CFC · California Fire Code

What flame-spread and smoke development limits apply to interior wall and ceiling finishes in existing buildings?

Your walls and ceilings must either pass the NFPA‑286 room‑corner test (meeting five limits including no ceiling flaming, ≤800 kW peak heat release, and ≤1,000 m² total smoke) or meet ASTM E84/UL 723 Class A/B/C ranges (Class A = flame spread 0–25, smoke ≤450). Passing NFPA‑286 is treated as Class A; some thin materials are exempt and fire‑retardant coatings may be used to achieve compliance.

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Last reviewed: July 6, 2026

What the code requires — 2–4 sentences

Interior wall and ceiling finishes in existing buildings must meet either the NFPA 286 acceptance criteria or the ASTM E84 / UL 723 class limits, depending on the test method used and the location/occupancy. The general authorization and test-path choice are in § 803.1, the NFPA‑286 path is in § 803.1.1, and the NFPA‑286 acceptance criteria are in § 803.1.1.1.

The single most important rule: finishes must either pass the specific NFPA 286 limits in § 803.1.1.1 or meet the ASTM E84/UL 723 Class limits (Class A/B/C) identified in § 803.1.2 — NFPA 286 compliance counts as Class A.

Requirements in detail

Test-paths and equivalency (overview)

  • The code allows two testing/classification paths for interior wall and ceiling finishes: NFPA‑286 (room‑corner/full‑scale) per § 803.1.1 or ASTM E84 / UL 723 (tunnel test) per § 803.1.2. Materials tested to NFPA‑286 that meet the NFPA acceptance criteria are treated as Class A for the ASTM/UL classification. § 803.1, § 803.1.1.

Key numeric limits and decision dimensions

Dimension / requirement Limit or range Code reference
NFPA‑286 — during 40 kW exposure: flame spread to ceiling Not permitted § 803.1.1.1
NFPA‑286 — flame spread to outer extremity of sample Not permitted § 803.1.1.1
NFPA‑286 — flashover Must not occur (as defined by NFPA 286) § 803.1.1.1
NFPA‑286 — peak heat release rate (HRR) ≤ 800 kW § 803.1.1.1
NFPA‑286 — total smoke release ≤ 1,000 m² (total smoke) § 803.1.1.1
ASTM E84 / UL 723 flame spread index — Class A 0–25 § 803.1.2
ASTM E84 / UL 723 flame spread index — Class B 26–75 § 803.1.2
ASTM E84 / UL 723 flame spread index — Class C 76–200 § 803.1.2
ASTM E84 / UL 723 smoke‑developed index (all classes) 0–450 § 803.1.2

Notes:

  • Passing the NFPA‑286 acceptance criteria listed in § 803.1.1.1 is explicitly considered equivalent to a Class A result under § 803.1.2.
  • The code limits and class requirements are used together with occupancy/location requirements (for example, corridors, exit stairs, rooms) to determine the required minimum classification — see Table 803.3 for occupancy/location assignments.

How the NFPA‑286 criteria function (practical meaning)

  • The test simulates a room corner fire. The code requires that during the specified 40 kW burner exposure the finish must not let flames reach the ceiling, must not allow flames to propagate to the sample edge, must not permit flashover, and must meet HRR and smoke caps (≤ 800 kW peak HRR and ≤ 1,000 m² total smoke). These five items are the pass/fail acceptance criteria in § 803.1.1.1.

Exceptions & special cases

  • Thickness exemption: Materials less than 0.036 inch (0.9 mm) applied directly to a wall or ceiling are not required to be tested. See § 803.14.
  • Fire‑retardant coatings: Where an existing surface exceeds the allowed flame spread / smoke values, application of approved fire‑retardant paints or coatings to achieve the required rating is permitted if applied and maintained per NFPA‑703 and manufacturer instructions; see § 803.4.
  • Special coverings: Textile, expanded vinyl, laminated products, HDPE/PP, and other specific material families have their own test/acceptance routes (NFPA‑286, NFPA‑265, modified mounting/test procedures, or ASTM E2404) as referenced in Sections 803.5–803.13. Where invoked those provisions control. See the individual sections (for example, § 803.5, § 803.6, § 803.13).

Common mistakes

  • Assuming NFPA‑286 is not acceptable — incorrect. NFPA‑286 compliance that meets § 803.1.1.1 is treated as Class A. § 803.1.1 / § 803.1.1.1.
  • Confusing the smoke‑developed cap: the ASTM/UL tunnel smoke‑developed index maximum is 450 (for Classes A–C) — do not use 1,000 m² (that is the NFPA‑286 total smoke cap). § 803.1.2 and § 803.1.1.1.
  • Forgetting stability/attachment: interior finishes must be attached so they don't detach when exposed to 200°F (93°C) for 30 minutes — per § 803.2. Failing to consider this can make an otherwise‑tested finish noncompliant in the field.
  • Applying test data from different mounting or substrate conditions: many sections require testing with the actual mounting system, adhesive and substrate as installed (textiles, laminates, etc.). Check the applicable section (e.g., § 803.5, § 803.13).

