CFC · California Fire Code
What are the rules for general storage and outdoor pallet storage?
Short answer for a homeowner: outdoor pallet piles must be kept stable, no taller than 20 feet, not larger than 400 sq ft per pile, kept at least 10 feet from property lines (with limited exceptions), and separated from buildings and other piles according to the pallet type and pile size—these requirements are in CFC §315 (and pallet‑manufacturing sites use §2810).
Last reviewed: July 6, 2026
What the code requires — plain English
- In California, general combustible storage must be orderly, stable, and separated from ignition sources and egress; outdoor storage has specified minimum distances to lot lines, maximum heights, and other limits. See § 315.1 and § 315.3 for general storage rules and permit requirements.
- Outdoor pallet storage is regulated separately: pallets stored outdoors must meet the pallet-specific requirements in § 315.7 (including pile size, height, pile separations, allowable pallet types and prohibited locations).
- Pallet manufacturing and recycling sites have a special, alternative set of requirements under § 2810.
The most important rule: outdoor pallet piles must be stable, kept under 20 feet high, limited in area, kept a minimum distance from property lines and buildings, and separated from other piles according to the pallet material and pile size (see § 315.7 and the tables in § 315.7.6).
Requirements in detail
Scope & permit
- A permit is required for miscellaneous combustible storage as set in § 315.2.
- Outdoor pallet storage follow § 315.2 plus § 315.7; pallets stored inside a building are handled under the high‑pile/storage rules (Chapter 32) referenced in § 315.7.
Storage inside buildings (key thresholds)
- Ceiling clearance: maintain 2 feet below the ceiling in nonsprinklered areas or 18 inches below sprinkler deflectors in sprinklered areas (§ 315.3.1).
- Storage must not block exits or be in equipment rooms listed in § 315.3.2–315.3.3.
- Attics, under-floor and concealed spaces used for combustible storage must be protected to 1‑hour fire-resistance on the storage side (with limited exceptions) — see § 315.3.4.
Outside storage (general) — distances & heights
- Minimum distance of outdoor combustible storage to a lot line is 10 feet (§ 315.4). Exception: can be reduced to 3 feet where the stack is ≤ 6 feet high, or where the fire code official determines there is no hazard (§ 315.4 — exceptions).
- Outdoor storage height: storage in the open shall not exceed 20 feet (§ 315.4.2).
- Storage under building eaves, canopies or projections is prohibited except where sprinklers protect the projection (see § 315.4.1).
Outdoor pallet storage — basics
- Pallets stored outdoors must comply with § 315.7 through § 315.7.7. Pallets inside buildings must follow Chapter 32. § 315.7.
- Pallet storage height: maximum 20 feet ( § 315.7.3 ).
- Pile stability & size: stacks must form stable piles and an individual pallet pile shall cover no more than 400 square feet ( § 315.7.4 ).
- Pallet types allowed: wood pallets (slatted/solid), or plastic/composite pallets listed and labeled to UL 2335 or FM 4996; plastic pallets must be both solid and gridded deck per § 315.7.5.
- Prohibited locations: no pallet storage underneath high‑voltage transmission lines, elevated roadways or elevated railways ( § 315.7.7 / § 315.7.5 ).
Pile separation — building and pile-to-pile (decision-critical)
Separation distances vary by pallet material (wood vs. plastic), number of pallets in the pile, and building wall construction / openings. The code provides explicit tables in § 315.7.6 (Tables 315.7.6(1)–(4)).
Below are the most used numeric thresholds (condensed). Always check the full tables in § 315.7.6 for specific opening types and wall constructions.
| Decision item | Typical value(s) | Code Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum distance to lot line (outdoor pallet storage) | 10 ft (reducible to 3 ft if pile ≤ 6 ft high) | § 315.4, § 315.7.2 |
| Maximum outdoor pallet height | 20 ft | § 315.4.2, § 315.7.3 |
| Maximum area per individual pallet pile | 400 sq ft | § 315.7.4 |
| Separation between wood pallet piles | ≤50 pallets: 7.5 ft; 51–200: 15 ft; >200: 45 ft | Table 315.7.6(3) — § 315.7.6.2 |
| Separation between plastic pallet piles | ≤50: 15 ft; 51–200: 40 ft; >200: 75 ft | Table 315.7.6(4) — § 315.7.6.2 |
| Separation from buildings (example — wood pallets, 51–200) | Varies by wall/opening type; e.g., masonry with fire‑rated glazing + open sprinklers ⇒ 5 ft; masonry plain glass with open sprinklers ⇒ 10 ft; consult Table 315.7.6(1) | Table 315.7.6(1) — § 315.7.6.1 |
(These tables are summarized from the code tables in § 315.7.6 — consult the precise row that matches the wall construction and opening type before making a compliance decision.)
