CRSC · California Referenced Standards Code
What are the rules for observation windows and patient communication?
The code requires operators to be able to see and communicate with patients from behind the protected control position; if you install a viewing window it must provide the same radiation attenuation as the adjacent barrier (see § 3103C.2 and follow the project shielding calculations to determine the numeric attenuation requirement).
Last reviewed: July 6, 2026
What the code requires — plain English
The operator must be able to both observe and communicate with the patient from the control location without leaving the shielded position at the control panel. If you provide an observation window, that window must have radiation attenuation equal to the surrounding protective barrier. § 3103C.2
The operator must not have to step out from behind the protective shield to see or talk to the patient; any viewing glass must block radiation to the same degree as the adjacent wall.
Requirements in detail
Core obligations (what the sentence in the code means)
- The operator’s control location must allow continuous visual contact with the patient and two-way communication so the operator does not have to leave the shielded area to see or talk to the patient. § 3103C.2
- If you use an observation window, it must provide radiation attenuation equal to the attenuation required in the surrounding barrier — not “similar” or “approximate,” but equal in attenuation performance. § 3103C.2
Note: the CRSC states the requirement but does not give numeric lead-equivalence or attenuation values in § 3103C.2 itself — the actual attenuation needed for the surrounding barrier is determined by the shielding design and the referenced shielding standard. See Section 12‑31C‑101 and related shielding rules for how to compute the required barrier attenuation. § 3102C explains where shielding requirements come from. § 3103C.2
Decision-relevant dimensions (quick reference table)
| Decision dimension | Required value / outcome | Code reference |
|---|---|---|
| Operator observation and communication from control | Operator must be able to observe and communicate with patient without leaving shielded position | § 3103C.2 |
| Observation window radiation attenuation | Window must provide attenuation equal to the surrounding barrier | § 3103C.2 |
| Where to get numeric attenuation values | Use shielding calculations / standards (e.g., Section 12‑31C‑101 and referenced shielding methodology) | Section references in CRSC and § 3102C |
| Alternatives in therapeutic installations (>50 kVp) | Mirror or closed-circuit television or a window meeting equal attenuation may be permitted (see § 3104C.2 for therapeutic installations) | § 3104C.2 |
Installation details to consider (practical interpretation)
- “Observe” means unobstructed line-of-sight adequate for clinical needs (visual field depends on procedure). The code requires visibility but not a specific window size in § 3103C.2. § 3103C.2
- “Communicate” implies a method (voice, intercom, pass-through microphone) that works from behind the shielding; § 3103C.2 requires communication capability but does not mandate a particular technology. § 3103C.2
- When using a viewing window, the entire window assembly (glazing, frame, seals, and mounting) must preserve the attenuation — gaps, improper frames, or non-rated glazing defeat the “equal attenuation” requirement. The code text requires equal attenuation for the window; the implementer must ensure the whole assembly is rated accordingly. § 3103C.2
Exceptions & special cases
- § 3103C.2 itself contains no express exceptions or numeric exemptions; it is a performance requirement: observe and communicate without leaving the shielded position, and equal attenuation for observation windows. § 3103C.2
- Variances to the shielding/barrier standards may only be granted by the Department of Health Services (see the CRSC direction about who may grant exceptions to the shielding standards). For variance questions, consult the referenced shielding chapter and the enforcing agency. § 3102C addresses the authority for variances to shielding standards.
- For therapeutic x‑ray installations operating above 50 kVp, § 3104C.2 explicitly allows providing a window with equal attenuation, or a mirror system, or a closed‑circuit television screen so the operator can view the patient without leaving the protected area. If your installation is therapeutic and >50 kVp, consider § 3104C.2 alternatives in design. § 3104C.2
Common mistakes
- Assuming any “safety glass” satisfies the rule — the glazing must meet the same attenuation as the surrounding barrier; ordinary glass is usually insufficient. § 3103C.2
- Installing a window with the correct glazed panel but failing to account for the frame, edging, or wall penetrations (which can create leakage paths) — the whole assembly must preserve attenuation. § 3103C.2
- Designing a control area that requires the operator to step into an unshielded position to talk or see the patient (e.g., to adjust a mirror angle or peep through a non‑rated access) — the operator must remain in the shielded position. § 3103C.2
- Using a window that meets visual needs but not acoustic/communication needs (visual observation alone is not enough; two‑way communication is required from the shielded area). § 3103C.2
Worked example (illustrative — numbers are hypothetical)
Note: § 3103C.2 requires equal attenuation but does not specify numeric values; actual numeric requirements come from the shielding calculation and standards (see Section 12‑31C‑101). The numbers below are an illustration of the process using hypothetical values — do not substitute these numbers for a shielding calculation on a real project.
Scenario: A diagnostic x‑ray room has a wall where shielding calculations require the protective barrier to provide the equivalent of 0.5 mm lead (Pb) attenuation at the energies and workload used (this 0.5 mm Pb is a hypothetical example derived from a shielding calculation, not from § 3103C.2). The control booth faces the patient area; you plan an observation window.