Worked example — corridor finish in an existing non‑sprinklered office (concrete numbers)

Scenario:

  • Location: corridor in a Group B (business) building that is non‑sprinklered. Table 803.3 requires Class A finish in corridors for non‑sprinklered Group B (see Table 803.3).

Option A — ASTM E84 path:

  • You test the finish by ASTM E84. The tunnel test gives a flame spread index = 22 and smoke‑developed index = 300.
  • Result: Flame spread 22 falls in Class A (0–25) and smoke 300 ≤ 450, so the product meets the Class A requirement of § 803.1.2 and is acceptable for that corridor.

Option B — NFPA‑286 path:

  • You test using NFPA‑286 with vendor mounting system. Test results: during 40 kW exposure flames did not reach ceiling, flame did not reach the sample edge, no flashover, peak HRR = 650 kW (≤ 800 kW) and total smoke = 900 m² (≤ 1,000 m²).
  • Result: Passes all five acceptance criteria in § 803.1.1.1; therefore it is considered to comply with Class A per § 803.1.1 and is acceptable for the corridor.

If either path meets the required class for that location, the finish is acceptable; otherwise the finish must be changed, treated (per § 803.4), or the space must be modified (e.g., provide sprinklers where code allows alternative provisions).

Related provisions

  • § 803.1 — General provisions and test‑path choice.
  • § 803.1.1 — NFPA‑286 classification and equivalency to Class A.
  • § 803.1.1.1 — NFPA‑286 acceptance criteria (the five numeric/behavioral limits).
  • § 803.1.2 — ASTM E84 / UL 723 class definitions (flame spread and smoke limits).
  • § 803.2 — Stability / attachment requirement (200°F for 30 minutes).
  • § 803.3 — Occupancy/location based requirements (Table 803.3).
  • § 803.4 — Use of fire‑retardant coatings to achieve required ratings.
  • § 803.14 — Thickness exemption (< 0.036 in).

Code references

Grounded in the retrieved California Fire Code — click a citation to read the verbatim passage:

  • CFC § 803.1 High relevance — show source text

    INTERIOR FINISH, DECORATIVE MATERIALS AND FURNISHINGS

    SECTION 803—INTERIOR WALL AND CEILING FINISH IN EXISTING BUILDINGS

    803.1 General. The provisions of this section shall limit the allowable fire performance and smoke development of interior wall and ceiling finishes in existing buildings based on location and occupancy classification. Interior wall and ceiling finishes shall be classified in accordance with Section 803 of the California Building Code . Such materials shall be classified in accordance with NFPA 286, as indicated in Section 803.1.1, or in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723, as indicated in Section 803.1.2.

    Materials tested in accordance with Section 803.1.1 shall not be required to be tested in accordance with Section 803.1.2.

    803.1.1 Interior wall and ceiling finish materials tested in accordance with NFPA 286. Interior wall and ceiling finish materials shall be classified in accordance with NFPA 286 and tested in accordance with Section 803.1.1.1. Materials complying with Section 803.1.1.1 shall be considered to comply with the requirements of Class A specified in Section 803.1.2.

    803.1.1.1 Acceptance criteria for NFPA 286. The interior finish shall comply with the following:

    1. During the 40 kW exposure, flames shall not spread to the ceiling.

    2. The flame shall not spread to the outer extremity of the sample on any wall or ceiling.

    3. Flashover, as defined in NFPA 286, shall not occur.

    4. The peak heat release rate throughout the test shall not exceed 800 kW.

    5. The total smoke released throughout the test shall not exceed 1,000 m [2] .

    803.1.2 Interior wall and ceiling finish materials tested in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723. Interior wall and ceiling finishes shall be classified in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723. Such interior finish materials shall be grouped in the following classes in accordance with their flame spread and smoke-developed indices: Class A: Flame spread index 0–25; smoke-developed index 0–450. Class B: Flame spread index 26–75; smoke-developed index 0–450. Class C: Flame spread index 76–200; smoke-developed index 0–450.

    Exception: Materials tested in accordance with Section 803.1.1 and as indicated in Sections 803.1.3 through 803.15.

    803.1.3 Interior wall and ceiling finish materials with specific requirements. The materials indicated in Sections 803.4 through 803.15 shall be tested as indicated in the corresponding sections.

    803.2 Stability. Interior finish materials regulated by this chapter shall be applied or otherwise fastened in such a manner that such materials will not readily become detached where subjected to room temperatures of 200°F (93°C) for not less than 30 minutes.

    803.3 Interior finish requirements based on occupancy. Interior wall and ceiling finish shall have a flame spread index not greater than that specified in Table 803.3 for the group and location designated. Interior wall and ceiling finish materials tested in accordance with NFPA 286, and meeting the acceptance criteria of Section 803.1.1.1, shall be used where a Class A classification in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723 is required.

    |TABLE 803.

  • CFC § 803.1.1 High relevance — show source text

    803.1.1 Interior wall and ceiling finish materials tested in accordance with NFPA 286. Interior wall and ceiling finish materials shall be classified in accordance with NFPA 286 and comply with Section 803.1.1.1. Materials complying with Section 803.1.1.1 shall be considered to also comply with the requirements of Class A.