Exceptions & special cases
- Pallet stacks at pallet manufacturing or recycling facilities are regulated under § 2810 (different clearance to property lines — 0.75 × stack height or 8 ft, whichever is greater, plus site plan and fire prevention plan requirements). § 2810 also allows an alternative approach by fire code official where additional fire protection or risk assessment is provided.
- Outdoor storage separation to lot line can be reduced from 10 ft to 3 ft for storage ≤ 6 ft in height (exception to § 315.4).
- Storage under eaves, canopies, or overhangs is prohibited unless those projections are themselves protected by automatic sprinklers (see § 315.4.1 and § 315.7.1).
- Pallets stored inside buildings must comply with high‑pile/chapter 32 protection if applicable (see § 315.7 reference to Chapter 32).
If the code text needed for a particular wall/opening type or a specific table cell is required for design, consult the full Table 315.7.6(1)–(4) in § 315.7.6.
Common mistakes
- Assuming the 10‑foot lot‑line rule is universal — it may be reduced to 3 ft for short stacks (≤ 6 ft) or changed under § 2810 for pallet sites. Check the precise exception before relocating piles.
- Failing to separate piles based on material type (wood vs. plastic) and pile size — plastic pallets require much larger separation distances per § 315.7.6 tables.
- Storing pallets under building eaves or under high‑voltage lines where expressly prohibited (see § 315.7.1, § 315.7.5, § 315.7.7).
- Not obtaining the required permit for miscellaneous combustible storage (§ 315.2).
Worked example (concrete numbers)
Scenario:
- Three outdoor piles of wood pallets, each pile contains 120 pallets, each pile footprint is 350 sq ft, pile height 16 ft. Piles are located 12 ft from the property line and 8 ft from a masonry building wall with plain glass openings and an active sprinkler system.
Step-by-step compliance check:
- Height: 16 ft < 20 ft, so height OK per § 315.7.3.
- Pile area: 350 sq ft < 400 sq ft, so pile area OK per § 315.7.4.
- Distance to lot line: 12 ft ≥ 10 ft, so lot line clearance OK per § 315.7.2 / § 315.4.
- Separation between piles: with 120 pallets each, use wood‑pallet pile‑to‑pile separation = 15 ft for 51–200 pallets (Table 315.7.6(3)). If the piles are at least 15 ft apart they comply; if they are closer than 15 ft, they do not.
- Separation to building: for wood pallets, 51–200 pallets, the required separation to a masonry wall with plain glass + sprinklers is 10 ft (consult Table 315.7.6(1): masonry/plain glass with open sprinklers → 10 ft for 51–200). Since the piles are 8 ft from the building, this is NOT compliant; move piles to ≥ 10 ft from that wall or reduce pile size/pallet count or modify the building opening protections and re-evaluate using Table 315.7.6(1).
Remedy options (code‑allowed): increase distance to building to meet the table requirement, reduce pallets per pile to fall into a smaller separation range, relocate pile to another wall construction type, or consult the fire code official for approved mitigations.
Related provisions (quick links)
- § 315.1 – § 315.6 (General storage scope, permit, indoor rules, ceiling clearance)
- § 315.7 (Outdoor pallet storage — entire pallet sub‑section and tables 315.7.6(1)–(4))
- § 315.4 (Outside storage minimum distances, height, eave/overhang rule)
- § 2810 (Outdoor pallet storage at pallet manufacturing and recycling facilities — site plan, clearance formulas, alternative approach)
- Chapter 32 / § 3201 et seq. (High‑piled storage — when pallets are stored indoors or exceed high‑pile thresholds)
Code references
Grounded in the retrieved California Fire Code — click a citation to read the verbatim passage:
CFC § 315.3.4 High relevance — show source text
315.3.4 Attic, under-floor and concealed spaces. Attic, under-floor and concealed spaces used for storage of combustible materials shall be protected on the storage side as required for 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction. Openings shall be protected by assemblies that are self-closing and are of noncombustible construction or solid wood core not less than 1 [3] / 4 inches (44.5 mm) in thickness. Storage shall not be placed on exposed joists.
