CFC · California Fire Code

What are requirements for emergency escape and rescue openings (basements, sleeping rooms)?

The CFC requires each basement sleeping room to have at least one operable emergency escape and rescue opening that opens to the outside and meets minimum clear opening area (5.7 sq ft; 5.0 sq ft for grade‑floor), dimensional (≥24" high × ≥20" wide) and sill height (≤44") rules. Openings must be operable from inside without keys/tools; bars/grilles must be releasable and window‑control devices must meet ASTM F2090. See **§ 1031** and **§ 1031.2.1** for the full CFC requirements.

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Last reviewed: July 6, 2026

What the code requires — 2-4 sentences

The California Fire Code requires that basements and every sleeping room below the fourth story have at least one emergency escape and rescue opening (the defined term) that opens directly to a public way, yard/court that opens to a public way, or to an egress balcony leading to a public way — see § 1031. Openings used for escape must meet minimum net clear opening area and dimensional thresholds, and be operable from inside without keys or tools per § 1031.2.1.

The single most important rule: provide an operable escape opening in each basement sleeping room that meets the minimum clear opening area and dimensions and can be opened from inside without keys or tools.

Requirements in detail

Where an opening is required

  • At least one emergency escape and rescue opening is required in basements and in every sleeping room below the fourth story above grade plane (Group R occupancies). § 1031.2.
  • The opening must open directly to a public way, or to a yard or court that opens to a public way, or to an egress balcony that leads to a public way. § 1031.2.
  • Several exceptions apply (see Exceptions & special cases below). § 1031.2.

Operability and security controls

  • Openings and exit doors must be maintained free of obstructions and be operational from inside the room without the use of keys or tools (no special knowledge or effort). § 1031.2.1.
  • Window-opening control devices complying with ASTM F2090 are permitted on required escape windows; their release mechanism must be maintained operable at all times. § 1031.2.1.
  • Bars, grills, grates or similar devices over escape openings must be releasable from inside without keys/tools and, where required by the authority having jurisdiction, be equipped with an approved exterior release for the fire department. § 1031.2.1.

Minimum sizes, dimensions and placement

The primary dimensional thresholds are below. Where the opening bottom is below adjacent grade, area wells and clearance requirements apply (see next subsection).

Decision item Required value (CFC) Code Reference
Minimum net clear opening area (standard) 5.7 sq ft § 1031.3.1
Minimum net clear opening area (grade-floor openings) 5.0 sq ft § 1031.3.1 (exception)
Minimum net clear opening height 24 inches § 1031.3.2
Minimum net clear opening width 20 inches § 1031.3.2
Maximum height of bottom of clear opening above floor (sill height) 44 inches § 1031.3.3
If a door is used as the required opening Must be a swinging or sliding door § 1031.4
Area well minimum horizontal area 9 sq ft; horizontal projection & width not less than 36 inches § 1031.5.1
Area well depth requiring ladder/steps Vertical depth > 44 inches → provide permanently affixed ladder or steps § 1031.5.2
Ladder/rung requirements (area well) Inside width ≥ 12 inches; project ≥ 3 inches from wall; spacing ≤ 18 inches o.c. § 1031.5.2.1
Steps requirements (area well) Inside width ≥ 12 inches; tread depth > 5 inches; riser ≤ 18 inches § 1031.5.2.2

Notes:

  • “Net clear opening” means the actual unobstructed opening produced by normal operation of the window or door — measure the clear opening after operating the window per § 1031.3.2.
  • Grade-floor openings (windows whose bottom is at or near grade) get the 5.0 sq ft reduced-area allowance; otherwise use 5.7 sq ft. § 1031.3.1 (exception).

Exceptions & special cases

  • Basements with a ceiling height of less than 80 inches (2032 mm) are not required to have emergency escape and rescue openings. § 1031.2 (exceptions).
  • Emergency escape openings are not required when the basement or sleeping room has an exit door or exit access door that opens directly into a public way or to a yard/court or egress balcony leading to a public way. § 1031.2 (exceptions).
  • Basements without habitable spaces and ≤ 200 sq ft floor area are not required to have these openings. § 1031.2 (exceptions).
  • In certain Group R occupancies where the building is equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system, alternative conditions or reduced requirements may apply per the exceptions in § 1031.2 (see that section for the specific sprinkler-based exceptions). § 1031.2.
  • Security bars installed on or after July 1, 2000 must comply with California Building Standards Code Part 12, Chapter 12-3 and be releasable from inside without keys/tools; exterior release devices for fire department use may be required by the AHJ. § 1031.2.1.