    803.1.1.1 Acceptance criteria for NFPA 286. The interior finish shall comply with the following:

    1. During the 40 kW exposure, flames shall not spread to the ceiling.

    2. The flame shall not spread to the outer extremity of the sample on any wall or ceiling.

    3. Flashover, as defined in NFPA 286, shall not occur.

    4. The peak heat release rate throughout the test shall not exceed 800 kW.

    5. The total smoke released throughout the test shall not exceed 1,000 m [2] .

    803.1.2 Interior wall and ceiling finish materials tested in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723. Interior wall and ceiling finish materials shall be classified in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723. Such interior finish materials shall be grouped in the following classes in accordance with their flame spread and smoke-developed indices.

    Class A = Flame spread index 0–25; smoke-developed index 0–450.

    Class B = Flame spread index 26–75; smoke developed index 0–450.

    Class C = Flame spread index 76–200; smoke-developed index 0–450.

    Exception: Materials tested in accordance with Section 803.1.1 and as indicated in Sections 803.1.3 through 803.13.

    803.1.3 Interior wall and ceiling finish materials with different requirements. The materials indicated in Sections 803.2 through 803.13 shall be tested as indicated in the corresponding sections.

    2025 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE 8-3

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    INTERIOR FINISHES

    803.2 Thickness exemption. Materials having a thickness less than 0.036 inch (0.9 mm) applied directly to the surface of walls or ceilings shall not be required to be tested.

    803.3 Heavy timber exemption. Exposed portions of building elements complying with the requirements for buildings of heavy timber construction in Section 602.4 or Section 2304.11 shall not be subject to interior finish requirements except in interior exit stairways, interior exit ramps, and exit passageways.

    803.4 Foam plastics. Foam plastics shall not be used as interior finish except as provided in Section 2603.9. This section shall apply both to exposed foam plastics and to foam plastics used in conjunction with a textile or vinyl facing or cover.

    803.5 Textile wall coverings. Where used as interior wall finish materials, textile wall coverings, including materials having woven or nonwoven, napped, tufted, looped or similar surface and carpet and similar textile materials, shall be tested in the manner intended for use, using the product-mounting system, including adhesive, and shall comply with the requirements of one of the following: Section 803.1.1, 803.5.1 or 803.5.2.

  • CFC § 9.1 High relevance — show source text

    R302.9 Flame spread index and smoke-developed index for wall and ceiling finishes. Flame spread and smoke-developed indices for wall and ceiling finishes shall be in accordance with Sections R302.9.1 through R302.9.4.

    R302.9.1 Flame spread index. Wall and ceiling finishes shall have a flame spread index of not greater than 200.

    Exception: Flame spread index requirements for finishes shall not apply to trim defined as picture molds, chair rails, baseboards and handrails; to doors and windows or their frames; or to materials that are less than [1] / 28 inch (0.91 mm) in thickness cemented to the surface of walls or ceilings if these materials exhibit flame spread index values not greater than those of paper of this thickness cemented to a noncombustible backing.

    R302.9.2 Smoke-developed index. Wall and ceiling finishes shall have a smoke-developed index of not greater than 450.

    R302.9.3 Testing. Tests shall be made in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723.

    R302.9.4 Alternative test method. As an alternative to having a flame spread index of not greater than 200 and a smoke-developed index of not greater than 450 where tested in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723, wall and ceiling finishes shall be permitted to be tested in accordance with NFPA 286. Materials tested in accordance with NFPA 286 shall meet the following criteria:

    The interior finish shall comply with the following:

    1. During the 40 kW exposure, flames shall not spread to the ceiling.

    2. The flame shall not spread to the outer extremity of the sample on any wall or ceiling.

    3. Flashover, as defined in NFPA 286, shall not occur.

    4. The peak heat release rate throughout the test shall not exceed 800 kW.

    5. The total smoke released throughout the test shall not exceed 1,000 m [2] .

    R302.9.4.1 Stability. Interior finish materials regulated by this chapter shall be applied or otherwise fastened in such a manner that such materials will not readily become detached where subjected to room temperatures of 200°F (93°C) for not less than 30 minutes.

    R302.9.5 High-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP). Where high-density polyethylene or polypropylene is used as an interior finish material, it shall be tested in accordance with NFPA 286 and comply with the criteria in Section R302.9.4.

    R302.10 Flame spread index and smoke-developed index for insulation. Flame spread and smoke-developed index for insulation shall be in accordance with Sections R302.10.1 through R302.10.4.

    R302.10.1 Insulation. Insulating materials installed within floor-ceiling assemblies, roof-ceiling assemblies, wall assemblies, crawl spaces and attics shall comply with the requirements of this section. They shall exhibit a flame spread index not to exceed 25 and a smoke-developed index not to exceed 450 where tested in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723. Insulating materials, where tested in accordance with the requirements of this section, shall include facings, where used, such as vapor retarders, vapor permeable membranes and similar coverings.

    Exceptions:

  • CFC § 5.5 High relevance — show source text

    [BSC-CG] See California Green Building Standards Code, Chapter 5, Division 5.5 for additional finish material pollutant control requirements.