Exceptions:
- Areas protected by approved automatic sprinkler systems.
- Group R-3 and Group U occupancies.
315.4 Outside storage. Outside storage of combustible materials shall not be located within 10 feet (3048 mm) of a lot line.
Exceptions:
- The separation distance is allowed to be reduced to 3 feet (914 mm) for storage not exceeding 6 feet (1829 mm) in height.
- The separation distance is allowed to be reduced where the fire code official determines that hazard to the adjoining property does not exist.
315.4.1 Storage beneath overhead projections from buildings. Where buildings are protected by an automatic sprinkler system, the outdoor storage, display and handling of combustible materials under eaves, canopies or other projections or overhangs are prohibited except where automatic sprinklers are installed under such eaves, canopies or other projections or overhangs.
315.4.2 Height. Storage in the open shall not exceed 20 feet (6096 mm) in height.
315.5 Storage underneath high-voltage transmission lines. Storage located underneath high-voltage transmission lines shall be in accordance with Section 316.6.2.
315.6 Storage in plenums. Storage is prohibited in plenums. Abandoned material in plenums shall be deemed to be storage and shall be removed. Where located in plenums, the portion of abandoned cables that are able to be accessed without causing damage, or requiring demolition to the building shall be identified for future use with a tag or shall be deemed storage and shall be removed.
315.7 Outdoor pallet storage. Pallets stored outdoors shall comply with Sections 315.7 through 315.7.7. Pallets stored within a building shall be protected in accordance with Chapter 32.
315.7.1 Storage beneath overhead projections from buildings. Where buildings are equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system, the outdoor storage of pallets under eaves, canopies or other projections or overhangs are prohibited except where automatic sprinklers are installed under such eaves, canopies or other projections or overhangs.
315.7.2 Distance to lot line. Pallet storage shall not be located within 10 feet (3048 mm) of a lot line.
315.7.3 Storage height. Pallet storage shall not exceed 20 feet (6096 mm) in height.
315.7.4 Pallet pile stability and size. Pallet stacks shall be arranged to form stable piles. Individual pallet piles shall cover an area not greater than 400 square feet (37 m [2] ).
315.7.5 Pallet types. Pallets shall be all wood, with slatted or solid top or bottom, with metal fasteners, or shall be plastic or composite pallets, listed and labeled in accordance with UL 2335 or FM 4996. Plastic pallets shall be both solid and gridded deck, independent of the pallet manufacturing process, type of resin used in fabrication or geometry of the pallet.
CFC § 315.7 High relevance — show source text
315.7 Outdoor pallet storage. Pallets stored outdoors shall comply with Sections 315.7 through 315.7.7. Pallets stored within a building shall be protected in accordance with Chapter 32.
315.7.1 Storage beneath overhead projections from buildings. Where buildings are equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system, the outdoor storage of pallets under eaves, canopies or other projections or overhangs are prohibited except where automatic sprinklers are installed under such eaves, canopies or other projections or overhangs.
315.7.2 Distance to lot line. Pallet storage shall not be located within 10 feet (3048 mm) of a lot line.
315.7.3 Storage height. Pallet storage shall not exceed 20 feet (6096 mm) in height.
315.7.4 Pallet pile stability and size. Pallet stacks shall be arranged to form stable piles. Individual pallet piles shall cover an area not greater than 400 square feet (37 m [2] ).
315.7.5 Pallet types. Pallets shall be all wood, with slatted or solid top or bottom, with metal fasteners, or shall be plastic or composite pallets, listed and labeled in accordance with UL 2335 or FM 4996. Plastic pallets shall be both solid and gridded deck, independent of the pallet manufacturing process, type of resin used in fabrication or geometry of the pallet.
315.7.6 Pile separation distances. In addition to the other requirements of this section, pallet stacks and piles shall be separated in accordance with Sections 315.7.6.1 and 315.7.6.2.