If you need to rely on a special device (e.g., window opening control), confirm compliance with ASTM F2090 as allowed by § 1031.2.1; maintain the release mechanism operable at all times.

Common mistakes

  • Measuring the rough opening instead of the net clear opening after normal operation. The code requires the net clear opening dimensions. § 1031.3.2.
  • Assuming any small basement window is acceptable — the 5.7 sq ft (or 5.0 sq ft for grade-floor) minimum is frequently missed. § 1031.3.1.
  • Installing security bars or grates that cannot be released from the inside without a key or tool (violates § 1031.2.1).
  • Forgetting to provide an area well with the required minimum horizontal area and width when the bottom of the opening is below adjacent grade. § 1031.5.1.
  • Confusing residential-code (CRC) details (which sometimes add other allowances) with the CFC; always check the CFC sections cited here for buildings regulated under the Fire Code. (If CRC rules are applicable to a dwelling, consult that code separately.)

Worked example — concrete scenario

Scenario: A basement sleeping room has a window that, when fully opened, yields a clear opening of 24 inches high × 30 inches wide.

  1. Compute net clear opening area: (24 in / 12) × (30 in / 12) = 2.0 ft × 2.5 ft = 5.0 sq ft.
  2. Required: standard minimum is 5.7 sq ft (or 5.0 sq ft only if the opening is a grade‑floor opening). § 1031.3.1.
  3. Conclusion:
    • If that window is a grade-floor opening (bottom at grade), it just meets the grade-floor exception minimum of 5.0 sq ft and is acceptable. § 1031.3.1 (exception).
    • If the window’s bottom is above grade (not a grade-floor opening), the opening is too small (5.0 < 5.7). To comply you must increase the net clear opening area. Using the minimum height (24 in), required width = 5.7 sqft ÷ 2.0 ft = 2.85 ft (34.2 in); so provide a width of ≥ 35 inches with a 24‑inch clear height or increase height and/or width to get to ≥ 5.7 sq ft. § 1031.3.1 — § 1031.3.2.

Always verify the bottom of the clear opening is no more than 44 inches above the floor (§ 1031.3.3) and that the opening is operable from inside without keys or tools (§ 1031.2.1).

Related provisions (CFC)

  • § 1031.2 — Where required; exceptions (sprinkler, ceiling height, exits directly to public way, etc.).
  • § 1031.2.1 — Operational constraints and opening control devices (operability, ASTM F2090 allowance, bars/grilles release).
  • § 1031.3.1 — Minimum net clear opening area (5.7 sq ft; grade-floor exception 5.0 sq ft).
  • § 1031.3.2 — Minimum net clear opening width/height (20 in × 24 in).
  • § 1031.3.3 — Maximum sill height (44 in).
  • § 1031.4 — Emergency escape and rescue doors (swinging or sliding).
  • § 1031.5 — Area wells: minimum area, ladders/steps and related dimensions.
  • § 903.3.1.1 — Automatic sprinkler system references used in exceptions to § 1031.2 (see that section for the sprinkler‑based exceptions).

Code references

Grounded in the retrieved California Fire Code — click a citation to read the verbatim passage:

  • CFC § 1030.17.4 High relevance — show source text

    1030.17.4 Guards at the end of aisles. A fascia or railing system complying with the guard requirements of Section 1015 shall be provided for the full width of the aisle where the foot of the aisle is more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below. The fascia or railing shall be not less than 36 inches (914 mm) high and shall provide not less than 42 inches (1067 mm) measured diagonally between the top of the rail and the nosing of the nearest tread.

    SECTION 1031—EMERGENCY ESCAPE AND RESCUE

    1031.1 General. Emergency escape and rescue openings shall comply with the requirements of this section.

    1031.2 Where required. In addition to the means of egress required by this chapter, emergency escape and rescue openings shall be provided in Group R occupancies .

    Basements and sleeping rooms below the fourth story above grade plane shall have not fewer than one emergency escape and rescue opening in accordance with this section. Where basements contain one or more sleeping rooms, an emergency escape and rescue opening shall be required in each sleeping room, but shall not be required in adjoining areas of the basement. Such open

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    ings shall open directly into a public way or to a yard or court that opens to a public way, or to an egress balcony that leads to a public way.