    SECTION 802—GENERAL

    802.1 Interior wall and ceiling finish. The provisions of Section 803 shall limit the allowable fire performance and smoke development of interior wall and ceiling finish materials based on occupancy classification.

    802.2 Interior floor finish. The provisions of Section 804 shall limit the allowable fire performance of interior floor finish materials based on occupancy classification.

    [F] 802.3 Decorative materials and trim. Decorative materials and trim shall be restricted by combustibility, fire performance or flame propagation performance criteria in accordance with Section 806.

    802.4 Applicability. For buildings in flood hazard areas as established in Section 1612.3, interior finishes, trim and decorative materials below the elevation required by Section 1612 shall be flood-damage-resistant materials.

    802.5 Application. Combustible materials shall be permitted to be used as finish for walls, ceilings, floors and other interior surfaces of buildings.

    802.6 Windows. Show windows in the exterior walls of the first story above grade plane shall be permitted to be of wood or of unprotected metal framing.

    802.7 Foam plastics. Foam plastics shall not be used as interior finish except as provided in Section 803.4. Foam plastics shall not be used as interior trim except as provided in Section 806.6.1 or 2604.2. This section shall apply both to exposed foam plastics and to foam plastics used in conjunction with a textile or vinyl facing or cover.

    SECTION 803—WALL AND CEILING FINISHES

    803.1 General. Interior wall and ceiling finish materials shall be classified for fire performance and smoke development in accordance with Section 803.1.1 or 803.1.2, except as shown in Sections 803.1.3 through 803.15. Materials tested in accordance with Section 803.1.1 shall not be required to be tested in accordance with Section 803.1.2.

    803.1.1 Interior wall and ceiling finish materials tested in accordance with NFPA 286. Interior wall and ceiling finish materials shall be classified in accordance with NFPA 286 and comply with Section 803.1.1.1. Materials complying with Section 803.1.1.1 shall be considered to also comply with the requirements of Class A.

    803.1.1.1 Acceptance criteria for NFPA 286. The interior finish shall comply with the following:

    1. During the 40 kW exposure, flames shall not spread to the ceiling.

    2. The flame shall not spread to the outer extremity of the sample on any wall or ceiling.

    3. Flashover, as defined in NFPA 286, shall not occur.

    4. The peak heat release rate throughout the test shall not exceed 800 kW.

    5. The total smoke released throughout the test shall not exceed 1,000 m [2] .

    803.1.2 Interior wall and ceiling finish materials tested in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723. Interior wall and ceiling finish materials shall be classified in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723. Such interior finish materials shall be grouped in the following classes in accordance with their flame spread and smoke-developed indices.

    Class A = Flame spread index 0–25; smoke-developed index 0–450.

    Class B = Flame spread index 26–75; smoke developed index 0–450.

    Class C = Flame spread index 76–200; smoke-developed index 0–450.

  • CFC § 3-27 High relevance — show source text

    2025 CALIFORNIA RESIDENTIAL CODE 3-27

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    BUILDING PLANNING

    TABLE R302.6—DWELLING UNIT GARAGE AND/OR CARPORT SEPARATION Col2
    ** SEPARATION** ** MATERIAL**
    From the dwelling unit and attics Not less than1/2-inch gypsum board or equivalent applied to the garage side
    From portions of the dwelling unit above the garage_or carport_ Not less than5/8-inch Type X gypsum board or equivalent
    Structure supporting floor/ceiling assemblies used for separation
    required by this section    		 Not less than1/2-inch gypsum board or equivalent
    Garages located less than 3 feet from a dwelling unit on the same lot Not less than1/2-inch gypsum board or equivalent applied to the interior
    side of exterior walls that are within this area
    For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm. For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

    R302.7 Under-stair protection. Enclosed space under stairs that is accessed by a door or access panel shall have walls, under-stair surface and any soffits protected on the enclosed side with [1] / 2 -inch (12.7 mm) gypsum board.

    R302.8 Foam plastics. For requirements for foam plastics, see Section R303.

    R302.8.1 Interior finish. Foam plastics used as interior finishes shall comply with Section R303.5.10.

    R302.9 Flame spread index and smoke-developed index for wall and ceiling finishes. Flame spread and smoke-developed indices for wall and ceiling finishes shall be in accordance with Sections R302.9.1 through R302.9.4.

    R302.9.1 Flame spread index. Wall and ceiling finishes shall have a flame spread index of not greater than 200.

    Exception: Flame spread index requirements for finishes shall not apply to trim defined as picture molds, chair rails, baseboards and handrails; to doors and windows or their frames; or to materials that are less than [1] / 28 inch (0.91 mm) in thickness cemented to the surface of walls or ceilings if these materials exhibit flame spread index values not greater than those of paper of this thickness cemented to a noncombustible backing.

    R302.9.2 Smoke-developed index. Wall and ceiling finishes shall have a smoke-developed index of not greater than 450.

    R302.9.3 Testing. Tests shall be made in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723.