Steps:
- Obtain the required barrier attenuation from the shielding calculation (the design document shows 0.5 mm Pb equivalent for that wall). (Source for where to get the number: shielding standard / Section 12‑31C‑101 and project shielding calc.)
- Apply § 3103C.2: the observation window must provide attenuation equal to 0.5 mm Pb (i.e., the glazing and full assembly must be rated at 0.5 mm Pb equivalent). § 3103C.2
- Select a leaded glass product certified at ≥0.5 mm Pb equivalent for the relevant X‑ray energy. Specify a frame and mounting designed to preserve that attenuation (sealed, overlapping jambs, tested assembly or manufacturer’s tested assembly documentation). Document the assembly’s rated attenuation in the project submittal.
- Provide a communication system (intercom/microphone) that works from the shielded control position so the operator can communicate without leaving it. § 3103C.2 requires the operator to be able to communicate from the shielded spot; the code does not mandate the technology. § 3103C.2
Takeaway: the important step is step (1) — get the required barrier attenuation from the project shielding calculation (per the shielding standards). The window must match that attenuation per § 3103C.2. If you cannot produce a window assembly with the required attenuation, use an equivalent solution (for example a mirror/CCTV) where allowed by applicable sections (see § 3104C.2 for therapeutic installations).
Related provisions (CRSC sections)
- § 3103C.1 — Operator station: requires the operator’s station to be behind a protective barrier in a separate room, protected booth, or behind an intercepting shield.
- § 3104C.2 — For medical therapeutic X‑ray equipment > 50 kVp: the control station can be provided with a window of equal attenuation, or a mirror system, or a closed‑circuit television viewing screen; patient area must be visible without leaving the protected area.
- Section describing shielding authority and where to get barrier requirements: see the CRSC direction that all radiation shielding barriers must meet Section 12‑31C‑101, Chapter 12‑31C, Part 12 — Department of Health Services is the agency that may grant variances.
Code references
Grounded in the retrieved California Referenced Standards Code — click a citation to read the verbatim passage:
CRSC § 3103C.1 High relevance — show source text
SECTION 3103C—MEDICAL RADIOGRAPHIC AND PHOTOFLUOROGRAPHIC INSTALLATIONS
3103C.1 Operator station. The operator’s station at the control shall be behind a protective barrier either in a separate room, in a protected booth or behind a shield which will intercept the useful beam and any radiation which has been scattered only once.
3103C.2 Patient observation and communication. Provision shall be made for the operator to observe and communicate with the patient without leaving the shielded position at the control panel. When an observation window is used, it must provide radiation atten- uation equal to that required in the surrounding barrier.
SECTION 3104C—MEDICAL THERAPEUTIC X-RAY INSTALLATIONS
3104C.1 General. All wall, floor and ceiling areas that can be struck by the useful beam, plus a border of 1 foot (305 mm), shall be provided with primary protective barriers.
3104C.2 Equipment operating above 50 kVp. Equipment operating above 50 kVp shall conform with the following: 1. The control station shielding shall either be an integral part of the building or anchored to the building. 2. The control station shall be provided with a window having radiation attenuation equal to that required by the adjacent barrier, or a mirror system, or a closed-circuit television viewing screen. The patient area must be visible to the operator with- out having to leave the protected area during exposure.
3104C.3 Equipment operating above 150 kVp. Equipment operating above 150 kVp shall conform to the following: 1. The treatment room shall be provided with interlocks so that when any door of the treatment room is opened, either the machine will shut off automatically or the radiation level within the room will be reduced to an average of not more than 2 milliroentgens per hour and a maximum of 10 milliroentgens per hour at a distance of one meter in any direction from the target. After such shutoff or reduction in output, it shall be possible to restore the machine to full operation only from the control panel. 2. The control station shall be within a protective booth or in an adjacent room.
3104C.4 A minimum of one door shall be provided with an auxiliary means for being opened in case of power failure or mechanical breakdown, where large power-driven doors offer the only access to the room.
3104C.5 A flashing red warning signal light energized only when the useful beam is on shall be located adjacent to the entrance(s) to a therapy room with equipment capable of operating above 500 kVp.
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CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE – MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 31D – FOOD ESTABLISHMENTS
(Matrix Adoption Tables are nonregulatory, intended only as an aid to the code user. See Chapter 1 for state agency authority and building applications.)
CRSC § 1.11. High relevance — show source text
The state agency does not adopt sections identified with the following symbol: The Office of the State Fire Marshal’s adoption of this chapter or individual sections is applicable to structures regulated by other state agencies pursuant to Section 1.11.
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31C [DPH] RADIATION
SECTION 3101C—SCOPE
For the purpose of this chapter, the following terms shall have the meaning indicated:
PRIMARY PROTECTIVE BARRIER is a barrier to attenuate the useful beam.