    Exceptions: 1. In Groups R-1 and R-2 occupancies constructed of Type I, Type IIA, Type IIIA or Type IV construction equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. 2. Group R-2.1 occupancies meeting the requirements for delayed egress in accordance with Section 1010.2.13 may have oper- able windows that are breakable in sleeping rooms permanently restricted to a maximum of 4-inch open position. 3 . Basements with a ceiling height of less than 80 inches (2032 mm) shall not be required to have emergency escape and rescue openings. 4 . Emergency escape and rescue openings are not required from basements or sleeping rooms that have an exit door or exit access door that opens directly into a public way or to a yard, court or exterior egress balcony that leads to a public

    way. 5 . Basements without habitable spaces and having not more than 200 square feet (18.6 m [2] ) in floor area shall not be required to have emergency escape and rescue openings. 6 . Storm shelters are not required to comply with this section where the shelter is constructed in accordance with ICC 500. 7 . Within individual dwelling and sleeping units in Groups R-2 and R-3, where the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, 903.3.1.2 or 903.3.1.3, sleeping rooms in basements shall not be required to have emergency escape and rescue openings provided that the basement has one of the following: 7.1. One means of egress and one emergency escape and rescue opening. 7.2. Two means of egress. 8. In Group R-2.2 occupancies a certified fire escape is acceptable as a secondary means of egress for existing buildings for this section of the code.

  • CFC § 10-61 High relevance — show source text
    1. Group R-3 and R-4 occupancies.

    Basements and sleeping rooms below the fourth story above grade plane shall have not fewer than one emergency escape and rescue opening in accordance with this section. Where basements contain one or more sleeping rooms, an emergency escape and rescue opening shall be required in each sleeping room, but shall not be required in adjoining areas of the basement. Such open

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    ings shall open directly into a public way or to a yard or court that opens to a public way, or to an egress balcony that leads to a public way.

    Exceptions: 1. In Groups R-1 and R-2 occupancies constructed of Type I, Type IIA, Type IIIA or Type IV construction equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. 2. Group R-2.1 occupancies meeting the requirements for delayed egress in accordance with Section 1010.2.13 may have oper- able windows that are breakable in sleeping rooms permanently restricted to a maximum of 4-inch open position. 3. Basements with a ceiling height of less than 80 inches (2032 mm) shall not be required to have emergency escape and rescue openings. 4. Emergency escape and rescue openings are not required from basements or sleeping rooms that have an exit door or exit access door that opens directly into a public way or to a yard, court or exterior egress balcony that leads to a public

    way. 5. Basements without habitable spaces and having not more than 200 square feet (18.6 m [2] ) in floor area shall not be required to have emergency escape and rescue openings. 6. Storm shelters are not required to comply with this section where the shelter is constructed in accordance with ICC 500. 7. Within individual dwelling and sleeping units in Groups R-2 and R-3, where the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, 903.3.1.2 or 903.3.1.3, sleeping rooms in basements shall not be required to have emergency escape and rescue openings provided that the basement has one of the following: 7.1. One means of egress and one emergency escape and rescue opening. 7.2. Two means of egress. 8. In Group R-2.2 occupancies a certified fire escape is acceptable as a secondary means of egress of existing buildings for this section of the code.

    [BE] 1031.2.1 Operational constraints and opening control devices. Emergency escape and rescue openings and any exit doors shall be maintained free of any obstructions other than those allowed by this section and shall be operational from inside the room without the use of keys or tools. Window-opening control devices complying with ASTM F2090 shall be permitted for use on windows serving as a required emergency escape and rescue opening. The release mechanism shall be maintained operable at all times.

    Such bars, grills, grates or any similar devices shall be equipped with an approved exterior release device for use by the fire department only when required by the authority having jurisdiction.

  • CFC § 18.6 High relevance — show source text

    Basements with a ceiling height of less than 80 inches (2032 mm) shall not be required to have emergency escape and rescue openings. 4 . Emergency escape and rescue openings are not required from basements or sleeping rooms that have an exit door or exit access door that opens directly into a public way or to a yard, court or exterior egress balcony that leads to a public

    way. 5 . Basements without habitable spaces and having not more than 200 square feet (18.6 m [2] ) in floor area shall not be required to have emergency escape and rescue openings. 6 . Storm shelters are not required to comply with this section where the shelter is constructed in accordance with ICC 500. 7 . Within individual dwelling and sleeping units in Groups R-2 and R-3, where the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, 903.3.1.2 or 903.3.1.3, sleeping rooms in basements shall not be required to have emergency escape and rescue openings provided that the basement has one of the following: 7.1. One means of egress and one emergency escape and rescue opening. 7.2. Two means of egress. 8. In Group R-2.2 occupancies a certified fire escape is acceptable as a secondary means of egress for existing buildings for this section of the code.

    1031.2.1 Operational constraints and opening control devices. Emergency escape and rescue openings and any exit doors shall be maintained free of any obstructions other than those allowed by this section and shall be operational from inside the room without the use of keys or tools. Window-opening control devices complying with ASTM F2090 shall be permitted for use on windows serving as a required emergency escape and rescue opening. The release mechanism shall be maintained operable at all times.