    R302.9.4 Alternative test method. As an alternative to having a flame spread index of not greater than 200 and a smoke-developed index of not greater than 450 where tested in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723, wall and ceiling finishes shall be permitted to be tested in accordance with NFPA 286. Materials tested in accordance with NFPA 286 shall meet the following criteria:

    The interior finish shall comply with the following:

    1. During the 40 kW exposure, flames shall not spread to the ceiling.
    2. The flame shall not spread to the outer extremity of the sample on any wall or ceiling.
    3. Flashover, as defined in NFPA 286, shall not occur.
  • CFC § 803.1.2 High relevance — show source text

    803.1.2 Interior wall and ceiling finish materials tested in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723. Interior wall and ceiling finishes shall be classified in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723. Such interior finish materials shall be grouped in the following classes in accordance with their flame spread and smoke-developed indices: Class A: Flame spread index 0–25; smoke-developed index 0–450. Class B: Flame spread index 26–75; smoke-developed index 0–450. Class C: Flame spread index 76–200; smoke-developed index 0–450.

    Exception: Materials tested in accordance with Section 803.1.1 and as indicated in Sections 803.1.3 through 803.15.

    803.1.3 Interior wall and ceiling finish materials with specific requirements. The materials indicated in Sections 803.4 through 803.15 shall be tested as indicated in the corresponding sections.

    803.2 Stability. Interior finish materials regulated by this chapter shall be applied or otherwise fastened in such a manner that such materials will not readily become detached where subjected to room temperatures of 200°F (93°C) for not less than 30 minutes.

    803.3 Interior finish requirements based on occupancy. Interior wall and ceiling finish shall have a flame spread index not greater than that specified in Table 803.3 for the group and location designated. Interior wall and ceiling finish materials tested in accordance with NFPA 286, and meeting the acceptance criteria of Section 803.1.1.1, shall be used where a Class A classification in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723 is required.

    TABLE 803.3—INTERIOR WALL AND CEILING FINISH REQUIREMENTS BY OCCUPANCYk Col2 Col3 Col4 Col5 Col6 Col7
    GROUP SPRINKLEREDl SPRINKLEREDl SPRINKLEREDl NONSPRINKLERED NONSPRINKLERED NONSPRINKLERED
    GROUP Interior exit stair-
    ways and ramps
    and exit passage-
    waysa, b    		 Corridors and enclosure
    for exit access stairways
    and ramps    		 Rooms and
    enclosed
    spacesc    		 Interior exit stair-
    ways and ramps and
    exit passagewaysa, b    		 Corridors and
    enclosure for exit
    access stairways and
    ramps    		 Rooms and
    enclosed
    spacesc
    A-1 and A-2 B B C A Ad Be
    A-3f, A-4, A-5 B B C A Ad C
    B, E, M, R-1, R-4 B Cm C A Bm C
    F C C C B C C
    H_, L_ B B Cg A A B
    I-1 B C C A B B
    I-3 A Aj C A A B
    I-4 B B Bh,
  • CFC § 804.1.1 High relevance — show source text

    804.1.1 Testing in accordance with NFPA 286. Interior trim material shall be tested in accordance with NFPA 286 and comply with the acceptance criteria in Section 803.1.1.1. Where the interior trim material has been tested as an interior finish in accordance with NFPA 286 and complies with the acceptance criteria in Section 803.1.1.1, it shall not be required to be tested for flame spread index and smoke-developed index in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723.

    804.1.2 Testing in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723. Material, other than foam plastic, used as interior trim shall have minimum Class C flame spread and smoke-developed indices, when tested in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723, as described in Section 803.1.2.

    804.2 Foam plastic interior trim. Foam plastic used as interior trim shall comply with Sections 804.2.1 through 804.2.4. 804.2.1 Density. The minimum density of the interior trim shall be 20 pounds per cubic foot (320 kg/m [3] ). 804.2.2 Thickness. The maximum thickness of the interior trim shall be [1] / 2 inch (12.7 mm) and the maximum width shall be 8 inches (203 mm).

    804.2.3 Area limitation. The interior trim shall not constitute more than 10 percent of the specific wall or ceiling area to which it is attached.

    804.2.4 Flame spread. The flame spread index shall not exceed 75 where tested in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723. The smoke-developed index shall not be limited.

    Exception: Where the interior trim material has been tested as an interior finish in accordance with NFPA 286 and complies with the acceptance criteria in Section 803.1.1.1, it is not required to be tested for flame spread index in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723.

    804.3 New interior floor finish. New interior floor finish and floor covering materials in new and existing buildings shall comply with Sections 804.3.1 through 804.3.3.2.

    Exception: Floor finishes and coverings of a traditional type, such as wood, vinyl, linoleum or terrazzo, and resilient floor covering materials that are not composed of fibers.

    804.3.1 Classification. Interior floor finish and floor covering materials required by Section 804.3.3.2 to be of Class I or II materials shall be classified in accordance with ASTM E648 or NFPA 253. The classification referred to herein corresponds to the classifications determined by ASTM E648 or NFPA 253 as follows: Class I, 0.45 watts/cm [2] or greater; Class II, 0.22 watts/cm [2] or greater.