TABLE 315.7.6(1)—SEPARATION DISTANCE BETWEEN WOOD PALLET STACKS AND BUILDINGS Col2 Col3 Col4 Col5 WALL CONSTRUCTION OPENING TYPE WOOD PALLET SEPARATION DISTANCE (feet) WOOD PALLET SEPARATION DISTANCE (feet) WOOD PALLET SEPARATION DISTANCE (feet) WALL CONSTRUCTION OPENING TYPE ≤ 50 Pallets 51 to 200 Pallets > 200 Pallets Masonry None 2 2 2 Masonry Fire-rated glazing with open sprinklers 2 5 20 Masonry Fire-rated glazing 5 10 20 Masonry Plain glass with open sprinklers 5 10 20 Noncombustible None 5 10 20 2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE 3-13
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
CFC § 3.9 High relevance — show source text
Where storage areas exceed 50,000 square feet in area, the maximum allowable quantities area is allowed to be increased by 2 percent for each 1,000 square feet of area in excess
of 50,000 square feet, up to not more than 100 percent of the table amounts. Separation of control areas is not required. The aggregate amount shall not exceed 80,000 pounds.
d. “Low BV” Category 1B flammable gas has a burning velocity of 3.9 in/s (10 cm/s) or less.|50-20 2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS—GENERAL PROVISIONS
5003.11.2.1 Fire protection and storage arrangements. Fire protection and container storage arrangements for quantities of Category 1B flammable gases permitted by Table 5003.11.2 shall be in accordance with the all of the following:
- Storage of Category 1B flammable gases on shelves shall not exceed 6 feet (1829 mm) in height, and shelving shall be metal.
- Rack storage, pallet storage or piles of Category 1B flammable gas greater than 6 feet 6 inches (1981 mm) in height shall be provided with an automatic sprinkler system with a minimum design density of Extra Hazard Group 1.
- Combustible commodities shall not be stored above Category 1B flammable gases.
- Flammable liquids shall be separated from Category 1B flammable gases by a distance of not less than 20 feet (6096 mm). The separation is permitted to be reduced to 10 feet (3048 mm) where secondary containment or diking is provided to retain a flammable liquid spill at a distance of 10 feet (3048 mm) from the Category 1B flammable gas storage.
5003.12 Outdoor control areas. Outdoor control areas for hazardous materials shall be in accordance with the following general requirements:
- Outdoor control areas shall be kept free from weeds, debris and common combustible materials not necessary to the storage. The area surrounding an outdoor control area shall be kept clear of such materials for not less than 15 feet (4572 mm).
- Outdoor control areas shall be located not closer than 20 feet (6096 mm) from a public street, public alley, public way or lot line that can be built on.
Exceptions:
- For solid and liquid hazardous materials, a 2-hour fire-resistance-rated wall without openings extending not less than 30 inches (762 mm) above and to the sides of the storage area shall be allowed in lieu of such distance.
- For compressed gas hazardous materials, unless otherwise specified, the minimum required distances shall not apply where fire barriers without openings or penetrations having a minimum fire-resistance rating of 2 hours interrupt the line of sight between the storage and the exposure. The configuration of the fire barrier shall be designed to allow natural ventilation to prevent the accumulation of hazardous gas concentrations.
- Where a property exceeds 10,000 square feet (929 m [2] ), a group of two outdoor control areas is allowed where approved and where each control area is separated by a minimum distance of 50 feet (15 240 mm).
- Where a property exceeds 35,000 square feet (3252 m [2] ), additional groups of outdoor control areas are allowed where approved and where each group is separated by a minimum distance of 300 feet (91 440 mm).
CFC § 2808.10 High relevance — show source text
2808.10 Emergency plan. The owner or operator shall develop a plan for monitoring, controlling and extinguishing spot fires and submit the plan to the fire code official for review and approval.
SECTION 2809—EXTERIOR STORAGE OF FINISHED LUMBER AND SOLID BIOFUEL PRODUCTS
2809.1 General. Exterior storage of finished lumber and solid biofuel products shall comply with Sections 2809.2 through 2809.5.
2809.2 Size of piles. Exterior storage shall be arranged to form stable piles with a maximum height of 20 feet (6096 mm). Piles shall not exceed 150,000 cubic feet (4248 m [3] ) in volume.
2809.3 Fire apparatus access roads. Fire apparatus access roads in accordance with Section 503 shall be located so that a maximum grid system unit of 50 feet by 150 feet (15 240 mm by 45 720 mm) is established.
2809.4 Security. Permanent storage areas shall be surrounded with an approved fence. Fences shall be not less than 6 feet (1829 mm) in height.
Exceptions:
- Lumber piles inside of buildings and production mills for lumber, plywood and veneer.
