CFC · California Fire Code

What are means-of-egress illumination and emergency lighting requirements?

Q: Can I use battery‑backed emergency fixtures for all exit sign and egress illumination?

Yes — the code allows storage batteries, unit equipment or on‑site generators for emergency illumination (see § 1008.3.1 ). However, Group I‑2 exit sign illumination cannot be provided by unit equipment batteries only unless an approved continuous source is used (see § 1013.6.3 ) .

Q: Where are the emergency illumination levels measured?

All emergency illumination values in § 1008.3.2 are measured along the path of egress at floor level (initial average 1 fc , minimum 0.1 fc , allowed decay values at end of duration) .

Q: Do exit signs need to be connected to the emergency electrical system?

Yes — exit signs must be illuminated at all times and connected to emergency power to provide not less than 90 minutes illumination on primary power loss, unless they are an approved type providing continuous illumination independent of external power sources (see § 1013.6.3 ) .

Q: What uniformity is required for emergency lighting?

The emergency lighting design must keep the maximum‑to‑minimum illumination ratio to no more than 40:1 along the egress path (see § 1008.3.2 ) .

Homes and businesses must keep exit routes and exit signs lit: egress paths need at least 1 footcandle (10–11 lux) under normal conditions, critical egress areas must be supplied by an emergency system on power loss (with specified initial emergency levels and a typical 90‑minute supply), and exit signs must stay illuminated and be tied to emergency power per **§ 1008** and **§ 1013.3** of the California Fire Code.

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Last reviewed: July 6, 2026

What the code requires — 2-4 sentences

The California Fire Code requires that means‑of‑egress illumination be provided whenever a space is occupied, and that designated areas be automatically illuminated by an emergency electrical system if the normal power fails. The controlling provisions are § 1008 (means‑of‑egress illumination and emergency lighting) and § 1013.3 (exit sign illumination) of the CFC/CBC. See § 1008 for illumination levels and emergency‑system scope and § 1013.3 for the requirement that exit signs be continuously illuminated and connected to emergency power .

The single most important rule: Means‑of‑egress routes and exit signs must be lit to the code minimums while occupied, and critical egress areas must stay lit from emergency power for the required duration when normal power fails (see § 1008 and § 1013.3) .

Requirements in detail

Key definitions (first use bolded)

Means‑of‑egress illumination — lighting provided along the egress path while a room/space is occupied (see § 1008.2) .
Emergency electrical system — the system that automatically supplies illumination to specified egress areas on loss of normal power (see § 1008.3) .
Exit sign — a sign identifying an exit; exit signs shall be internally or externally illuminated (see § 1013.3) .

Numerical thresholds and where they apply

Requirement (decision dimension)	Value / Threshold	Code Reference
Normal means‑of‑egress illumination (walking surface)	1 footcandle (11 lux) minimum	§ 1008.2.1
Stairways (when in use) illumination at walking surface	10 footcandles (108 lux)	§ 1008.2.1
Exit discharge path illumination to public way	Illumination required along path; exceptions where dispersal area is lit to 1 fc (11 lux)	§ 1008.2.3
Group I‑2 exterior landing (single lamp failure)	Failure of one lamp shall not reduce landing below 1 fc (11 lux)	§ 1008.2.2
Areas required to be on emergency power (examples)	Aisles, corridors, exit stairways/ramps, exit passageways, vestibules, exterior landings, electrical rooms, fire command/pump rooms, generator rooms, large public restrooms (>300 sq ft)	§ 1008.3
Emergency power duration (new construction)	Not less than 90 minutes (system: storage batteries/unit equipment/on‑site generator)	§ 1008.3.1
Emergency illumination levels (initial, along egress at floor level)	Initial average 1 fc (11 lux); minimum at any point 0.1 fc (1 lux)	§ 1008.3.2
Emergency illumination decay allowed at end of duration	May decline to 0.6 fc (6 lux) average and 0.06 fc (0.6 lux) minimum	§ 1008.3.2
Emergency lighting uniformity	Maximum-to-minimum ratio 40:1	§ 1008.3.2
Exit sign face intensity (externally illuminated)	5 footcandles (54 lux) on sign face	§ 1013.6.2
Exit sign emergency duration / power source	Exit signs must be illuminated at all times and connected to emergency power to provide not less than 90 minutes illumination on primary power loss (exceptions for approved continuous sources)	§ 1013.6.3 and § 1013.5

How the emergency illumination requirement is applied

The emergency system must automatically power specified egress areas on a normal power failure (areas listed in § 1008.3) .
The system types allowed: storage batteries, unit equipment or on‑site generator; installation per the referenced electrical/standby power sections (see § 1008.3.1) .
Emergency lighting must provide the initial minimum average and point‑minimum values along the path of egress at floor level; a permitted decline in illuminance over the emergency period is specified in § 1008.3.2 .

Exceptions & special cases

Occupancies excluded from the constant illumination rule: Group U, small self‑storage units ≤ 400 sq ft accessed from exterior, aisle accessways in Group A, dwelling/sleeping units in Groups R‑1/R‑2/R‑3, and certain sleeping units — see § 1008.2 for the list of exceptions .
Performance venues (auditoriums, theaters, etc.) may reduce normal illumination during performances if the required lighting is automatically restored when the fire alarm activates — see the exception in § 1008.2.1 .
Group I‑2 (healthcare) special reliability: some Group I‑2 provisions require that single‑lamp failure not reduce certain landing illumination below specified thresholds (see § 1008.2.2) .
Existing‑building provisions: For existing buildings the required emergency power duration for egress lighting can differ — e.g., Section 1104.5.1 (existing buildings) requires not less than 60 minutes for some occupancies; always check the applicable chapter for existing buildings .
Exit sign exceptions: tactile (raised‑character/Braille) signs need not be illuminated (§ 1013.3), and approved self‑luminous signs that meet the listed performance may be exempt from emergency power connections (§ 1013.6.3 exception) .