    804.3.2 Testing and identification. Interior floor finish and floor covering materials shall be tested by an approved agency in accordance with ASTM E648 or NFPA 253 and identified by a hang tag or other suitable method so as to identify the manufacturer or supplier and style, and shall indicate the interior floor finish or floor covering classification in accordance with Section 804.3.1. Carpet-type floor coverings shall be tested as proposed for use, including underlayment. Test reports confirming the information provided in the manufacturer’s product identification shall be furnished to the fire code official upon request.

  • CFC § 802.1 High relevance — show source text

    SECTION 802—DEFINITIONS

    802.1 Definitions. The following terms are defined in Chapter 2:

    FLAME SPREAD.

    FLAME SPREAD INDEX.

    INTERIOR FLOOR-WALL BASE.

    SITE-FABRICATED STRETCH SYSTEM.

    SMOKE-DEVELOPED INDEX.

    [California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Division 1, §1191] Approved.

    “Approved” means approved by the State Fire Marshal.

    [California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Division 1, §1196] Flame-retardant Chemical.

    “Flame-Retardant Chemical,” as used herein, means any chemical, chemical compound or chemical mixture which when properly applied to a fabric or material will render such fabric or material incapable of supporting combustion to the extent that it will success- fully withstand the tests and meet the specifications promulgated by the State Fire Marshal.

    [California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Division 1, §1201] Nonflammable Material.

    “Nonflammable Material,” as used herein, means a fabric or material which is inherently flame-resistant to the extent that it will meet the requirements of the fire resistance test herein prescribed, but shall not include materials which must be chemically treated or processed after manufacture to make them flame-resistant.

    [California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Division 1, §1202] Place of Public Assemblage.

    “Place of Public Assemblage,” as used herein, means any occupancy mentioned in Sections 13115 or 13119 of the Health and Safety Code.

    2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE 8-3

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    INTERIOR FINISH, DECORATIVE MATERIALS AND FURNISHINGS

    SECTION 803—INTERIOR WALL AND CEILING FINISH IN EXISTING BUILDINGS

    803.1 General. The provisions of this section shall limit the allowable fire performance and smoke development of interior wall and ceiling finishes in existing buildings based on location and occupancy classification. Interior wall and ceiling finishes shall be classified in accordance with Section 803 of the California Building Code . Such materials shall be classified in accordance with NFPA 286, as indicated in Section 803.1.1, or in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723, as indicated in Section 803.1.2.

    Materials tested in accordance with Section 803.1.1 shall not be required to be tested in accordance with Section 803.1.2.

    803.1.1 Interior wall and ceiling finish materials tested in accordance with NFPA 286. Interior wall and ceiling finish materials shall be classified in accordance with NFPA 286 and tested in accordance with Section 803.1.1.1. Materials complying with Section 803.1.1.1 shall be considered to comply with the requirements of Class A specified in Section 803.1.2.

    803.1.1.1 Acceptance criteria for NFPA 286. The interior finish shall comply with the following:

    1. During the 40 kW exposure, flames shall not spread to the ceiling.

    2. The flame shall not spread to the outer extremity of the sample on any wall or ceiling.

    3. Flashover, as defined in NFPA 286, shall not occur.

    4. The peak heat release rate throughout the test shall not exceed 800 kW.

    5. The total smoke released throughout the test shall not exceed 1,000 m [2] .

  • CFC § 803.13 High relevance — show source text

    803.13 Laminated products factory produced with an attached wood substrate. Laminated products factory produced with an attached wood substrate shall comply with one of the following:

    1. The laminated product shall meet the criteria of Section 803.1.1 when tested in accordance with NFPA 286 using the product mounting system, including adhesive, of actual use.
    2. The laminated product shall have a Class A, B or C flame spread index and smoke-developed index based on the requirements of Table 803.3, in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723. Test specimen preparation and mounting shall be in accordance with ASTM E2579.

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    INTERIOR FINISH, DECORATIVE MATERIALS AND FURNISHINGS

    803.14 Thickness exemption. Materials having a thickness less than 0.036 inch (0.9 mm) applied directly to the surface of walls or ceilings shall not be required to be tested.

    803.15 Heavy timber exemption. Exposed portions of building elements complying with the requirements of Type IV construction in accordance with the California Building Code shall not be subject to interior finish requirements.

    SECTION 804—INTERIOR WALL AND CEILING TRIM AND INTERIOR FLOOR FINISH IN NEW AND EXISTING BUILDINGS

    804.1 Interior trim. Combustible trim in new and existing buildings, excluding handrails and guards, shall not exceed 10 percent of the specific wall or ceiling areas to which it is attached. Other than foam plastic, material used as interior trim shall have minimum Class B flame spread and 450 smoke-developed index in Group I-3 and for all other occupancies shall comply with Section 804.1.1 or 804.1.2. Foam plastic used as interior trim shall comply with Section 804.2.

    804.1.1 Testing in accordance with NFPA 286. Interior trim material shall be tested in accordance with NFPA 286 and comply with the acceptance criteria in Section 803.1.1.1. Where the interior trim material has been tested as an interior finish in accordance with NFPA 286 and complies with the acceptance criteria in Section 803.1.1.1, it shall not be required to be tested for flame spread index and smoke-developed index in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723.