2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE 28-5
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
LUMBER YARDS AND AGRO-INDUSTRIAL, SOLID BIOMASS AND WOODWORKING FACILITIES
- Solid biofuel piles inside of buildings and agro-industrial processing facilities for solid biomass feedstock.
2809.5 Fire protection. An approved hydrant and hose system or portable fire-extinguishing equipment suitable for the fire hazard involved shall be provided for open storage yards. Hydrant and hose systems shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 24. Portable fire extinguishers complying with Section 906 shall be located so that the distance of travel from the nearest unit does not exceed 75 feet (22 860 mm).
SECTION 2810 —OUTDOOR STORAGE OF PALLETS AT PALLET MANUFACTURING AND RECYCLING FACILITIES
2810.1 General. The outside storage of wood pallets and wood composite pallets on the same site as a pallet manufacturing or pallet recycling facility shall comply with Sections 2810.2 through 2810.11.
2810.2 Site plan. Each site shall maintain a current site plan. The site plan shall be submitted to the fire code official for approval and contain all of the following:
Lot lines.
Utilities.
Size, location and type of construction of the buildings on the property.
Presence of the fire protection systems.
Water supply sources for firefighting purposes.
Location of hazardous material storage areas.
Location of pallet storage.
Equipment protected with a dust collection system.
Fire apparatus access roads.
Designated smoking areas.
Location of fire alarm control panels.
2810.3 Fire prevention plan. The owner or owner’s authorized representative shall submit a fire prevention plan for review and approval by the fire code official that includes all of the following:
- Frequency of walk-through inspections to verify compliance with the plan.
- Hot work permit program in accordance with Chapter 35.
- Preventative maintenance program for equipment associated with pallet activities.
- Inspection, testing and maintenance of fire protection systems in accordance with Chapter 9.
CFC § 314.4 High relevance — show source text
314.4 Vehicles. Liquid-fueled or gaseous-fueled vehicles, aircraft, boats or other motorcraft shall not be located indoors except as follows:
- The engine starting system is made inoperable or ignition batteries are disconnected except where the fire code official requires that the batteries remain connected to maintain safety features.
- Fuel in fuel tanks does not exceed any of the following: 2.1. Class I, II and III liquid fuel does not exceed one-quarter tank or 5 gallons (19 L), whichever is less. 2.2. LP gas does not exceed one-quarter tank or 6.6 gallons (25 L), whichever is less. 2.3. CNG does not exceed one-quarter tank or 630 cubic feet (17.8 m [3] ), whichever is less. 2.4. Hydrogen does not exceed one-quarter tank or 2,000 cubic feet (57 m [3] ), whichever is less.
- Fuel tanks and fill openings are closed and sealed to prevent tampering.
- Vehicles, aircraft, boats or other motorcraft equipment are not fueled or defueled within the building.
SECTION 315—GENERAL STORAGE
315.1 General. Storage shall be in accordance with Sections 315.2 through 315.6. Outdoor pallet storage shall be in accordance with Sections 315.2 and 315.7.
Exception: Wood and wood composite pallets stored outdoors at pallet manufacturing and recycling facilities and complying with Section 2810.
315.2 Permit required. A permit for miscellaneous combustible storage shall be required as set forth in Section 105.5.
315.3 Storage in buildings. Storage of materials in buildings shall be orderly and stacks shall be stable. Storage of combustible materials shall be separated from heaters or heating devices by distance or shielding so that ignition cannot occur.
3-12 2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
315.3.1 Ceiling clearance. Storage shall be maintained 2 feet (610 mm) or more below the ceiling in nonsprinklered areas of buildings or not less than 18 inches (457 mm) below sprinkler deflectors in sprinklered areas of buildings.
Exceptions:
- The 2-foot (610 mm) ceiling clearance is not required for storage along walls in nonsprinklered areas of buildings.
- The 18-inch (457 mm) ceiling clearance is not required for storage along walls in areas of buildings equipped with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, 903.3.1.2 or 903.3.1.3.
315.3.2 Means of egress. Combustible materials shall not be stored in exits or enclosures for stairways and ramps. Combustible materials in the means of egress during construction, demolition, remodeling or alterations shall comply with Section 3310.1.
315.3.3 Equipment rooms. Combustible material shall not be stored in boiler rooms, mechanical rooms, elevator machine rooms, electrical equipment rooms or in fire command centers as specified in Section 508.1.5.