Common mistakes

Assuming the same emergency duration applies everywhere — new construction emergency illumination is generally 90 minutes under § 1008.3.1, but some existing‑building provisions and local amendments can require 60 minutes or different treatment; always verify the applicable chapter and occupancy class .
Using unit equipment (small battery packs) alone for Group I‑2 exit sign illumination — the code prohibits unit equipment only for Group I‑2 exit sign illumination unless other listed continuous sources are used (see § 1013.6.3) .
Forgetting the uniformity ratio requirement; emergency lighting designs must not exceed a 40:1 max-to-min ratio along the egress path (see § 1008.3.2) .
Measuring lux/footcandles at the wrong plane — the emergency levels in § 1008.3.2 are measured along the path of egress at floor level (not ceiling level) .
Not providing the required exit sign face intensity (externally lit signs must have ≥ 5 fc on the face) or failing to provide emergency power to signs per § 1013.6.2‑6.3 .

Worked example — concrete scenario

Scenario: a two‑exit office floor (non‑I‑2 occupancy) with a 60‑ft corridor serving multiple rooms. Normal power fails during business hours.

What the code requires:

While occupied, the corridor must be lit at ≥ 1 fc (11 lux) at the walking surface (§ 1008.2.1) .
Because the building requires two or more exits and corridors/stairways are involved, those egress elements must be automatically illuminated by the emergency electrical system listed in § 1008.3 .
Emergency lighting must provide an initial average of 1 fc and minimum 0.1 fc measured at floor level along the path; the system must supply power for not less than 90 minutes unless existing‑building rules change the duration for this building (§§ 1008.3.2, 1008.3.1) .

Design check numbers:

Provide emergency luminaires and spacing so the corridor average ≥ 1 fc and the minimum point ≥ 0.1 fc at floor level.
Verify maximum‑to‑minimum ratio ≤ 40:1.
Confirm the emergency power source (battery or generator) is sized and wired to provide ≥ 90 minutes of operation for the emergency lighting loads and exit signs per § 1008.3.1 and § 1013.6.3 .

If the corridor includes an exit sign that is externally illuminated, provide ≥ 5 fc on the face and ensure the sign remains illuminated for the emergency duration (or use an approved continuously‑illuminated type) per § 1013.6.2‑6.3 .

Related provisions (quick list)

§ 1008.2 — Means‑of‑egress illumination required while occupied (and exceptions)
§ 1008.3 — Areas that must be illuminated by an emergency electrical system on power loss
§ 1008.3.1 — Emergency power duration and permitted equipment types (batteries/unit equipment/generator)
§ 1008.3.2 — Emergency illumination levels, decay allowances, and uniformity ratio
§ 1013.3 — Exit signs shall be internally or externally illuminated (tactile signs exception)
§ 1013.6.2 — 1013.6.3 — Exit sign face illumination and emergency power requirements (≥ 5 fc face; 90‑minute emergency duration)
§ 1104.5.1 — Existing building emergency power duration exceptions (e.g., 60 minutes in some cases) — check when working on existing structures

Code references

Grounded in the retrieved California Fire Code — click a citation to read the verbatim passage:

CFC § 1008.2.2 High relevance — show source text
[BE] 1008.2.2 Group I-2. In Group I-2 occupancies where two or more exits are required, on the exterior landings required by Section 1010.1.5, means of egress illumination levels for the exit discharge shall be provided such that failure of a single lamp in a luminaire shall not reduce the illumination level on that landing to less than 1 footcandle (11 lux).

[BE] 1008.2.3 Exit discharge. Illumination shall be provided along the path of travel for the exit discharge from each exit to the public way.

Exception: Illumination shall not be required where the path of the exit discharge meets both of the following requirements:
1. The path of exit discharge is illuminated from the exit to a safe dispersal area complying with Section 1028.5.
2. A dispersal area shall be illuminated to a level not less than 1 footcandle (11 lux) at the walking surface.
[BE] 1008.2.4 Power for illumination. The power supply for means of egress illumination shall normally be provided by the premises’ electrical supply.

[BE] 1008.3 Illumination required by an emergency electrical system. An emergency electrical system shall be provided to automatically illuminate the following areas in the event of a power supply failure:
1. In rooms or spaces that require two or more exits or access to exits:
1.1. Aisles.

1.2. Corridors.

1.3. Exit access stairways and ramps. 2. In buildings that require two or more exits or access to exits: 2.1. Interior exit access stairways and ramps. 2.2. Interior and exterior exit stairways and ramps.

2.3. Exit passageways. 2.4. Vestibules and areas on the level of discharge used for exit discharge in accordance with Section 1028.2. 2.5. Exterior landings as required by Section 1010.1.5 for exit doorways that lead directly to the exit discharge. 3. In other rooms and spaces: 3.1. Electrical equipment rooms.

3.2. Fire command centers.

3.3. Fire pump rooms.

3.4. Generator rooms.

3.5. Public restrooms with an area greater than 300 square feet (27.87 m [2] ). 4. Group I-2 exit discharge stairways, ramps, aisles, walkways and escalators leading to a public way or to a safe dispersal area in accordance with Section 1028.5.

[BE] 1008.3.1 Duration. The emergency power system shall provide power for a duration of not less than 90 minutes and shall consist of storage batteries, unit equipment or an on-site generator. The installation of the emergency power system shall be in accordance with Section 2702 of the California Building Code .

[BE] 1008.3.2 Illumination level under emergency power. Emergency lighting facilities shall be arranged to provide initial illumination that is not less than an average of 1 footcandle (11 lux) and a minimum at any point of 0.1 footcandle (1 lux) measured

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CFC § 1008.3.2 High relevance — show source text
1008.3.2 Illumination level under emergency power. Emergency lighting facilities shall be arranged to provide initial illumination that is not less than an average of 1 footcandle (11 lux) and a minimum at any point of 0.1 footcandle (1 lux) measured along the path of egress at floor level. Illumination levels shall be permitted to decline to 0.6 footcandle (6 lux) average and a minimum at any point of 0.06 footcandle (0.6 lux) at the end of the emergency lighting time duration. A maximum-to-minimum illumination uniformity ratio of 40 to 1 shall not be exceeded. In Group I-2 occupancies, failure of a single lamp in a luminaire shall not reduce the illumination level to less than 0.2 footcandle (2.2 lux).