    804.1.2 Testing in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723. Material, other than foam plastic, used as interior trim shall have minimum Class C flame spread and smoke-developed indices, when tested in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723, as described in Section 803.1.2.

    804.2 Foam plastic interior trim. Foam plastic used as interior trim shall comply with Sections 804.2.1 through 804.2.4. 804.2.1 Density. The minimum density of the interior trim shall be 20 pounds per cubic foot (320 kg/m [3] ). 804.2.2 Thickness. The maximum thickness of the interior trim shall be [1] / 2 inch (12.7 mm) and the maximum width shall be 8 inches (203 mm).

    804.2.3 Area limitation. The interior trim shall not constitute more than 10 percent of the specific wall or ceiling area to which it is attached.

  • CFC § 803.1.3 High relevance — show source text

    803.1.3 Interior wall and ceiling finish materials with different requirements. The materials indicated in Sections 803.2 through 803.13 shall be tested as indicated in the corresponding sections.

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    INTERIOR FINISHES

    803.2 Thickness exemption. Materials having a thickness less than 0.036 inch (0.9 mm) applied directly to the surface of walls or ceilings shall not be required to be tested.

    803.3 Heavy timber exemption. Exposed portions of building elements complying with the requirements for buildings of heavy timber construction in Section 602.4 or Section 2304.11 shall not be subject to interior finish requirements except in interior exit stairways, interior exit ramps, and exit passageways.

    803.4 Foam plastics. Foam plastics shall not be used as interior finish except as provided in Section 2603.9. This section shall apply both to exposed foam plastics and to foam plastics used in conjunction with a textile or vinyl facing or cover.

    803.5 Textile wall coverings. Where used as interior wall finish materials, textile wall coverings, including materials having woven or nonwoven, napped, tufted, looped or similar surface and carpet and similar textile materials, shall be tested in the manner intended for use, using the product-mounting system, including adhesive, and shall comply with the requirements of one of the following: Section 803.1.1, 803.5.1 or 803.5.2.

    803.5.1 Room corner test for textile wall coverings and expanded vinyl wall coverings. Textile wall coverings and expanded vinyl wall coverings shall meet the criteria of Section 803.5.1.1 when tested in the manner intended for use in accordance with the Method B protocol of NFPA 265 using the product-mounting system, including adhesive.

    803.5.1.1 Acceptance criteria for NFPA 265. The interior finish shall comply with the following:

    1. During the 40 kW exposure, flames shall not spread to the ceiling.
    2. The flame shall not spread to the outer extremities of the samples on the 8-foot by 12-foot (203 by 305 mm) walls.
    3. Flashover, as defined in NFPA 265, shall not occur.
    4. The total smoke release throughout the test shall not exceed 1,000 m [2] .

    803.5.2 Acceptance criteria for textile and expanded vinyl wall or ceiling coverings tested to ASTM E84 or UL 723. Textile wall and ceiling coverings and expanded vinyl wall and ceiling coverings shall have a Class A flame spread index in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723 and be protected by an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2. Test specimen preparation and mounting shall be in accordance with ASTM E2404.

    803.6 Textile ceiling coverings. Where used as interior ceiling finish materials, textile ceiling coverings, including materials having woven or nonwoven, napped, tufted, looped or similar surface and carpet and similar textile materials, shall be tested in the manner intended for use, using the product-mounting system, including adhesive, and shall comply with the requirements of Section 803.1.1 or 803.5.2.

  • CFC § 803.5.1.1 High relevance — show source text

    803.5.1.1 Acceptance criteria for NFPA 265 Method B test protocol. Where testing to NFPA 265, the interior finish shall comply with the following:

    1. During the 40-kW exposure, flames shall not spread to the ceiling.
    2. The flame shall not spread to the outer extremities of the samples on the 8-foot by 12-foot (203 by 305 mm) walls.
    3. Flashover, as defined in NFPA 265, shall not occur.
    4. For newly introduced wall coverings, the total smoke released throughout the test shall not exceed 1,000 m [2] .

    803.5.1.2 Unframed rigid combustible decorative material. Rigid combustible decorative material and assemblies of materials not more than [1] / 4 inch in thickness used for folding doors, room dividers, decorative screens and similar applications, which do not create concealed spaces and which are installed with exposed edges, shall be flame resistant in accordance with SFM Standard 12-7-5 contained in Title 24, Part 12, California Referenced Standards Code.

    803.5.1.3 Framed rigid combustible decorative material. Rigid combustible decorative material and assemblies of materials not more than [1] / 4 inch in thickness used for folding doors, room dividers, decorative screens and similar applications, and which are installed with all edges protected, shall conform to SFM Standard 12-7-5 contained in Title 24, Part 12, California Referenced Standards Code.

    803.5.2 Acceptance criteria for wall and ceiling coverings. Textile wall and ceiling coverings shall have a Class A flame spread index in accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723, and be protected by an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2. Test specimen preparation and mounting shall be in accordance with ASTM E2404.