SECONDARY PROTECTIVE BARRIER is a barrier to attenuate stray radiation.
STRAY RADIATION is radiation not serving any useful purpose, which includes leakage and scattered radiation.
USEFUL BEAM is the radiation which passes through the window, aperture, cone or other collimating device of the tube housing.
SECTION 3102C—RADIATION SHIELDING BARRIERS
All radiation shielding barriers in rooms and enclosures housing machines shall meet the requirements of Section 12-31C-101, Chapter 12-31C, Part 12, California Referenced Standards Code. The Department of Health Services is the only agency that may grant a variance or exception to these standards.
SECTION 3103C—MEDICAL RADIOGRAPHIC AND PHOTOFLUOROGRAPHIC INSTALLATIONS
3103C.1 Operator station. The operator’s station at the control shall be behind a protective barrier either in a separate room, in a protected booth or behind a shield which will intercept the useful beam and any radiation which has been scattered only once.
3103C.2 Patient observation and communication. Provision shall be made for the operator to observe and communicate with the patient without leaving the shielded position at the control panel. When an observation window is used, it must provide radiation atten- uation equal to that required in the surrounding barrier.
SECTION 3104C—MEDICAL THERAPEUTIC X-RAY INSTALLATIONS
3104C.1 General. All wall, floor and ceiling areas that can be struck by the useful beam, plus a border of 1 foot (305 mm), shall be provided with primary protective barriers.
3104C.2 Equipment operating above 50 kVp. Equipment operating above 50 kVp shall conform with the following: 1. The control station shielding shall either be an integral part of the building or anchored to the building. 2. The control station shall be provided with a window having radiation attenuation equal to that required by the adjacent barrier, or a mirror system, or a closed-circuit television viewing screen. The patient area must be visible to the operator with- out having to leave the protected area during exposure.
CRSC § 1227.5 Medium relevance — show source text
1227.5 CORRIDORS.
1227.5.1 Width. The minimum width of corridors shall be 8 feet (2438 mm).
Exception: Patient-care corridors in correctional treatment centers for psychiatric care of patients who are not bedridden shall have a minimum clear and unobstructed width of 6 feet (1829 mm). For the purpose of this section, bedridden patients shall be defined as patients confined to beds who would be transported or evacuated in beds or litters.
1227.5.2 Service corridors width. Service corridors with anticipated light traffic volume for nonpatient use may be reduced to a width of 5 feet (1524 mm) if approved by the enforcing agency.
Exception: Corridors in administrative and business areas may be reduced to a width of 44 inches (1118 mm).
1227.5.3 Handrails. Corridors for patient traffic in areas providing skilled nursing, intermediate, care or rehabilitation services shall be furnished with a handrail on both sides at a height not less than 30 inches (762 mm) or greater than 36 inches (914 mm).
1227.5.4 Connections. Corridor systems shall connect all patient rooms and essential services.
1227.6 DOORS AND DOOR OPENINGS.
1227.6.1 Toilet room doors. Doors to toilet rooms shall have an opening of not less than 32 inches (813 mm) clear in width and shall be equipped with hardware which will permit the door to swing outward or in a manner to negate the need to push against a patient who may have collapsed within the toilet room.
1227.6.2 Pocket doors. Pocket sliding doors are not permitted.
Exception: Doors not serving as exit doors from administration areas.
1227.6.3 Door view windows. Doors to patient bedrooms shall be provided with a view window with a minimum area of 288 square inches (0.186 m [2] ). Window sill height shall not be higher than 42 inches (1067 mm) from the floor.
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1227.7 WINDOWS AND SCREENS.
1227.7.1 Natural light. Rooms approved for the housing of patients shall be provided with natural light by means of glazed openings.
1227.7.2 Screens. When windows are operable, they shall be provided with insect screens of 16 meshes to the inch.
1227.7.3 Light and ventilation. All portions of a building used by patients, personnel or other persons shall be provided with artifi- cial light and a mechanically operated ventilating system as specified in the California Electrical Code and the California Mechanical Code.
1227.7.4 Patient viewing windows. Each patient bedroom shall be provided with viewing windows from the corridor to allow full and unobstructed visual observation of the patient.
1227.8 CEILING HEIGHTS.
1227.8.1 Minimum height. The minimum height of ceilings shall be 8 feet (2438 mm).
CRSC § 1224.29.1.2 Medium relevance — show source text
1224.29.1.2 Patient space. In new construction, each patient space (whether separate rooms, cubicles or multiple bed space) shall have a minimum of 200 square feet (18.58 m [2] ) of clear floor area with a minimum headwall width of 13 feet (3962 mm) per bed. There shall be a minimum clear dimension of 1 foot (305 mm) clear space from the head of the bed to the wall, a minimum of 5 feet (1524 mm) clear space from the foot of the bed to the wall, a minimum of 5 feet (1524 mm) clear space on one side of each bed for patient transfer, a mini- mum of 4 feet (1218 mm) clear width on the non-transfer side and a minimum of 8 feet (2438 mm) clear space between beds.