SECTION 1009—ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF EGRESS

1009.1 Accessible means of egress required. Accessible means of egress shall comply with this section. Accessible spaces shall be provided with not less than one accessible means of egress. Where more than one means of egress is required by Section 1006.2 or 1006.3 from any accessible space, each accessible portion of the space shall be served by not less than two accessible means of egress in at least the same number as required by Sections 1006.2 or 1006.3. In addition to the requirements of this chapter, means of egress, which provide access to, or egress from, buildings for persons with disabilities, shall also comply with the requirements of Chap- ter 11A or 11B as applicable.

Exceptions:
1. One accessible means of egress is required from an accessible mezzanine level in accordance with Section 1009.3, 1009.4 or 1009.5, and Chapter 11A or 11B, as applicable.
2. In assembly areas with ramped aisles or stepped aisles, one accessible means of egress is permitted where the common path of egress travel is accessible and meets the requirements in Section 1030.8 and Chapter 11A or 11B, as applicable.
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1009.2 Continuity and components. Each required accessible means of egress shall be continuous to a public way and shall consist of one or more of the following components:
1. Accessible routes complying with Chapter 11A, Sections 1110A.1 and 1119A, or Chapter 11B, Sections 11B-206 and 11B-402, as applicable.
2. Interior exit stairways complying with Sections 1009.3 and 1023, and Chapter 11A, Section 1123A, or Chapter 11B, Sections 11B-210 and 11B-504, as applicable.
3. Exit access stairways complying with Sections 1009.3 and 1019.3 or 1019.4, and Chapter 11A, Section 1123A, or Chapter 11B, Sections 11B-210 and 11B-504, as applicable.
CFC § 1.1. High relevance — show source text
1.1. Aisles.

1.2. Corridors.

1.3. Exit access stairways and ramps. 2. In buildings that require two or more exits or access to exits: 2.1. Interior exit access stairways and ramps. 2.2. Interior and exterior exit stairways and ramps.

2.3. Exit passageways. 2.4. Vestibules and areas on the level of discharge used for exit discharge in accordance with Section 1028.2. 2.5. Exterior landings as required by Section 1010.1.5 for exit doorways that lead directly to the exit discharge. 2.6. Group I-2 exit discharge stairways, ramps, aisles, walkways and escalators leading to a public way or to a safe disper- sal area in accordance with Section 1028.5.
1. In other rooms and spaces: 3.1. Electrical equipment rooms.
3.2. Fire command centers.

3.3. Fire pump rooms.

3.4. Generator rooms.

3.5. Public restrooms with an area greater than 300 square feet (27.87 m [2] ). 4. Group I-2 exit discharge stairways, ramps, aisles, walkways and escalators leading to a public way or to a safe dispersal area in accordance with Section 1028.5.

1008.3.1 Duration. The emergency power system shall provide power for a duration of not less than 90 minutes and shall consist of storage batteries, unit equipment or an on-site generator. The installation of the emergency power system shall be in accordance with Section 2702.

1008.3.2 Illumination level under emergency power. Emergency lighting facilities shall be arranged to provide initial illumination that is not less than an average of 1 footcandle (11 lux) and a minimum at any point of 0.1 footcandle (1 lux) measured along the path of egress at floor level. Illumination levels shall be permitted to decline to 0.6 footcandle (6 lux) average and a minimum at any point of 0.06 footcandle (0.6 lux) at the end of the emergency lighting time duration. A maximum-to-minimum illumination uniformity ratio of 40 to 1 shall not be exceeded. In Group I-2 occupancies, failure of a single lamp in a luminaire shall not reduce the illumination level to less than 0.2 footcandle (2.2 lux).

SECTION 1009—ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF EGRESS

1009.1 Accessible means of egress required. Accessible means of egress shall comply with this section. Accessible spaces shall be provided with not less than one accessible means of egress. Where more than one means of egress is required by Section 1006.2 or 1006.3 from any accessible space, each accessible portion of the space shall be served by not less than two accessible means of egress in at least the same number as required by Sections 1006.2 or 1006.3. In addition to the requirements of this chapter, means of egress, which provide access to, or egress from, buildings for persons with disabilities, shall also comply with the requirements of Chap- ter 11A or 11B as applicable.
CFC § 2.3. High relevance — show source text
2.3. Exit passageways. 2.4. Vestibules and areas on the level of discharge used for exit discharge in accordance with Section 1028.2. 2.5. Exterior landings as required by Section 1010.1.5 for exit doorways that lead directly to the exit discharge. 3. In other rooms and spaces: 3.1. Electrical equipment rooms.

3.2. Fire command centers.

3.3. Fire pump rooms.

3.4. Generator rooms.

3.5. Public restrooms with an area greater than 300 square feet (27.87 m [2] ). 4. Group I-2 exit discharge stairways, ramps, aisles, walkways and escalators leading to a public way or to a safe dispersal area in accordance with Section 1028.5.

[BE] 1008.3.1 Duration. The emergency power system shall provide power for a duration of not less than 90 minutes and shall consist of storage batteries, unit equipment or an on-site generator. The installation of the emergency power system shall be in accordance with Section 2702 of the California Building Code .

[BE] 1008.3.2 Illumination level under emergency power. Emergency lighting facilities shall be arranged to provide initial illumination that is not less than an average of 1 footcandle (11 lux) and a minimum at any point of 0.1 footcandle (1 lux) measured

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along the path of egress at floor level. Illumination levels shall be permitted to decline to 0.6 footcandle (6 lux) average and a minimum at any point of 0.06 footcandle (0.6 lux) at the end of the emergency lighting time duration. A maximum-to-minimum illumination uniformity ratio of 40 to 1 shall not be exceeded. In Group I-2 occupancies, failure of a single lamp in a luminaire shall not reduce the illumination level to less than 0.2 footcandle (2.2 lux).