    Such bars, grills, grates or any similar devices shall be equipped with an approved exterior release device for use by the fire department only when required by the authority having jurisdiction.

    Where security bars (burglar bars) are installed on emergency egress and rescue windows or doors, on or after July 1, 2000, such devices shall comply with California Building Standards Code, Part 12, Chapter 12-3 and other applicable provisions of Part 2.

    Exception: Group R-1 occupancies provided with a monitored fire sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.2.8 and designed in accordance with NFPA 13 may have openable windows permanently restricted to a maximum 4-inch (102 mm) open position.

    1031.2.2 Maintenance. Fire escape stairways and balconies shall be kept clear and unobstructed at all times and shall be main- tained in good working order.

    1031.2.3 Examination. Fire escape stairways and balconies shall be examined for structural adequacy and safety by a registered design professional or other person acceptable to the fire code official every 5 years. The examination shall determine whether the fire escape stairways and balconies can support the dead load plus a live load of not less than 100 pounds per square foot (4.78 kN/m). An inspection report shall be submitted to the fire code official after such examination.

    1031.3 Emergency escape and rescue openings. Emergency escape and rescue openings shall comply with Sections 1031.3.1 through 1031.3.3.

  • CFC § 1030.17.3 High relevance — show source text

    Where an elevation change of 30 inches (762 mm) or less occurs between a cross aisle and the adjacent floor or grade below, guards not less than 26 inches (660 mm) above the aisle floor shall be provided.

    Exception: Where the backs of seats on the front of the cross aisle project 24 inches (610 mm) or more above the adjacent floor of the aisle, a guard need not be provided.

    [BE] 1030.17.3 Sightline-constrained guard heights. Unless subject to the requirements of Section 1030.17.4, a fascia or railing system in accordance with the guard requirements of Section 1015 and having a minimum height of 26 inches (660 mm) shall be provided where the floor or footboard elevation is more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below and the fascia or railing would otherwise interfere with the sightlines of immediately adjacent seating.

    [BE] 1030.17.4 Guards at the end of aisles. A fascia or railing system complying with the guard requirements of Section 1015 shall be provided for the full width of the aisle where the foot of the aisle is more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below. The fascia or railing shall be not less than 36 inches (914 mm) high and shall provide not less than 42 inches (1067 mm) measured diagonally between the top of the rail and the nosing of the nearest tread.

    SECTION 1031—EMERGENCY ESCAPE AND RESCUE

    [BE] 1031.1 General. Emergency escape and rescue openings shall comply with the requirements of this section.

    [BE] 1031.2 Where required. In addition to the means of egress required by this chapter, emergency escape and rescue openings shall be provided in Group R occupancies:

    1. Group R-2 occupancies located in stories with only one exit or access to only one exit as permitted by Tables 1006.3.4(1) and 1006.3.4(2).

    2. Group R-3 and R-4 occupancies.

    Basements and sleeping rooms below the fourth story above grade plane shall have not fewer than one emergency escape and rescue opening in accordance with this section. Where basements contain one or more sleeping rooms, an emergency escape and rescue opening shall be required in each sleeping room, but shall not be required in adjoining areas of the basement. Such open

    2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE 10-61

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    MEANS OF EGRESS

    ings shall open directly into a public way or to a yard or court that opens to a public way, or to an egress balcony that leads to a public way.

    Exceptions: 1. In Groups R-1 and R-2 occupancies constructed of Type I, Type IIA, Type IIIA or Type IV construction equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. 2. Group R-2.1 occupancies meeting the requirements for delayed egress in accordance with Section 1010.2.13 may have oper- able windows that are breakable in sleeping rooms permanently restricted to a maximum of 4-inch open position. 3. Basements with a ceiling height of less than 80 inches (2032 mm) shall not be required to have emergency escape and rescue openings.

  • CFC § 18.6 High relevance — show source text

    way. 5. Basements without habitable spaces and having not more than 200 square feet (18.6 m [2] ) in floor area shall not be required to have emergency escape and rescue openings. 6. Storm shelters are not required to comply with this section where the shelter is constructed in accordance with ICC 500. 7. Within individual dwelling and sleeping units in Groups R-2 and R-3, where the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, 903.3.1.2 or 903.3.1.3, sleeping rooms in basements shall not be required to have emergency escape and rescue openings provided that the basement has one of the following: 7.1. One means of egress and one emergency escape and rescue opening. 7.2. Two means of egress. 8. In Group R-2.2 occupancies a certified fire escape is acceptable as a secondary means of egress of existing buildings for this section of the code.