Exception: Where renovation of existing intensive care units is undertaken, in facilities approved under the 2001 or prior Califor- nia Building Code, existing patient space (whether separate rooms, cubicles or multiple bed space) may be renovated or replaced in kind one for one in the renovated space. Such patient space shall have no less than 132 square feet (12.26 m [2] ) with no dimension less than 11 feet (3353 mm), and with 4 feet (1219 mm) of clearance at each side and the foot of the bed, and with a minimum of 8 feet (2438 mm) between beds. The space shall be designed so that all beds shall be placed in relation to the nurse station or work area to permit, enable or allow maximum observance of patients.
1224.29.1.3 Private rooms. When private rooms or cubicles are provided, view panels to the corridor shall be required with a means to provide visual privacy. Where only one door is provided to a bed space, it shall be arranged to minimize interference with movement of beds and large equipment. Sliding doors shall not have floor tracks. Where sliding doors are used for access to cubi- cles within a service space, a 3-foot-wide (914 mm) swinging door may also be provided for personnel communication.
1224.29.1.4 Modular toilet. Modular toilet/sink combination units located within a privacy curtain may be used within each patient space or private room. The toilet fixture shall be completely contained within cabinetry when not in use. This fixture shall not be equipped with a bedpan washing attachment. Exhaust ventilation requirements shall comply with the California Mechanical Code.
1224.29.1.5 Visitors and visual privacy. Each patient bed area shall have space at each bedside for visitors, and provisions for visual privacy from casual observation by other patients and visitors. For both adult and pediatric units, there shall be a minimum of 8 feet (2438 mm) between beds.
1224.29.1.6 Outside environment. Each patient bed shall have visual access, other than clerestory windows and skylights, to the outside environment with not less than one outside window in each patient bed area.
1224.29.1.6.1 Distance. The distance from the patient bed to the outside window shall not exceed 50 feet (15 240 mm). When partitioned cubicles are used, patients’ view to outside windows may be through no more than two separate clear vision panels.
CRSC § 7.43 Medium relevance — show source text
Handwashing stations shall be provided for each four treatment stations and for each major fraction_ thereof in multiple-station areas. These shall be uniformly distributed to provide equal access from each patient station.
Exception: Where renovation of existing treatment rooms is undertaken in facilities approved under the 2001 or prior California Building Code, existing treatment rooms may be renovated, or replaced in kind one for one in the renovated space. Such treat- ment rooms shall have no less than 80 square feet (7.43 m [2] ) of clear floor area, the least dimension of which shall be 8 feet (2438 mm).
1224.33.2.3 Storage. Equipment and supply storage shall be provided and be sized for general medical/surgical emergency supplies, medications and equipment such as ventilator, defibrillator, splints, etc. This storage shall be located in an alcove or room, out of corridor or hallway traffic and under staff control.
1224.33.2.4 Lobby. Provisions for reception, control and public waiting, including a public toilet room(s) with handwashing fixture(s) and public telephone.
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1224.33.2.5 Toilet room(s). Patient toilet room(s) with handwashing station(s) shall be immediately accessible to the treatment room(s).
1224.33.2.6 Communication. Communication connections to the Poison Control Center and local EMS system shall be provided. 1224.33.2.7 Observation area. A patient station with a minimum clear floor area of 100 square feet (9.29 m [2] ) shall be provided under the visual control of an emergency service staff work area. The patient station shall have space at bedside for visitors and shall have provision for visual privacy from casual observation by other patients and visitors. The dimensions and arrangement of rooms with multiple beds/gurneys shall be such that there is a minimum of 3 feet (914 mm) between the sides and any wall or any other fixed obstruction. A minimum clearance of 3 feet (914 mm) shall be provided between beds, and a clearance of 4 feet (1219 mm) shall be available at the foot of each bed to permit the passage of equipment and beds. A handwashing station shall be located in each room, and at least one handwashing station shall be provided for every four patient stations, and for each major fraction thereof, in open-bay areas. These shall be uniformly distributed to provide equal access from each patient station.
Exception: For small and rural hospitals, the observation area need not be dedicated solely for that purpose.
1224.33.2.7.1 Behavioral health observation area. If provided, a patient station with a minimum clear floor area of 40 square feet (12.19 m [2] ) shall be provided under the visual control of an emergency service staff work area. The patient station shall have provision for visual privacy from casual observation by other patients and visitors. The dimensions and arrangement of rooms _with multiple recliners, beds or gurneys shall be such that there is a minimum of 3 feet (914 mm) clearance on one side.
CRSC § 1227.6.2 Medium relevance — show source text
1227.6.2 Pocket doors. Pocket sliding doors are not permitted.
Exception: Doors not serving as exit doors from administration areas.
1227.6.3 Door view windows. Doors to patient bedrooms shall be provided with a view window with a minimum area of 288 square inches (0.186 m [2] ). Window sill height shall not be higher than 42 inches (1067 mm) from the floor.