SECTION 1009—ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF EGRESS

[BE] 1009.1 Accessible means of egress required. Accessible means of egress shall comply with this section. Accessible spaces shall be provided with not less than one accessible means of egress. Where more than one means of egress is required by Section 1006.2 or 1006.3 from any accessible space, each accessible portion of the space shall be served by not less than two accessible means of egress in at least the same number as required by Section 1006.2 or 1006.3. In addition to the requirements of this chapter, means of egress, which provide access to, or egress from, buildings for persons with disabilities, shall also comply with the requirements of Chap- ter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code, as applicable. Exceptions:
1. One accessible means of egress is required from an accessible mezzanine level in accordance with Section 1009.3, 1009.4 or 1009.5 and Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code.
CFC § 1007.1.3.1 High relevance — show source text
1007.1.3.1 Three or more exit access stairways or ramps. Where more than two exit access stairways or ramps provide the required means of egress, not less than two shall be arranged in accordance with Section 1007.1.3.

SECTION 1008 —MEANS OF EGRESS ILLUMINATION

1008.1 Means of egress illumination. Illumination shall be provided in the means of egress in accordance with Section 1008.2. In the event of power supply failure, means of egress illumination shall comply with Section 1008.2.4.

1008.2 Illumination required. The means of egress serving a room or space shall be illuminated at all times that the room or space is occupied.

Exceptions:
1. Occupancies in Group U.
2. Self-service storage units 400 square feet (37.2 m [2] ) or less in area and accessed directly from the exterior of the building.
3. Aisle accessways in Group A.
4. Dwelling units and sleeping units in Groups R-1, R-2 and R-3.
5. Sleeping units of Group I, R-2.1 and R-4 occupancies.
1008.2.1 Illumination level under normal power. The means of egress illumination level shall be not less than 1 footcandle (11 lux) at the walking surface. Along exit access stairways, exit stairways and at their required landings, the illumination level shall not be less than 10 footcandles (108 lux) at the walking surface when the stairway is in use.

Exception: For auditoriums, theaters, concert or opera halls and similar assembly occupancies, the illumination at the walking surface is permitted to be reduced during performances by one of the following methods provided that the required illumination is automatically restored upon activation of a premises’ fire alarm system:
1. Externally illuminated walking surfaces shall be permitted to be illuminated to not less than 0.2 footcandle (2.15 lux).
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1. Steps, landings and the sides of ramps shall be permitted to be marked with self-luminous materials in accordance with Sections 1025.2.1, 1025.2.2 and 1025.2.4 by systems listed in accordance with UL 1994.
1008.2.2 Group I-2. In Group I-2 occupancies where two or more exits are required, on the exterior landings required by Section 1010.1.5, means of egress illumination levels for the exit discharge shall be provided such that failure of a single lamp in a luminaire shall not reduce the illumination level on that landing to less than 1 footcandle (11 lux).

1008.2.3 Exit discharge. Illumination shall be provided along the path of travel for the exit discharge from each exit to the public

way.

Exception: Illumination shall not be required where the path of the exit discharge meets both of the following requirements:
1. The path of exit discharge is illuminated from the exit to a safe dispersal area complying with Section 1028.5.
2. A dispersal area shall be illuminated to a level not less than 1 footcandle (11 lux) at the walking surface.
CFC § 10-15 High relevance — show source text
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SECTION 1008—MEANS OF EGRESS ILLUMINATION

[BE] 1008.1 Means of egress illumination. Illumination shall be provided in the means of egress in accordance with Section 1008.2. In the event of power supply failure, means of egress illumination shall comply with Section 1008.2.4.

[BE] 1008.2 Illumination required. The means of egress serving a room or space shall be illuminated at all times that the room or space is occupied.

Exceptions:
1. Occupancies in Group U.
2. Self-service storage units 400 square feet (37.2 m [2] ) or less in area and accessed directly from the exterior of the building.
3. Aisle accessways in Group A.
4. Dwelling units and sleeping units in Groups R-1, R-2 and R-3.
5. Sleeping units of Group I, R-2.1 and R-4 occupancies.
[BE] 1008.2.1 Illumination level under normal power. The means of egress illumination level shall be not less than 1 footcandle (11 lux) at the walking surface. Along exit access stairways, exit stairways and at their required landings, the illumination level shall be not less than 10 footcandles (108 lux) at the walking surface when the stairway is in use.

Exception: For auditoriums, theaters, concert or opera halls and similar assembly occupancies, the illumination at the walking surface is permitted to be reduced during performances by one of the following methods provided that the required illumination is automatically restored upon activation of a premises’ fire alarm system:
1. Externally illuminated walking surfaces shall be permitted to be illuminated to not less than 0.2 footcandle (2.15 lux).
2. Steps, landings and the sides of ramps shall be permitted to be marked with self-luminous materials in accordance with Sections 1025.2.1, 1025.2.2 and 1025.2.4 by systems listed in accordance with UL 1994.
[BE] 1008.2.2 Group I-2. In Group I-2 occupancies where two or more exits are required, on the exterior landings required by Section 1010.1.5, means of egress illumination levels for the exit discharge shall be provided such that failure of a single lamp in a luminaire shall not reduce the illumination level on that landing to less than 1 footcandle (11 lux).

[BE] 1008.2.3 Exit discharge. Illumination shall be provided along the path of travel for the exit discharge from each exit to the public way.

Exception: Illumination shall not be required where the path of the exit discharge meets both of the following requirements:
1. The path of exit discharge is illuminated from the exit to a safe dispersal area complying with Section 1028.5.
2. A dispersal area shall be illuminated to a level not less than 1 footcandle (11 lux) at the walking surface.
[BE] 1008.2.4 Power for illumination. The power supply for means of egress illumination shall normally be provided by the premises’ electrical supply.
CFC § 0.6 High relevance — show source text
MEANS OF EGRESS

along the path of egress at floor level. Illumination levels shall be permitted to decline to 0.6 footcandle (6 lux) average and a minimum at any point of 0.06 footcandle (0.6 lux) at the end of the emergency lighting time duration. A maximum-to-minimum illumination uniformity ratio of 40 to 1 shall not be exceeded. In Group I-2 occupancies, failure of a single lamp in a luminaire shall not reduce the illumination level to less than 0.2 footcandle (2.2 lux).