    [BE] 1031.2.1 Operational constraints and opening control devices. Emergency escape and rescue openings and any exit doors shall be maintained free of any obstructions other than those allowed by this section and shall be operational from inside the room without the use of keys or tools. Window-opening control devices complying with ASTM F2090 shall be permitted for use on windows serving as a required emergency escape and rescue opening. The release mechanism shall be maintained operable at all times.

    Such bars, grills, grates or any similar devices shall be equipped with an approved exterior release device for use by the fire department only when required by the authority having jurisdiction.

    Where security bars (burglar bars) are installed on emergency egress and rescue windows or doors, on or after July 1, 2000, such devices shall comply with California Building Standards Code, Part 12, Chapter 12-3 and other applicable provisions of Part 2.

    Exception: Group R-1 occupancies provided with a monitored fire sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.2.8 and designed in accordance with NFPA 13 may have openable windows permanently restricted to a maximum 4-inch (102 mm) open position.

    [California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Division 1, §4.2] Labeling.

    Burglar bars shall not be sold in California at wholesale or retail unless warning information as specified in California Code of Regula- tions, Title 19, Division 1, Section 4.3 is provided either on the packaging or provided inside the packaging along with the burglar bars.

    [California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Division 1, §4.3(a) through (c)] Warning Information.

    (a) Warning information located on or in burglar bar packaging shall contain the following information: (1) Warning that the burglar bars are intended to deter or delay intruders, they are not intended to prevent entry. (2) A reprint of the following requirements from California Building Code, Part 2, Chapter 10: “Bars, grilles, grates or similar devices may be installed on emergency escape or rescue windows, doors or window wells or any required exit door, provided: 1. The devices are equipped with approved release mechanisms which are openable from the inside without the use of a key or special knowledge or effort; and 2. The building is equipped with smoke alarms installed in accordance with California Building Code, Part 2, Section 907.

  • CFC § 3-64 High relevance — show source text

    R318.8 Ramps. Where required by this code or provided, ramps shall comply with this section.

    Exception: Ramps not within or serving a building, porch or deck.

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    R318.8.1 Maximum slope. Ramps serving the egress door required by Section R318.2 shall have a slope of not more than 1 unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (8.3-percent slope).

    Other ramps shall have a slope of not more than 1 unit vertical in 8 units horizontal (12.5 percent).

    Exception: Where it is technically infeasible to comply because of site constraints, ramps shall have a slope of not more than 1 unit vertical in 8 units horizontal (12.5 percent).

    R318.8.2 Landings required. There shall be a floor or landing at the top and bottom of each ramp, where doors open onto ramps, and where ramps change directions. The width of the landing perpendicular to the ramp slope shall be not less than the width of the ramp. The depth of the landing in the direction of the ramp slope shall be not less than 36 inches (914 mm).

    R318.8.3 Handrails required. Handrails shall be provided on not less than one side of ramps exceeding a slope of 1 unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (8.33-percent slope) and shall comply with Section R320.

    SECTION R319—EMERGENCY ESCAPE AND RESCUE OPENINGS

    R319.1 Emergency escape and rescue opening required. Basements, habitable attics, the room to which a sleeping loft is open, and every sleeping room shall have not less than one operable emergency escape and rescue opening. Where basements contain one or more sleeping rooms, an emergency escape and rescue opening shall be required in each sleeping room. Emergency escape and rescue openings shall open directly into a public way, or to a yard or court that opens to a public way.

    Exceptions [SFM]: 1. Basements with a ceiling height of less than 80 inches (2032 mm) shall not be required to have emergency escape and rescue openings. 2. Emergency escape and rescue openings are not required from basements or sleeping rooms that have an exit door or exit access door that opens directly into a public way or to a yard, court or exterior egress balcony that opens to a public way. 3. Basements without habitable spaces and having not more than 200 square feet (18.6 m [2] ) in floor area shall not be required to have emergency escape and rescue openings. 4. Storm shelters are not required to comply with this section where the shelter is constructed in accordance with ICC 500. 5. Where the dwelling unit or townhouse unit is equipped with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section R309, sleeping rooms in basements shall not be required to have emergency escape and rescue openings provided that the basement has one of the following: 5.1. One means of egress complying with Section R318 and one emergency escape and rescue opening. 5.2. Two means of egress complying with Section R318.

  • CFC § 18.6 High relevance — show source text

    R319.1 Emergency escape and rescue opening required. Basements, habitable attics, the room to which a sleeping loft is open, and every sleeping room shall have not less than one operable emergency escape and rescue opening. Where basements contain one or more sleeping rooms, an emergency escape and rescue opening shall be required in each sleeping room. Emergency escape and rescue openings shall open directly into a public way, or to a yard or court that opens to a public way.