    803.6 Textile ceiling coverings. Where used as interior ceiling finish materials, textile ceiling coverings, including materials having a woven, nonwoven, napped, tufted, looped or similar surface and carpet or similar textile materials, shall be tested in the manner intended for use, using the product mounting system, including adhesive, and shall comply with the requirements of Section 803.1.1 or 803.5.2.

    803.7 Expanded vinyl wall coverings. Where used as interior wall finish materials, expanded vinyl wall coverings shall be tested in the manner intended for use, using the product mounting system, including adhesive, and shall comply with the requirements of Section 803.1.1, 803.5.1 or 803.5.2.

    803.8 Expanded vinyl ceiling coverings. Where used as interior ceiling finish materials, expanded vinyl ceiling coverings shall be tested in the manner intended for use, using the product mounting system, including adhesive, and shall comply with the requirements of Section 803.1.1 or 803.5.2.

    [BF] 803.9 High-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP). Where high-density polyethylene or polypropylene is used as an interior finish, it shall comply with Section 803.1.1.

  • CFC § 803.13 High relevance — show source text

    1||X||||||||||||||||||||||| |Table 803.13|||X|||||||||||||||||||||| |804.1|||X|||||||||||||||||||||| |804.4|||X|||||||||||||||||||||| |804.4.1|||X|||||||||||||||||||||| |804.4.2|||X|||||||||||||||||||||| |804.4.3|||X|||||||||||||||||||||| |806.4|||X|||||||||||||||||||||| |806.6|||X||||||||||||||||||||||

    The state agency does not adopt sections identified by the following symbol: The Office of the State Fire Marshal’s adoption of this chapter or individual sections is applicable to structures regulated by other state agencies pursuant to Section 1.11.

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    8 INTERIOR FINISHES

    User notes:

    About this chapter: Chapter 8 contains the performance requirements for controlling fire growth and smoke propagation within buildings by restricting interior finish and decorative materials. The provisions of this chapter require materials used as interior finishes and decorations to meet certain flame spread index or flame propagation criteria and smoke development criteria based on the relative fire hazard associated with the occupancy. The performance of the material is evaluated based on test standards.

    SECTION 801—SCOPE

    801.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall govern the use of materials used as interior finishes, trim and decorative materials.

    [BSC-CG] See California Green Building Standards Code, Chapter 5, Division 5.5 for additional finish material pollutant control requirements.

    SECTION 802—GENERAL

    802.1 Interior wall and ceiling finish. The provisions of Section 803 shall limit the allowable fire performance and smoke development of interior wall and ceiling finish materials based on occupancy classification.

    802.2 Interior floor finish. The provisions of Section 804 shall limit the allowable fire performance of interior floor finish materials based on occupancy classification.

    [F] 802.3 Decorative materials and trim. Decorative materials and trim shall be restricted by combustibility, fire performance or flame propagation performance criteria in accordance with Section 806.

    802.4 Applicability. For buildings in flood hazard areas as established in Section 1612.3, interior finishes, trim and decorative materials below the elevation required by Section 1612 shall be flood-damage-resistant materials.

    802.5 Application. Combustible materials shall be permitted to be used as finish for walls, ceilings, floors and other interior surfaces of buildings.

    802.6 Windows. Show windows in the exterior walls of the first story above grade plane shall be permitted to be of wood or of unprotected metal framing.

    802.7 Foam plastics. Foam plastics shall not be used as interior finish except as provided in Section 803.4. Foam plastics shall not be used as interior trim except as provided in Section 806.6.1 or 2604.2. This section shall apply both to exposed foam plastics and to foam plastics used in conjunction with a textile or vinyl facing or cover.

    SECTION 803—WALL AND CEILING FINISHES

Frequently asked questions

What if a finish passes ASTM E84 for flame spread but exceeds the smoke index 450?

If the smoke‑developed index exceeds 450 under ASTM E84/UL 723 it does not meet the Class A/B/C criteria in § 803.1.2 and is not acceptable in locations requiring that class. Consider NFPA‑286 testing (which has a separate total smoke cap) or alternative protective measures; see § 803.1.1 and § 803.1.1.1.

Does passing NFPA‑286 always let me treat a finish as Class A?

Yes — if the material meets all acceptance criteria listed in § 803.1.1.1, it “shall be considered to comply with the requirements of Class A” under § 803.1.1. Ensure testing used the intended mounting and substrate.

Are thin laminates exempt from testing?

Materials less than 0.036 inch (0.9 mm) applied directly to walls/ceilings are exempt from testing per § 803.14. If thicker or assembled differently, test requirements apply.

Can I use fire‑retardant paint to fix an existing noncompliant finish?

Yes — the code permits use of approved fire‑retardant coatings/paints applied per NFPA‑703 and manufacturer instructions to obtain the required rating; see § 803.4. Maintain and reapply per directions.

Does the code require testing with the actual adhesive or mounting system?

For many coverings (textile, laminated, vinyl, etc.) the code explicitly requires testing in the manner intended for use, including the product mounting system and adhesive; see Sections such as § 803.5 and § 803.13.

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Wall and Ceiling Finish — Existing Buildings

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