SECTION 1009—ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF EGRESS

[BE] 1009.1 Accessible means of egress required. Accessible means of egress shall comply with this section. Accessible spaces shall be provided with not less than one accessible means of egress. Where more than one means of egress is required by Section 1006.2 or 1006.3 from any accessible space, each accessible portion of the space shall be served by not less than two accessible means of egress in at least the same number as required by Section 1006.2 or 1006.3. In addition to the requirements of this chapter, means of egress, which provide access to, or egress from, buildings for persons with disabilities, shall also comply with the requirements of Chap- ter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code, as applicable. Exceptions:
1. One accessible means of egress is required from an accessible mezzanine level in accordance with Section 1009.3, 1009.4 or 1009.5 and Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code.
2. In assembly areas with ramped aisles or stepped aisles, one accessible means of egress is permitted where the common path of travel is accessible and meets the requirements in Section 1030.8 and Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code.
[BE] 1009.2 Continuity and components. Each required accessible means of egress shall be continuous to a public way and shall consist of one or more of the following components:
1. Accessible routes complying with and Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code.
2. Interior exit stairways complying with Sections 1009.3 and 1023 of this code and Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code.
3. Exit access stairways complying with Sections 1009.3 and 1019.3 or 1019.4 of this code and Chapter 11A or 11B of the Califor- nia Building Code.
4. Exterior exit stairways complying with Sections 1009.3 and 1027 and serving levels other than the level of exit discharge of this code and Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code.
5. Elevators complying with Section 1009.4 of this code and Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code.
6. Platform lifts complying with Section 1009.5 of this code and Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code.
7. Horizontal exits complying with Section 1026.
8. Ramps complying with Section 1012 of this code and Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code.
9. Areas of refuge complying with Section 1009.6.
CFC § 130.1 High relevance — show source text
NONRESIDENTIAL AND HOTEL/MOTEL OCCUPANCIES—MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR LIGHTING SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT, AND ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

(c) Shut-OFF Controls. All installed indoor lighting shall be equipped with controls able to automatically reduce lighting power when the space is typically unoccupied.

Exception 1 to Section 130.1(c): Healthcare facilities.

Exception 2 to Section 130.1(c): Continuous illumination of up to 0.1 watts per square foot in any area designated for egress within a building is allowed, provided that the area is designated for means of egress on the plans and specifications submitted to the enforcement agency under Section 10-103(a)2 of Part 1. The lighting provided for means of egress illumination, as defined in the California Building Code, must be configured to provide no less than the illumination required by California Building Code Section 1008 while in the partial-off mode.
1. All installed indoor lighting shall be equipped with controls that meet the following requirements: A. Shall be controlled with an occupant sensing control set to no more than a 20-minute time delay, automatic timeswitch control, or other control capable of automatically shutting OFF all of the lighting when the space is typically unoccupied; and B. Separate controls for the lighting on each floor, other than lighting in stairwells; and C. Separate control zones for a space enclosed by ceiling height partitions not exceeding 5,000 square feet. Exception to Section 130.1(c)1C: The area controlled may not exceed 20,000 square feet in the following function areas: malls, auditoriums, single tenant retail, industrial, convention centers and arenas.
Exception 1 to Section 130.1(c)1: Where the lighting is serving an area that is in continuous use, 24 hours per day/365 days per year.

Exception 2 to Section 130.1(c)1: Lighting complying with Section 130.1(c)5 or 130.1(c)6E. Lighting in stairwells and common area corridors that provide access to guestrooms of hotel/motels and complying with Section 130.1(c)6C.

Exception 3 to Section 130.1(c)1: Electrical equipment rooms subject to Article 110.26(D) of the California Electrical Code.

Exception 4 to Section 130.1(c)1: Illumination provided by lighting equipment that is designated for emergency lighting, and is intended to function in emergency mode only when normal power is absent. 2. Countdown timer switches may be used to comply with the automatic shut-OFF control requirements in Section 130.1(c)1 only in closets less than 70 square feet, and server aisles in server rooms. The maximum timer setting shall be 10 minutes for closets, and 30 minutes for server aisles.
1. If an automatic time-switch control is installed to comply with Section 130.1(c)1, it shall incorporate a manual override lighting control that allows the lighting to remain ON for no more than 2 hours when an override is initiated. Exception 1 to Section 130.1(c)3: In the following function areas, the override time may exceed 2 hours: Malls, auditoriums, single tenant retail, industrial, laboratories and arenas where captive-key override is utilized. Exception 2 to Section 130.1(c)3: Areas where occupant sensing controls are installed.
CFC § 0.06 High relevance — show source text
Exception: Approved self-luminous signs that provide evenly illuminated letters shall have a minimum luminance of 0.06 footlamberts (0.21 cd/m [2] ).

1104.4 Power source. Where emergency illumination is required in Section 1104.5, exit signs shall be visible under emergency illumination conditions.

Exception: Approved signs that provide continuous illumination independent of external power sources are not required to be connected to an emergency electrical system.

1104.5 Illumination emergency power. Where means of egress illumination is provided, the power supply for means of egress illumination shall normally be provided by the premises’ electrical supply. In the event of power supply failure, illumination shall be automatically provided from an emergency system for the following occupancies where such occupancies require two or more means of egress:
1. Group A having 50 or more occupants.
Exception: Assembly occupancies used exclusively as a place of worship and having an occupant load of less than 300.