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1227.7 WINDOWS AND SCREENS.
1227.7.1 Natural light. Rooms approved for the housing of patients shall be provided with natural light by means of glazed openings.
1227.7.2 Screens. When windows are operable, they shall be provided with insect screens of 16 meshes to the inch.
1227.7.3 Light and ventilation. All portions of a building used by patients, personnel or other persons shall be provided with artifi- cial light and a mechanically operated ventilating system as specified in the California Electrical Code and the California Mechanical Code.
1227.7.4 Patient viewing windows. Each patient bedroom shall be provided with viewing windows from the corridor to allow full and unobstructed visual observation of the patient.
1227.8 CEILING HEIGHTS.
1227.8.1 Minimum height. The minimum height of ceilings shall be 8 feet (2438 mm).
Exception: Closet, toilet rooms and bathroom minimum ceiling heights shall not be less than 7 feet (2134 mm).
1227.8.2 Minimum height with fixed ceiling equipment. Rooms containing ceiling-mounted, major fixed equipment or ceiling- mounted surgical light fixtures shall have ceiling heights to accommodate the equipment or fixtures and their normal movement.
1227.9 INTERIOR FINISHES.
1227.9.1 Floor finishes.
1227.9.1.1 Floor finishes. Shall be smooth, waterproof and durable.
Exception: Upon written appropriate documented request, the enforcing agency may grant approval of the installation of carpet. See Table 1224.4.11.
1227.9.1.2 Resilient flooring. If used in toilet and bathing rooms, shall be continuous and extend upward onto the walls at least 5 inches (127 mm).
1227.9.2 Wall bases.
1227.9.2.1 Materials and installation. The material and textures of bases and the installation thereof shall be such as to mini- mize dust-catching surfaces, moisture, infiltration and the harboring of vermin.
Exception: In locations where carpet is permitted as a floor finish material, the use of carpeted base (coved or strip base) up to a maximum height of 5 inches (127 mm) is also permissible.
1227.9.2.2 Wood bases. Wood bases are prohibited except in administration departments and other offices described in Section 1227.16.
CRSC § 1224.39.6.4.2 Medium relevance — show source text
1224.39.6.4.2 Negative-pressure isolation room with anteroom. Negative pressure isolation is optional. If provided, signage shall be labeled with the words “Negative-Pressure Room” on or adjacent to the anteroom side of the door between the isolation room and the anteroom. A separate anteroom shall be provided between the negative-pressure isolation room and the corridor, which shall constitute the primary entrance to the negative-pressure isolation room. This anteroom shall have a handwashing station, a work counter at least 3 feet (914 mm) long, cabinets and space to gown and to store clean and soiled materials. There shall be a view window from the anteroom to the isolation room and means to allow for airflow from the anteroom into the nega- tive pressure isolation room. Doors shall be aligned to allow large equipment to be wheeled into the negative-pressure isolation room unless a second entry is provided. An adjoining patient toilet room shall be provided which has an emergency nurse call system, a lavatory and a toilet equipped with a bedpan flushing attachment with a vacuum breaker.
1224.39.6.4.3 Handwashing station(s). A handwashing station shall be provided at each nurse station.
1224.39.6.4.4 Patient toilet room(s). A minimum of one toilet room shall be provided for the use of patients. Patient toilet room(s) shall be equipped with a handwashing station and shall be immediately accessible to the observation unit(s) from the corridor.
1224.39.6.5 Service areas. Unless otherwise indicated, provisions for the services listed below shall be in or immediately accessi- ble to each outpatient observation unit.
1224.39.6.5.1 Nurse station. A minimum of one nurse station shall be provided, in compliance with Section 1224.4.4.2. The distance between the nurse station entrance and the most remote patient station or room shall not exceed 90 linear feet (27,432 linear mm).
1224.39.6.5.2 Nurse or supervisor office.
1224.39.6.5.3 Staff toilet room(s). Readily accessible toilet room(s) provided for staff use.
1224.39.6.5.4 Multipurpose room(s). A minimum of one multipurpose room shall be provided for staff, patients and/or patients’ families for uses such as patient conferences, reports, education, training sessions and consultation. Room(s) must be readily accessible to each outpatient observation unit. One such room may be shared and serve several units and/or departments.
1224.39.6.5.5 Examination or treatment room(s). Examination or treatment rooms are optional. If provided, examination and/or treatment rooms must be readily accessible, but may be shared with other units or compatible departments. Provisions shall be made to preserve patient privacy from observation from outside the exam room through an open door. The room shall have a minimum area of 80 square feet (7.4 m [2] ), the least dimension of which 8 feet (2438 mm).
1224.39.6.5.6 Medication station(s). Medication station(s) shall be provided, and in conformance with Section 1224.4.4.4.
CRSC § 1224.32.3.1.6 Medium relevance — show source text
1224.32.3.1.6 Perioperative support services. Preoperative patient holding and post-anesthesia recovery shall be provided in accordance with Section 1224.16. Post-anesthesia care shall provide direct access to the cesarean surgical service space with- out crossing unrestricted corridors.