    Exceptions [SFM]: 1. Basements with a ceiling height of less than 80 inches (2032 mm) shall not be required to have emergency escape and rescue openings. 2. Emergency escape and rescue openings are not required from basements or sleeping rooms that have an exit door or exit access door that opens directly into a public way or to a yard, court or exterior egress balcony that opens to a public way. 3. Basements without habitable spaces and having not more than 200 square feet (18.6 m [2] ) in floor area shall not be required to have emergency escape and rescue openings. 4. Storm shelters are not required to comply with this section where the shelter is constructed in accordance with ICC 500. 5. Where the dwelling unit or townhouse unit is equipped with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section R309, sleeping rooms in basements shall not be required to have emergency escape and rescue openings provided that the basement has one of the following: 5.1. One means of egress complying with Section R318 and one emergency escape and rescue opening. 5.2. Two means of egress complying with Section R318.

    R319.1.1 Operational constraints and opening control devices. Emergency escape and rescue openings shall be maintained free of any obstructions other than those allowed by this section and shall be operational from the inside of the room without the use of keys, tools or special knowledge. Window opening control devices and fall prevention devices complying with ASTM F2090 shall be permitted for use on windows serving as a required emergency escape and rescue opening and shall be not more than 70 inches (178 cm) above the finished floor. The release mechanism shall be maintained operable at all times.

    Such bars, grills, grates or any similar devices shall be equipped with an approved exterior release device for use by the fire department only when required by the authority having jurisdiction.

    Where security bars (burglar bars) are installed on emergency egress and rescue windows or doors, on or after July 1, 2000, such devices shall comply with California Building Standards Code, Part 12, Chapter 12-3 and other applicable provisions of this code.

    R319.2 Emergency escape and rescue openings. Emergency escape and rescue openings shall have minimum dimensions in accordance with Sections R319.2.1 through R319.2.4.

    R319.2.1 Minimum size. Emergency escape and rescue openings shall have a net clear opening of not less than 5.7 square feet (0.530 m [2] ).

    Exception: The minimum net clear opening for grade-floor emergency escape and rescue openings shall be 5 square feet (0.465 m [2] ).

    R319.2.2 Minimum dimensions. The minimum net clear opening height dimension shall be 24 inches (610 mm). The minimum net clear opening width dimension shall be 20 inches (508 mm). The net clear opening dimensions shall be the result of normal operation of the opening.

  • CFC § 1030.17.1 High relevance — show source text

    1030.17.1 Perimeter guards. Perimeter guards shall be provided where the footboards or walking surface of seating facilities are more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below. Where the seatboards are adjacent to the perimeter, guard height shall be 42 inches (1067 mm) high minimum, measured from the seatboard. Where the seats are self-rising, guard height shall be 42 inches (1067 mm) high minimum, measured from the floor surface. Where there is an aisle between the seating and the perimeter, the guard height shall be measured in accordance with Section 1015.3.

    Exceptions:

    1. Guards that impact sightlines shall be permitted to comply with Section 1030.17.3.
    2. Bleachers, grandstands and folding and telescopic seating shall not be required to have perimeter guards where the seating is located adjacent to a wall and the space between the wall and the seating is less than 4 inches (102 mm).

    1030.17.2 Cross aisles. Cross aisles located more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below shall have guards in accordance with Section 1015.

    Where an elevation change of 30 inches (762 mm) or less occurs between a cross aisle and the adjacent floor or grade below, guards not less than 26 inches (660 mm) above the aisle floor shall be provided.

    Exception: Where the backs of seats on the front of the cross aisle project 24 inches (610 mm) or more above the adjacent floor of the aisle, a guard need not be provided.

    1030.17.3 Sightline-constrained guard heights. Unless subject to the requirements of Section 1030.17.4, a fascia or railing system in accordance with the guard requirements of Section 1015 and having a minimum height of 26 inches (660 mm) shall be provided where the floor or footboard elevation is more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below and the fascia or railing would otherwise interfere with the sightlines of immediately adjacent seating.

    1030.17.4 Guards at the end of aisles. A fascia or railing system complying with the guard requirements of Section 1015 shall be provided for the full width of the aisle where the foot of the aisle is more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below. The fascia or railing shall be not less than 36 inches (914 mm) high and shall provide not less than 42 inches (1067 mm) measured diagonally between the top of the rail and the nosing of the nearest tread.