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CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS
1. Group B buildings three or more stories in height, buildings with 100 or more occupants above or below a level of exit discharge serving the occupants or buildings with 1,000 or more total occupants.
2. Group E in interior exit access and exit stairways and ramps, corridors, windowless areas with student occupancy, shops and laboratories.
3. Group F having more than 100 occupants.
Exception: Buildings used only during daylight hours and that are provided with windows for natural light in accordance with the California Building Code .
1. Group I.
2. Group M. Exception: Buildings less than 3,000 square feet (279 m [2] ) in gross sales area on one story only, excluding mezzanines.
3. Groups R-1 and R-2.
Exception: Where each dwelling unit or sleeping unit has direct access to the outside of the building at grade.

1104.5.1 Emergency power duration and installation. Emergency power for means of egress illumination shall be provided in accordance with Section 1203. In other than Group I-2, emergency power shall be provided for not less than 60 minutes for systems requiring emergency power.

1104.6 Guards. Guards complying with this section shall be provided at the open sides of means of egress that are more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below.

1104.6.1 Height of guards. Guards shall form a protective barrier not less than 42 inches (1067 mm) high.

Exceptions:
1. Existing guards on the open side of exit access and exit stairways and ramps shall be not less than 30 inches (760 mm) high.
2. Existing guards within dwelling units shall be not less than 36 inches (910 mm) high.
3. Existing guards in assembly seating areas.
1104.6.2 Opening limitations. Open guards shall have balusters or ornamental patterns such that a 6-inch-diameter (152 mm) sphere cannot pass through any opening up to a height of 34 inches (864 mm).
CFC § 1007.1.1.1 High relevance — show source text
[BE] 1007.1.1.1 Measurement point. The separation distance required in Section 1007.1.1 shall be measured in accordance with the following:
1. The separation distance to exit or exit access doorways shall be measured to any point along the width of the doorway.
2. The separation distance to exit access stairways shall be measured to the closest riser.
3. The separation distance to exit access ramps shall be measured to the start of the ramp run.
[BE] 1007.1.2 Three or more exits or exit access doorways. Where access to three or more exits is required, not less than two exit or exit access doorways shall be arranged in accordance with the provisions of Section 1007.1.1. Additional required exit or exit access doorways shall be arranged a reasonable distance apart so that if one becomes blocked, the others will be available.

[BE] 1007.1.3 Remoteness of exit access stairways or ramps. Where two exit access stairways or ramps provide the required means of egress to exits at another story, the required separation distance shall be maintained for all portions of such exit access stairways or ramps.

[BE] 1007.1.3.1 Three or more exit access stairways or ramps. Where more than two exit access stairways or ramps provide the required means of egress, not less than two shall be arranged in accordance with Section 1007.1.3.

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MEANS OF EGRESS

SECTION 1008—MEANS OF EGRESS ILLUMINATION

[BE] 1008.1 Means of egress illumination. Illumination shall be provided in the means of egress in accordance with Section 1008.2. In the event of power supply failure, means of egress illumination shall comply with Section 1008.2.4.

[BE] 1008.2 Illumination required. The means of egress serving a room or space shall be illuminated at all times that the room or space is occupied.

Exceptions:
1. Occupancies in Group U.
2. Self-service storage units 400 square feet (37.2 m [2] ) or less in area and accessed directly from the exterior of the building.
3. Aisle accessways in Group A.
4. Dwelling units and sleeping units in Groups R-1, R-2 and R-3.
5. Sleeping units of Group I, R-2.1 and R-4 occupancies.
[BE] 1008.2.1 Illumination level under normal power. The means of egress illumination level shall be not less than 1 footcandle (11 lux) at the walking surface. Along exit access stairways, exit stairways and at their required landings, the illumination level shall be not less than 10 footcandles (108 lux) at the walking surface when the stairway is in use.
CFC § 903.3.1.1 High relevance — show source text
Exceptions:
1. Where interior exit stairways or ramps are interconnected by a 1-hour fire-resistance-rated corridor conforming to the requirements of Section 1020, the required exit separation shall be measured along the shortest direct line of travel within the corridor.
2. Where a building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, the separation distance shall be not less than one-third of the length of the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the area served.
1007.1.1.1 Measurement point. The separation distance required in Section 1007.1.1 shall be measured in accordance with the following:
1. The separation distance to exit or exit access doorways shall be measured to any point along the width of the doorway.
2. The separation distance to exit access stairways shall be measured to the closest riser.
3. The separation distance to exit access ramps shall be measured to the start of the ramp run.
1007.1.2 Three or more exits or exit access doorways. Where access to three or more exits is required, not less than two exit or exit access doorways shall be arranged in accordance with the provisions of Section 1007.1.1. Additional required exit or exit access doorways shall be arranged a reasonable distance apart so that if one becomes blocked, the others will be available.

1007.1.3 Remoteness of exit access stairways or ramps. Where two exit access stairways or ramps provide the required means of egress to exits at another story, the required separation distance shall be maintained for all portions of such exit access stair ways or ramps.

1007.1.3.1 Three or more exit access stairways or ramps. Where more than two exit access stairways or ramps provide the required means of egress, not less than two shall be arranged in accordance with Section 1007.1.3.

SECTION 1008 —MEANS OF EGRESS ILLUMINATION

1008.1 Means of egress illumination. Illumination shall be provided in the means of egress in accordance with Section 1008.2. In the event of power supply failure, means of egress illumination shall comply with Section 1008.2.4.

1008.2 Illumination required. The means of egress serving a room or space shall be illuminated at all times that the room or space is occupied.

Exceptions:
1. Occupancies in Group U.
2. Self-service storage units 400 square feet (37.2 m [2] ) or less in area and accessed directly from the exterior of the building.
3. Aisle accessways in Group A.
4. Dwelling units and sleeping units in Groups R-1, R-2 and R-3.
5. Sleeping units of Group I, R-2.1 and R-4 occupancies.
1008.2.1 Illumination level under normal power. The means of egress illumination level shall be not less than 1 footcandle (11 lux) at the walking surface. Along exit access stairways, exit stairways and at their required landings, the illumination level shall not be less than 10 footcandles (108 lux) at the walking surface when the stairway is in use.
CFC § 130.1 High relevance — show source text
Scene controllers may comply with this requirement provided that at least one scene turns on general lighting only, and the control provides a means to manually turn off all lighting.