1224.32.3.2 Delivery room(s). At least one delivery room shall be provided in the obstetrical unit. Delivery rooms shall have a minimum clear floor area of 300 square feet (27.87 m [2] ). An emergency communication system shall be connected with the obstetri- cal facilities control station.
1224.32.3.2.1 Postpartum bed ratio. Delivery rooms, which are used for no other purpose, shall be provided at the ratio of one per 12 postpartum beds and for each major fraction thereof.
Exceptions: 1. If LDR or LDRP beds are provided, each LDR or LDRP may be counted as a delivery room in the postpartum bed ratio. This does not exempt the delivery room required per Section 1224.32.3.2. 2. When approved by the licensing agency, the operating room of small or rural hospitals with a licensed bed capac- ity of 50 or less may serve as the delivery room.
1224.32.3.3 Clocks. Shall be provided as follows: 1. A direct-wired or battery-operated clock with sweep second hand and lapsed time indicators in each cesarean operating and delivery room. 2. A direct-wired or battery-operated clock or other equivalent timing device, visible from the scrub-up sinks.
1224.32.3.4 Surgical lights. Provide a surgical light in each cesarean operating or delivery room.
1224.32.3.5 Infant resuscitation. Provide within cesarean operating rooms and delivery rooms a minimum clear floor area of 80 square feet (7.43 m [2] ) in addition to the required area of each room or may be provided in a separate but immediately accessible room with a clear floor area of 150 square feet (13.94 m [2] ). Six single or three duplex electrical outlets shall be provided for the infant in addition to the facilities required for the mother.
1224.32.3.6 Labor room(s) (LDR or LDRP rooms may be substituted). Where LDRs or LDRPs are not provided, a minimum of two labor beds shall be provided for each cesarean operating room. Each room shall be designed for either one or two beds with a minimum clear floor area of 120 square feet (11.15 m [2] ) per bed. Each labor room shall contain a handwashing station and have access to a toilet room. One toilet room may serve two labor rooms, Labor rooms shall have controlled access with doors that are arranged for observation from a nursing station. At least one shower (which may be separate from the labor room if under staff
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control) for use of patients in labor shall be provided. Windows in labor rooms, if provided, shall be located, draped or otherwise arranged, to preserve patient privacy from casual observation from outside the labor room.
CRSC § 1224.39.5.7.2 Medium relevance — show source text
1224.39.5.7.2 Patient changing areas. Changing area(s) for outpatients shall be provided for patient clothing and for securing valuables.
1224.39.5.7.3 Patient toilet room. A patient toilet room with a handwashing station shall be directly accessible to the hyper- baric suite.
1224.39.6 OUTPATIENT OBSERVATION UNITS.
1224.39.6.1 General. If provided, outpatient observation unit(s) shall comply with the following:
1224.39.6.2 Location. The unit shall be located outside of any inpatient unit and not part of the Emergency Department. Location shall be in compliance with Section 1224.4.3. Corridor systems shall connect the unit to all Basic and applicable Supplemental Services.
1224.39.6.3 Signage. The unit shall be marked with a sign identifying the unit as an outpatient unit. The signage shall use the term “outpatient” in the title of the designated area.
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1224.39.6.4 Patient care stations. Each patient station shall provide minimum clear floor area that includes space at each bedside for visitors. Provisions for visual privacy from casual observation by other patients and visitors shall be provided. Patient care stations shall meet the following:
1224.39.6.4.1 Space requirements: 1. Single-station rooms: 110 square feet (10.2 m [2] ). A minimum distance of 3 feet (914 mm) shall be provided between the sides and foot of bed and any wall or other fixed obstructions. 2. Multi-station rooms or areas: 80 square feet (7.4 m [2] ) per patient station. A minimum distance of 3 feet (914 mm) shall be provided between beds and 4 feet (1219 mm) between the foot of beds, walls or other fixed obstructions for access/circulation.
1224.39.6.4.2 Negative-pressure isolation room with anteroom. Negative pressure isolation is optional. If provided, signage shall be labeled with the words “Negative-Pressure Room” on or adjacent to the anteroom side of the door between the isolation room and the anteroom. A separate anteroom shall be provided between the negative-pressure isolation room and the corridor, which shall constitute the primary entrance to the negative-pressure isolation room. This anteroom shall have a handwashing station, a work counter at least 3 feet (914 mm) long, cabinets and space to gown and to store clean and soiled materials. There shall be a view window from the anteroom to the isolation room and means to allow for airflow from the anteroom into the nega- tive pressure isolation room. Doors shall be aligned to allow large equipment to be wheeled into the negative-pressure isolation room unless a second entry is provided. An adjoining patient toilet room shall be provided which has an emergency nurse call system, a lavatory and a toilet equipped with a bedpan flushing attachment with a vacuum breaker.