CFC § 308.3 High relevance — show source text
Natural Barricade (see Barricade)
2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE INDEX-11
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
INDEX
Group A occupancies 308.3 Permit 105.5.37, 105.5.38, 308.2 Open Mall and Open Mall Building (see Covered Mall Building) 203 Open Parking Garage Defined 202 Open System (hazardous materials) Defined 202 Open-Air Assembly Seating 202, 1030 Open-Ended Corridor 903.3.1.2.2, 1027.6,
1104.22
Defined 202 Opening Protective 202 Operating Building Defined 202 Separation distances 5605.3 Operating Line 202 Operating Pressure Defined 202
Orders and Notices 104.6, 113.3.2 Organic Coatings Chapter 29 Defined 202
Electrical equipment and protection 2904
General 2903
Kettles 2906 Manufacture Chapter 29 Permit 105.5.39
Process structures 2905 Organic Peroxide Chapter 62 Defined 202 Indoor storage 6204.1 Outdoor storage Table 6204.1.2, Table 6204.1.7, 6204.2 Requirements 6203 Spray operations 2408 Use 6205
Outdoor Assembly Event Electrical equipment and wiring 3107.6 Occupancy and means of egress 3107.3
Permit 105.5.40 Public safety 3107.4.1 Outdoor Control Area
Defined 202
Hazardous materials 5003.12 Outdoor Fireplace, Portable (see Portable Outdoor Fireplaces) Outpatient Clinic (Occupancy Group B) Defined 202 Ovens (see Industrial Ovens) Overcrowding Defined 202
Prohibited 110.6
Overfill Prevention and Protection
2006.18, 2306.6.2.3, 5704.2.7.5.8, 5704.2.8.18, 5704.2.9.7.5, 5704.2.11.4, 5706.4.6, 5706.8.3, 5706.8.5, 6106.2
Owner
Defined 202 Oxidizers, Oxidizing Gases and Oxidizing Cryogenic Fluids Chapter 63 Defined 202 Indoor storage 6304.1 Outdoor storage 6304.2 Requirements 6303 Use 6305
Oxidizing Cryogenic Fluid Defined 202 Oxidizing Gas Defined 202 Oxygen in Home Health Care 6306 Ozone-Gas Generator 6005
Automatic shutdown 6005.5
Defined 202
Location 6005.3
Manual shutdown 6005.6
Pallets Containment pallets 5004.2.3 High-piled storage sprinkler protection 3206.4.1 Idle combustible 2505.1, Table 3203.8,
5704.3.3.9 Outdoor pallet storage 315.7, 2810 Plastic 3206.4.1.1
CFC § 312.3 High relevance — show source text
312.3 Other barriers. Barriers, other than posts specified in Section 312.2, that are designed to resist, deflect or visually deter vehicular impact commensurate with an anticipated impact scenario shall be permitted where approved.
SECTION 313—FUELED EQUIPMENT
313.1 General. Fueled equipment including, but not limited to, motorcycles, mopeds, lawn-care equipment and portable generators shall not be stored, operated or repaired within a building.
Exceptions:
- Buildings or rooms constructed for such use in accordance with the California Building Code .
- Where allowed by Section 314.
- Storage of equipment utilized for maintenance purposes is allowed in approved locations where the aggregate fuel capacity of the stored equipment does not exceed 10 gallons (38 L) and the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.
313.1.1 Removal. The fire code official is authorized to require removal of fueled equipment from locations where the presence of such equipment is determined by the fire code official to be hazardous.
313.2 Group R occupancies. Vehicles powered by flammable liquids, Class II combustible liquids or compressed flammable gases shall not be stored within the living space of Group R buildings.
SECTION 314—INDOOR DISPLAYS
314.1 General. Indoor displays constructed within any occupancy shall comply with Sections 314.2 through 314.4.
314.2 Fixtures and displays. Fixtures and displays of goods for sale to the public shall be arranged so as to maintain free, immediate and unobstructed access to exits as required by Chapter 10.
314.3 Highly combustible goods. The display of highly combustible goods, including but not limited to fireworks, flammable or combustible liquids, liquefied flammable gases, oxidizing materials, pyroxylin plastics and agricultural goods, in main exit access aisles, corridors, covered and open malls, or within 5 feet (1524 mm) of entrances to exits and exterior exit doors is prohibited where a fire involving such goods would rapidly prevent or obstruct egress.