Exception to Section 130.1(a): Up to 0.1 watts per square foot of indoor lighting may be continuously illuminated to allow for means of egress illumination consistent with California Building Code Section 1008. Egress lighting complying with this wattage limitation is not required to comply with manual control requirements if:
1. The space is designated for means of egress on the plans and specifications submitted to the enforcement agency under Section 10-103(a)2 of Part 1; and
2. The egress lighting controls shall not be controllable by unauthorized personnel during a normal power failure.
(b) Multilevel lighting controls. The general lighting of any space with a size of 100 square feet or larger and with a connected lighting load greater than 0.5 watts per square foot shall be provided with multilevel lighting controls. The multilevel lighting controls shall provide and enable continuous dimming from 100 percent to 10 percent or lower of lighting power.

Exception 1 to Section 130.1(b): An indoor space that has only one luminaire.

Exception 2 to Section 130.1(b): Restrooms.

Exception 3 to Section 130.1(b): Healthcare facilities.

Exception 4 to Section 130.1(b): The general lighting with light source of HID and induction shall have a minimum of one control step between 30 and 70 percent of full rated power.

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NONRESIDENTIAL AND HOTEL/MOTEL OCCUPANCIES—MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR LIGHTING SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT, AND ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

(c) Shut-OFF Controls. All installed indoor lighting shall be equipped with controls able to automatically reduce lighting power when the space is typically unoccupied.

Exception 1 to Section 130.1(c): Healthcare facilities.

Exception 2 to Section 130.1(c): Continuous illumination of up to 0.1 watts per square foot in any area designated for egress within a building is allowed, provided that the area is designated for means of egress on the plans and specifications submitted to the enforcement agency under Section 10-103(a)2 of Part 1. The lighting provided for means of egress illumination, as defined in the California Building Code, must be configured to provide no less than the illumination required by California Building Code Section 1008 while in the partial-off mode.
1. All installed indoor lighting shall be equipped with controls that meet the following requirements: A. Shall be controlled with an occupant sensing control set to no more than a 20-minute time delay, automatic timeswitch control, or other control capable of automatically shutting OFF all of the lighting when the space is typically unoccupied; and B. Separate controls for the lighting on each floor, other than lighting in stairwells; and C. Separate control zones for a space enclosed by ceiling height partitions not exceeding 5,000 square feet. Exception to Section 130.1(c)1C: The area controlled may not exceed 20,000 square feet in the following function areas: malls, auditoriums, single tenant retail, industrial, convention centers and arenas.
CFC § 403.2.2 High relevance — show source text
8 High-rise 403.2.2, 403.4.8, 403.6 Hoistway door protection 3006 Hoistway enclosures 403.2.2, 713, 1023.4, 1024.3, 3002, 3007.5, 3008.5 Hoistway lighting 3007.5.2 Hoistway pressurization 909.21 Keys 3003.3 Lobby 1009.4, 1009.8, 3006, 3007.6, 3008.6

Machine rooms Table 1607.1, 3005 Means of egress 403.6, 1003.7, 1009.2.1, 1009.4, 3008

Number of elevator cars in hoistway 3002.2

Occupant evacuation elevators 403.6.2, 3008 Personnel and material hoists 3004.4

Private residence elevator 3009

Roof access 1011.12.2

Shaft enclosure 712, 3006 Signs 914, 1009.10, 3002.3, 3007.6.5, 3008.6.5 Stairway to elevator equipment 1011.12.1

Standards 3001.3 Standby power 2702.2, 3007.8, 3008.8 System monitoring 3007.7, 3008.7 Underground 405.4.3 Emergency Communications Accessible means of egress 1009.8 Alarms (see Fire Alarm and Smoke Detection Systems) Elevator 3001.2 Elevators, occupant evacuation 3008.6.6

Fire command center 403.4.6, 911, 3007.7, 3008.6.6, 3008.7 Radio coverage 403.4.5, 916 Emergency Escape and Rescue Openings 1031 Required Table 1006.3.4(1), Table 1006.3.4(2), 1031.2 Window wells 1031.5, 1031.6 Emergency Housing Appendix Q Emergency Lighting 1008.2.4, 1204.5 Emergency Power 2702 Exit signs 1013.6.3, 2702.2 Hazardous 415.11.11, 2702.2 Higher education laboratory 428.3.6, 2702.2 High-rise 403.4.8, 2702.2 Means of egress illumination 1008.2.4, 2702.2

Semiconductor fabrication 415.11.11,

2702.2 Underground buildings 405.8, 2702.2 Emergency Responders Additional exit stairway 403.5.2 Elevators 403.6, 1009.2.1, 3002.4, 3003, 3007, 3008 Fire command center 403.4.6, 911, 3007.7, 3008.6.6, 3008.7 Mall access 402.7.5 Radio coverage 403.4.5, 918 Roof access 1011.12 Safety features 914 Emittance 202
CFC § 2.5 Medium relevance — show source text
(1)*A means of egress used as a public circulation route shall be permitted to provide more than 50 percent of the required egress capacity from a station platform or other location. (2) Means of egress from separate platforms shall be permitted to converge. (3) Where means of egress routes from separate platforms converge, the subsequent capacity of the egress route shall be sufficient to maintain the required evacuation time from the incident platform. (4) Enclosed station platforms shall have a minimum of one exit within 2.5 times the least width of the enclosed station platform up to a maximum of 50 feet (insert mm) from each end. (5) Routes from platform ends into the underground guideway shall not be considered as exits for calculating exiting requirements.

Amend Section 5.3.11.1 to read as follows:

5.3.11.1 Illumination of the means of egress in stations, including escalators that are considered a means of egress, shall be in accordance with Chapter 10 of the California Building Code.

Amend Section 5.3.11.2 to read as follows:

5.3.11.2 Means of egress, including escalators considered as means of egress, shall be provided with a system of emergency lighting in accordance with Chapter 10 of the California Building Code.