    SECTION 1031—EMERGENCY ESCAPE AND RESCUE

    1031.1 General. Emergency escape and rescue openings shall comply with the requirements of this section.

    1031.2 Where required. In addition to the means of egress required by this chapter, emergency escape and rescue openings shall be provided in Group R occupancies .

    Basements and sleeping rooms below the fourth story above grade plane shall have not fewer than one emergency escape and rescue opening in accordance with this section. Where basements contain one or more sleeping rooms, an emergency escape and rescue opening shall be required in each sleeping room, but shall not be required in adjoining areas of the basement. Such open

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    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    MEANS OF EGRESS

  • CFC § 1031.3 High relevance — show source text

    (a) Where the California Building Code requires openable burglar bars for emergency escape or rescue, or

    (b) On mobile homes, manufactured homes or multi-unit manufactured housing unless at least one window or door to the exterior in each bedroom is openable for emergency escape or rescue.

    [BE] 1031.3 Emergency escape and rescue openings. Emergency escape and rescue openings shall comply with Sections 1031.3.1 through 1031.3.3.

    [BE] 1031.3.1 Minimum size. Emergency escape and rescue openings shall have a minimum net clear opening of 5.7 square feet (0.53 m [2] ). Exception: The minimum net clear opening for grade-floor emergency escape and rescue openings shall be 5 square feet (0.46 m [2] ).

    [BE] 1031.3.2 Minimum dimensions. The minimum net clear opening height dimension shall be 24 inches (610 mm). The minimum net clear opening width dimension shall be 20 inches (508 mm). The net clear opening dimensions shall be the result of normal operation of the opening.

    [BE] 1031.3.3 Maximum height from floor. Emergency escape and rescue openings shall have the bottom of the clear opening not greater than 44 inches (1118 mm) measured from the floor.

    [BE] 1031.4 Emergency escape and rescue doors. Where a door is provided as the required emergency escape and rescue opening, it shall be a swinging door or a sliding door.

    [BE] 1031.5 Area wells. An emergency escape and rescue opening with the bottom of the clear opening below the adjacent grade shall be provided with an area well in accordance with Sections 1031.5.1 through 1031.5.3.

    [BE] 1031.5.1 Minimum size. The minimum horizontal area of the area well shall be 9 square feet (0.84 m [2] ), with a horizontal projection and width of not less than 36 inches (914 mm). The area well shall allow the emergency escape and rescue opening to be fully opened.

    Exception: The ladder or steps required by Section 1031.5.2 shall be permitted to encroach not more than 6 inches (152 mm) into the required dimensions of the area well.

    [BE] 1031.5.2 Ladders or steps. Area wells with a vertical depth of more than 44 inches (1118 mm) shall be equipped with an approved permanently affixed ladder or steps. The ladder or steps shall not be obstructed by the emergency escape and rescue opening when the window or door is in the open position. Ladders or steps required by this section shall not be required to comply with Section 1011.

    [BE] 1031.5.2.1 Ladders. Ladders or rungs shall have an inside width of at least 12 inches (305 mm), shall project at least 3 inches (76 mm) from the wall and shall be spaced not more than 18 inches (457 mm) on center (o.c.) vertically for the full height of the area well.

    [BE] 1031.5.2.2 Steps. Steps shall have an inside width of not less than 12 inches (305 mm), shall have treads greater than 5 inches (127 mm) in depth and a riser height not greater than 18 inches (457 mm) for the full height of the area well.

  • CFC § 12-3 High relevance — show source text

    Such bars, grills, grates or any similar devices shall be equipped with an approved exterior release device for use by the fire department only when required by the authority having jurisdiction.

    Where security bars (burglar bars) are installed on emergency egress and rescue windows or doors, on or after July 1, 2000, such devices shall comply with California Building Standards Code, Part 12, Chapter 12-3 and other applicable provisions of Part 2.

    Exception: Group R-1 occupancies provided with a monitored fire sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.2.8 and designed in accordance with NFPA 13 may have openable windows permanently restricted to a maximum 4-inch (102 mm) open position.

    1031.2.2 Maintenance. Fire escape stairways and balconies shall be kept clear and unobstructed at all times and shall be main- tained in good working order.

    1031.2.3 Examination. Fire escape stairways and balconies shall be examined for structural adequacy and safety by a registered design professional or other person acceptable to the fire code official every 5 years. The examination shall determine whether the fire escape stairways and balconies can support the dead load plus a live load of not less than 100 pounds per square foot (4.78 kN/m). An inspection report shall be submitted to the fire code official after such examination.

    1031.3 Emergency escape and rescue openings. Emergency escape and rescue openings shall comply with Sections 1031.3.1 through 1031.3.3.