CRSC § 1224.33.2.2 Medium relevance — show source text
Ambulance entrances shall provide a minimum of 6_ feet (183 mm) in clear width to accommodate bariatric stretchers, mobile patient lift devices and accompanying attendants. Reception shall be located to permit staff observation and control of access to treatment area, pedestrian and ambulance entrances and public waiting area.
1224.33.2.2 Treatment room. Standby emergency service shall include at least one treatment room with the following elements: 1. The area shall not be less than 120 square feet (11.15 m [2] ) of clear floor area, exclusive of toilet room(s), waiting area and storage. 2. Each treatment room shall contain an examination light, work counter and handwashing station. 3. Medical equipment, cabinets, medication storage and counter space for writing. 4. The dimensions and arrangement of treatment rooms shall be such that there is a minimum of 3 feet (914 mm) between the sides and foot of the bed/gurney and any wall or any other fixed obstruction. The treatment room may have addi- tional space and provisions for several patients with cubicle curtains for privacy. 5. Multiple-station treatment rooms shall provide a minimum of 80 square feet (7.43 m [2] ) per patient gurney, with a mini- mum 8 foot width (2,438 mm) and 3 feet (914 mm) at the foot of the bed/gurney, with a minimum of 3 feet to any wall or fixed obstruction, and a minimum of 5 feet (1524 mm) between patient gurneys. Patient gurneys shall be separated from adjoining patient care stations by curtains. A minimum width of 6 feet (1829 mm) of access/circulation outside the curtain shall be provided. Handwashing stations shall be provided for each four treatment stations and for each major fraction thereof in multiple-station areas. These shall be uniformly distributed to provide equal access from each patient station.
Exception: Where renovation of existing treatment rooms is undertaken in facilities approved under the 2001 or prior California Building Code, existing treatment rooms may be renovated, or replaced in kind one for one in the renovated space. Such treat- ment rooms shall have no less than 80 square feet (7.43 m [2] ) of clear floor area, the least dimension of which shall be 8 feet (2438 mm).
1224.33.2.3 Storage. Equipment and supply storage shall be provided and be sized for general medical/surgical emergency supplies, medications and equipment such as ventilator, defibrillator, splints, etc. This storage shall be located in an alcove or room, out of corridor or hallway traffic and under staff control.
1224.33.2.4 Lobby. Provisions for reception, control and public waiting, including a public toilet room(s) with handwashing fixture(s) and public telephone.
12-50 2025 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
INTERIOR ENVIRONMENT
1224.33.2.5 Toilet room(s). Patient toilet room(s) with handwashing station(s) shall be immediately accessible to the treatment room(s).
1224.33.2.6 Communication. Communication connections to the Poison Control Center and local EMS system shall be provided. _**1224.33.2.7 Observation area.
CRSC § 1224.14.1.9 Medium relevance — show source text
1224.14.1.9 Privacy. A method of assuring visual privacy for each patient shall be maintained in patient rooms and in tub, shower and toilet rooms. Windows or doors within a normal sightline that would permit observation into the room shall be arranged or curtained as necessary for patient privacy. In multiple-bed rooms, visual privacy from casual observation by other patients and visitors shall be provided for each patient. The design for privacy shall not restrict patient access to the entrance, lavatory or toilet
room.
1224.14.1.10 Grab bars. Grab bars shall be installed in accordance with Section 1224.4.18.
1224.14.1.11 Room identification. Each patient room shall be labeled with an identification number, letter or combination of the
two.
1224.14.2 Support areas. The size and location of each support area will depend upon the numbers and types of beds served. If it has direct access to the unit, some support areas may be arranged and located to serve more than one nursing unit as indicated below, but, unless noted otherwise, at least one such support area shall be provided on each nursing floor.
1224.14.2.1 Nurse station(s). Nurse station(s) shall be provided in each nursing unit and shall comply with Section 1224.4.4.2.
1224.14.2.2 Nurse or supervisor office. A nurse or supervisor office shall be provided and may be shared between adjacent nurs- ing units on the same floor.
1224.14.2.3 Toilet room(s) for staff use. Staff toilet rooms may be shared between adjacent nursing units on the same floor.
1224.14.2.4 Multipurpose room(s) Multipurpose rooms shall be provided for staff, patients, patients’ families for patient confer- ences, reports, education, training sessions and consultation. These rooms must be readily accessible to each nursing unit. One such room may serve several nursing units and/or departments.
1224.14.2.5 Examination or treatment room(s). Examination or treatment rooms are optional. If provided, provision shall be made to preserve patient privacy from observation from outside the exam room though an open door.
1224.14.2.6 Clean utility/workroom. Clean utility/workroom shall be provided and shall comply with Section 1224.4.4.6.
1224.14.2.7 Soiled workroom or soiled holding room. A soiled workroom or soiled holding room shall be provided and shall comply with Section 1224.4.4.7.
1224.14.2.8 Medication station. A medication station shall be provided in each nursing unit and shall comply with Section 1224.4.4.4.