Amend Section 5.4.1.1 to read as follows:

5.4.1.1 Enclosed stations shall be provided with a fire command center in accordance with Section 911.1.1 through 911.5 of the California Building Code.

Amend Section 5.4.4.1 to read as follows:

5.4.4.1* An automatic sprinkler protection system shall be provided where required by Section 903 of the California Building Code.

Delete Section 5.4.4.2.

Amend Section 5.4.5.1 to read as follows:

5.4.5.1* Class I standpipes shall be installed where required by Chapter 9 of the California Building Code in accordance with NFPA 14 except as modified herein.

Amend Section 7.3.2.1 to read as follows:

7.3.2.1 The fan inlet airflow hot temperature shall be determined by an engineering analysis, however, this temperature shall not be less than 482°C (250°F). Ventilation fans and related components shall be capable of withstanding the maximum anticipated plus/minus pressure transients induced by train operations.

Add Section 7.6.1.1 to read as follows:

7.6.1.1 Ventilation of stations shall not terminate at grade on any vehicle roadway.

2025 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE 35-37

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REFERENCED STANDARDS

Amend Section 7.7.1 to read as follows:

7.7.1 Operation of the emergency ventilation system components shall be capable of automatic and manual initiation in accordance with 909.12.3 of the California Building Code.

Amend Section 7.8.1 to read as follows:
CFC § 10-5 Medium relevance — show source text
1002 Maintenance and Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5

1003 General Means of Egress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5

1004 Occupant Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7

1005 Means of Egress Sizing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9

1006 Number of Exits and Exit Access Doorways . . . . . 10-10

1007 Exit and Exit Access Doorway Configuration . . . . 10-14

1008 Means of Egress Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14

1009 Accessible Means of Egress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15

1010 Doors, Gates and Turnstiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-19

1011 Stairways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-29

1012 Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-33

1013 Exit Signs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-34

1014 Handrails. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-36

1015 Guards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-37

1016 Exit Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-39

1017 Exit Access Travel Distance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-40

1018 Aisles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-41

1019 Exit Access Stairways and Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-42

1020 Corridors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-42

1021 Egress Balconies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-44

1022 Exits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-44
CFC § 1103.10 Medium relevance — show source text
No person shall install, market, distribute, offer for sale or sell any carbon monoxide device in the state of California unless the device and instructions have been approved and listed by the Office of the State Fire Marshal.

1103.10 Medical gases. Medical gases stored and transferred in health-care-related facilities shall be in accordance with Chapter 53.

SECTION 1104—MEANS OF EGRESS FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS

1104.1 General. Means of egress in existing buildings shall comply with the minimum egress requirements where specified in Table 1103.1 as further enumerated in Sections 1104.2 through 1104.25, and the building code that applied at the time of construction. Where the provisions of this chapter conflict with the building code that applied at the time of construction, the most restrictive provision shall apply. Existing buildings that were not required to comply with a building code at the time of construction shall comply with the minimum egress requirements where specified in Table 1103.1 as further enumerated in Sections 1104.2 through 1104.25.

1104.2 Elevators, escalators and moving walks. Elevators, escalators and moving walks shall not be used as a component of a required means of egress.

Exceptions:
1. Elevators used as an accessible means of egress where allowed by Section 1009.4.
2. Previously approved elevators, escalators and moving walks in existing buildings.
1104.3 Exit sign illumination. Exit signs shall be internally or externally illuminated. The face of an exit sign illuminated from an external source shall have an intensity of not less than 5 footcandles (54 lux). Internally illuminated signs shall provide equivalent luminance and be listed for the purpose.

Exception: Approved self-luminous signs that provide evenly illuminated letters shall have a minimum luminance of 0.06 footlamberts (0.21 cd/m [2] ).

1104.4 Power source. Where emergency illumination is required in Section 1104.5, exit signs shall be visible under emergency illumination conditions.

Exception: Approved signs that provide continuous illumination independent of external power sources are not required to be connected to an emergency electrical system.

1104.5 Illumination emergency power. Where means of egress illumination is provided, the power supply for means of egress illumination shall normally be provided by the premises’ electrical supply. In the event of power supply failure, illumination shall be automatically provided from an emergency system for the following occupancies where such occupancies require two or more means of egress:
1. Group A having 50 or more occupants.
Exception: Assembly occupancies used exclusively as a place of worship and having an occupant load of less than 300.

2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE 11-13

on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

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CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS
1. Group B buildings three or more stories in height, buildings with 100 or more occupants above or below a level of exit discharge serving the occupants or buildings with 1,000 or more total occupants.
2. Group E in interior exit access and exit stairways and ramps, corridors, windowless areas with student occupancy, shops and laboratories.
3. Group F having more than 100 occupants.
Exception: Buildings used only during daylight hours and that are provided with windows for natural light in accordance with the California Building Code .
1. Group I.

Frequently asked questions

Can I use battery‑backed emergency fixtures for all exit sign and egress illumination?

Yes — the code allows storage batteries, unit equipment or on‑site generators for emergency illumination (see § 1008.3.1). However, Group I‑2 exit sign illumination cannot be provided by unit equipment batteries only unless an approved continuous source is used (see § 1013.6.3) .

Where are the emergency illumination levels measured?

All emergency illumination values in § 1008.3.2 are measured along the path of egress at floor level (initial average 1 fc, minimum 0.1 fc, allowed decay values at end of duration) .

Can performance venues dim egress lighting during performances?

Yes. Auditoriums/theaters may reduce normal illumination during performances using methods in the exception to § 1008.2.1, provided the required illumination is automatically restored upon activation of the fire alarm .

Do exit signs need to be connected to the emergency electrical system?

Yes — exit signs must be illuminated at all times and connected to emergency power to provide not less than 90 minutes illumination on primary power loss, unless they are an approved type providing continuous illumination independent of external power sources (see § 1013.6.3) .

What uniformity is required for emergency lighting?

The emergency lighting design must keep the maximum‑to‑minimum illumination ratio to no more than 40:1 along the egress path (see § 1008.3.2) .

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California Fire Code