    1031.3.1 Minimum size. Emergency escape and rescue openings shall have a minimum net clear opening of 5.7 square feet (0.53 m [2] ).

    Exception: The minimum net clear opening for grade-floor emergency escape and rescue openings shall be 5 square feet (0.46 m [2] ).

    1031.3.2 Minimum dimensions. The minimum net clear opening height dimension shall be 24 inches (610 mm). The minimum net clear opening width dimension shall be 20 inches (508 mm). The net clear opening dimensions shall be the result of normal operation of the opening.

    1031.3.3 Maximum height from floor. Emergency escape and rescue openings shall have the bottom of the clear opening not greater than 44 inches (1118 mm) measured from the floor.

    1031.4 Emergency escape and rescue doors. Where a door is provided as the required emergency escape and rescue opening, it shall be a swinging door or a sliding door.

    1031.5 Area wells. An emergency escape and rescue opening with the bottom of the clear opening below the adjacent grade shall be provided with an area well in accordance with Sections 1031.5.1 through 1031.5.3.

    10-60 2025 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    MEANS OF EGRESS

    1031.5.1 Minimum size. The minimum horizontal area of the area well shall be 9 square feet (0.84 m [2] ), with a horizontal projection and width of not less than 36 inches (914 mm). The area well shall allow the emergency escape and rescue opening to be fully opened.

    Exception: The ladder or steps required by Section 1031.5.2 shall be permitted to encroach not more than 6 inches (152 mm) into the required dimensions of the area well.

  • CFC § 304.8 High relevance — show source text

    F, M, Sd|29|75| |Third story above grade plane and higher|NP|NA|NA| |For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm.
    NP = Not Permitted.
    NA = Not Applicable.
    a. Buildings classified as Group R-2 equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 and provided with emergency
    escape and rescue openings in accordance with Section 1031.
    b. Group B, F and S occupancies in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or an occupiable roof of such build-
    ings shall have a maximum exit access travel distance of 100 feet.
    c. This table is used for Group R-2 occupancies consisting of sleeping units. For Group R-2 occupancies consisting of dwelling units, use Table 1006.3.4(1).
    d. The length of exit access travel distance in a Group S-2 open parking garage shall be not more than 100 feet.
    e. For Group L occupancies see Section 453.6.1 of the California Building Code.|For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm.
    NP = Not Permitted.
    NA = Not Applicable.
    a. Buildings classified as Group R-2 equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 and provided with emergency
    escape and rescue openings in accordance with Section 1031.
    b. Group B, F and S occupancies in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or an occupiable roof of such build-
    ings shall have a maximum exit access travel distance of 100 feet.
    c. This table is used for Group R-2 occupancies consisting of sleeping units. For Group R-2 occupancies consisting of dwelling units, use Table 1006.3.4(1).
    d. The length of exit access travel distance in a Group S-2 open parking garage shall be not more than 100 feet.
    e. For Group L occupancies see Section 453.6.1 of the California Building Code.|For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm.
    NP = Not Permitted.
    NA = Not Applicable.
    a. Buildings classified as Group R-2 equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 and provided with emergency
    escape and rescue openings in accordance with Section 1031.
    b. Group B, F and S occupancies in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or an occupiable roof of such build-
    ings shall have a maximum exit access travel distance of 100 feet.
    c. This table is used for Group R-2 occupancies consisting of sleeping units. For Group R-2 occupancies consisting of dwelling units, use Table 1006.3.4(1).
    d. The length of exit access travel distance in a Group S-2 open parking garage shall be not more than 100 feet.
    _e.

Frequently asked questions

Can I use a security bar on an egress window?

Yes — but the device must be releasable from the inside without the use of keys or tools, the release mechanism must be maintained operable, and the AHJ may require an approved exterior release for fire‑department use. See § 1031.2.1.

Is a door allowed instead of a window for the required opening?

Yes. If a door is used as the required emergency escape and rescue opening it must be a swinging or sliding door per § 1031.4.

My basement window meets the manufacturer’s rough opening size — is that enough?

Not necessarily. The code requires the net clear opening produced by normal operation (after accounting for sashes, screens, bars, etc.). Measure the net clear opening; it must meet the area and dimension requirements in § 1031.3.

Do area wells have to allow the window to fully open?

Yes — the area well must allow the emergency escape opening to be fully opened, and the well must meet the minimum horizontal area and width requirements in § 1031.5.1.

If my building has sprinklers, do I still need egress windows in basement sleeping rooms?

There are specific sprinkler‑based exceptions in § 1031.2 that can modify requirements for some Group R occupancies; review that section carefully and confirm with the AHJ. § 1031.2.

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