-2000.)

• (a) Front Setback in the IP, IL, IH, and IBT Zones. Up to 50 percent of the length of the building facade may observe the minimum front setback provided the remaining percentage observes the standard front setback . This may occur on a floor-by-floor basis. See Diagram 131-06A.

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Diagram 131-06A

Front Setback in the IP, IL, and IH Zones

==> picture [283 x 174] intentionally omitted <==

----- Start of picture text -----
Building
Standard
front s etback Front y ard Min front s etback
Up to 50% of the length of the
Length of
building fac ade may obs erv e
building fac ade the minimum front s etback
CL
STREET
----- End of picture text -----

• (b) Parking Encroachment in Front Yard of All Industrial Zones. Parking may encroach up to 5 feet into the required standard front yard in all industrial zones, but may not be covered or enclosed.

• (c) Parking Encroachment in Street Side Yard of IP, IL, IH, and IBT Zones. Parking may encroach up to 5 feet into the required standard street side yard of the IP, IL, and IH zones, but may not be covered or enclosed.

• (d) Rear Setback in IL Zones. In the IL zones, no rear setback is required for up to 50 percent of the width of the building envelope provided the remainder of the building envelope observes at least the standard rear setback as shown in Diagram 131-06B.

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Diagram 131-06B

Zero Rear Setback in the IL Zone

==> picture [344 x 169] intentionally omitted <==

----- Start of picture text -----
No rear setback is required Width of building envelope
for up to 50% of the width
of the building envelope
Rear yard Standard rear setback
Side setback Building Side setback
CL
STREET
----- End of picture text -----

• (e) Standard/Minimum Street Side Setback in the IL, IH, and IBT Zones. Up to 50 percent of the length of the street side building facade may observe the minimum street side setback provided the remaining percentage observes the standard street side setback . This may occur on a floor-by-floor basis.

• (f) Side Setbacks in the IS Zone. In the IS zone, no side setback is required on one side of the lot . A minimum 5-foot setback is required for the opposite side.

• (g) Street Side Setbacks in the IS Zone. In the IS zone, the minimum street side setback is 10 feet for a premises that is 100 feet wide or greater. For a premises that is less than 100 feet, the minimum is 10 percent of the premises width but not less than 5 feet.

(Added 12-9-1997 by O-18451 N.S.; effective 1-1-2000.) (Amended 4-11-2014 by O-20361 N.S.; effective 5-18-2014.)

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There are no height limits for structures in the industrial zones except as limited by the regulations in Chapter 13, Article 2 (Overlay Zones).

(Added 12-9-1997 by O-18451 N.S.; effective 1-1-2000.)

In the IP, IL, IH, and IBT zones, development on a premises that exceeds 10 acres in area shall include an outdoor eating and/or recreational facility. The outdoor amenity shall be at least 2,000 square feet in total area and shall be developed as usable space.

(Added 12-9-1997 by O-18451 N.S.; effective 1-1-2000.) (Amended 4-11-2014 by O-20361 N.S.; effective 5-18-2014.)

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Article 1: Base Zones