1224.14.2.9 Clean linen storage. Each nursing unit shall contain a designated area for clean linen storage. This may be within the clean utility room or a separate closet.
1224.14.2.10 Nourishment area. A nourishment area or room shall be provided for each nursing unit and shall comply with Section 1224.4.4.5.
CRSC § 1224.29.2.10.2 Medium relevance — show source text
1224.29.2.10.2 Formula preparation room. The formula preparation room shall be securable, facilitate workflow that supports aseptic technique, and include the following: 1. A separate cleanup area for washing and sanitizing. This area shall include a handwashing station, a work counter and work space and equipment for washing, rinsing and sanitizing bottles, other feeding utensils and equipment. 2. A separate area for preparing infant formula. This area shall contain a refrigerator, a freezer, a work counter, a formula sterilizer, storage facilities and a handwashing station.
1224.29.2.10.3 Refrigerated storage and warming facilities for infant formula. Shall be accessible for use by NICU personnel at all times.
1224.29.2.10.4 Commercial infant formula. Where only commercially prepared infant formula is used, omission of the formula preparation room may be permitted. Storage and handling may occur in the NICU workroom or in a formula preparation area adjacent to the nursing unit. The preparation area shall not have direct access to any infant care room and shall include the following:
1. A work counter
2. A hand-washing station 3. Storage facilities
1224.29.2.10.5 Cleaning equipment and supplies storage. Separate provisions for dedicated cleaning equipment and supplies shall be readily available to the formula preparation room and the formula preparation area.
1224.29.2.11 Emergency equipment storage. Space shall be provided for emergency equipment that is under direct control of the nursing staff, such as a CPR cart.
1224.29.2.12 Housekeeping room. Shall be directly accessible from the unit and be dedicated for the exclusive use of the neona- tal intensive care unit.
1224.29.2.13 Daylight. In addition to meeting the requirements in Section 1224.4.9, at least one source of daylight shall be visible from newborn care areas.
1. External windows in infant care rooms shall be glazed with insulating glass to minimize heat gain or loss. 2. External windows in infant care rooms shall be situated at least 2 feet (610 mm) away from any part of a baby’s bed to minimize radiant heat loss from the baby. 3. All external windows shall be equipped with easily cleaned shading devices that are neutral color or opaque to minimize color distortion from transmitted light.
1224.30 PEDIATRIC AND ADOLESCENT UNIT. A pediatric nursing unit shall be provided if the hospital has eight or more licensed pediat- ric beds. Pediatric patient area and adolescent patient area shall be separate from each other and shall be separate from adult nursing units. Common areas including exam and treatment rooms, service areas and playrooms may be shared and used by pediatric and adolescent patients at different times. The unit shall meet the following standards:
1224.30.1 Patient rooms. Patient rooms shall have direct visual observation between either a centralized or distributed nurse station or workstation or by other means if approved by licensing agency. Each patient room shall meet the following standards:
1224.30.1.1 Beds. The space requirements for pediatric patient beds shall be the same as required by Section 1224.14.1.2.
Frequently asked questions
Must the operator be able to both see and talk to the patient from behind the shield?
Yes. § 3103C.2 requires provision for the operator to observe and communicate with the patient without leaving the shielded position at the control panel.
Can I use ordinary tempered glass for the observation window?
Not unless the tempered glass assembly provides the same radiation attenuation as the surrounding barrier. § 3103C.2 requires equal attenuation; ordinary tempered glass usually will not meet the required radiation attenuation.
Where do I get the numeric attenuation value the window must match?
Numeric values come from the project shielding calculation and the referenced shielding standards (see Section 12‑31C‑101 and related guidance). § 3103C.2 prescribes matching attenuation but does not itself give the numeric values.
If the required barrier attenuation is high, are there alternatives to an observation window?
For certain therapeutic installations (equipment > 50 kVp), § 3104C.2 allows a mirror system or closed‑circuit television instead of a window. For diagnostic installations, consult the shielding standard and the enforcing agency for acceptable alternatives or variances.
Who grants variances if I cannot meet the exact window attenuation requirement?
The Department of Health Services is the agency identified in the CRSC as the authority that may grant a variance or exception to the radiation shielding standards; consult the enforcing agency for process.
More in California Referenced Standards Code
- Administration and scope — CRSC Chapter 12 overview
- Air filter standards (Chapter 12‑71)
- Building and facility access / accessibility standards (Chapters 12‑11A, 12‑11B)
- Engineering regulations — quality and design of construction materials (12‑16 series)
- Exits and means of egress (Chapters 12‑10 series)
- Protective signaling systems and detectors (Chapters 12‑72‑1, ‑2, ‑3)
- Radiation shielding standards (Chapter 12‑31C)
- Referenced standards index / cross‑reference table (Part 12 listing of referenced standards)
- Releasing systems for security bars (egress-release standards)
- Standards for insulating materials (Chapter 12‑13)
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