314.4 Vehicles. Liquid-fueled or gaseous-fueled vehicles, aircraft, boats or other motorcraft shall not be located indoors except as follows:
- The engine starting system is made inoperable or ignition batteries are disconnected except where the fire code official requires that the batteries remain connected to maintain safety features.
- Fuel in fuel tanks does not exceed any of the following: 2.1. Class I, II and III liquid fuel does not exceed one-quarter tank or 5 gallons (19 L), whichever is less. 2.2. LP gas does not exceed one-quarter tank or 6.6 gallons (25 L), whichever is less. 2.3. CNG does not exceed one-quarter tank or 630 cubic feet (17.8 m [3] ), whichever is less. 2.4. Hydrogen does not exceed one-quarter tank or 2,000 cubic feet (57 m [3] ), whichever is less.
- Fuel tanks and fill openings are closed and sealed to prevent tampering.
- Vehicles, aircraft, boats or other motorcraft equipment are not fueled or defueled within the building.
SECTION 315—GENERAL STORAGE
315.1 General. Storage shall be in accordance with Sections 315.2 through 315.6. Outdoor pallet storage shall be in accordance with Sections 315.2 and 315.7.
CFC § 5704.3.6.3 High relevance — show source text
a. System shall be a closed-head wet system with approved devices for proportioning aqueous film-forming foam. b. Except as modified herein, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 13. c. The height of storage shall not exceed 25 feet. d. Hose stream demand includes 11/-inch inside hose connections, where required. 2| |---|---|---|---|---|---| |TABLE 5704.3.6.3(7)—AUTOMATIC AFFF WATER PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR RACK STORAGE OF LIQUIDS IN METAL CONTAINERS GREATER THAN 5-GALLON CAPACITYa, b|DURATION
AFFF SUPPLY
(minimum)|DURATION
AFFF SUPPLY
(minimum)|DURATION
AFFF SUPPLY
(minimum)|15|15| |TABLE 5704.3.6.3(7)—AUTOMATIC AFFF WATER PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR RACK STORAGE OF LIQUIDS IN METAL CONTAINERS GREATER THAN 5-GALLON CAPACITYa, b|IN-RACK SPRINKLER ARRANGEMENT AND DEMANDc|Hose stream
demandd
(gpm)|Hose stream
demandd
(gpm)|500|500| |TABLE 5704.3.6.3(7)—AUTOMATIC AFFF WATER PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR RACK STORAGE OF LIQUIDS IN METAL CONTAINERS GREATER THAN 5-GALLON CAPACITYa, b|IN-RACK SPRINKLER ARRANGEMENT AND DEMANDc|Number of
sprinklers
operating|Number of
sprinklers
operating|Three
sprinklers
per level|Three
sprinklers
per level| |TABLE 5704.3.6.3(7)—AUTOMATIC AFFF WATER PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR RACK STORAGE OF LIQUIDS IN METAL CONTAINERS GREATER THAN 5-GALLON CAPACITYa, b|IN-RACK SPRINKLER ARRANGEMENT AND DEMANDc|Minimum
nozzle
pressure
(psi)|Minimum
nozzle
pressure
(psi)|30|30| |TABLE 5704.3.6.3(7)—AUTOMATIC AFFF WATER PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR RACK STORAGE OF LIQUIDS IN METAL CONTAINERS GREATER THAN 5-GALLON CAPACITYa, b|IN-RACK SPRINKLER ARRANGEMENT AND DEMANDc|On-end storage of drumson
pallets, up to 25 feet|On-end storage of drumson
pallets, up to 25 feet|1.
Ordinary temperature
sprinkler up to 10 feet apart
horizontally
2.
One line sprinklers above
each level of storage
3.
Locate in longitudinal flue
space, staggered vertically
4.
Shields required for multiple-
level|1.
Ordinary temperature
sprinkler up to 10 feet apart
horizontally
2.CFC § 315.7.6 High relevance — show source text
TABLE 315.7.6(4)—SEPARATION FROM OTHER PALLET PILES AND ON-SITE STORAGE (PLASTIC PALLETS) Col2 Col3 Col4 PLASTIC PALLET SEPARATION DISTANCE (feet) PLASTIC PALLET SEPARATION DISTANCE (feet) PLASTIC PALLET SEPARATION DISTANCE (feet) ≤ 50 Pallets 51 to 200 Pallets > 200 Pallets Between pallet piles 15 40 75 Other on-site storage 15 40 75 For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. 315.7.6.1 Building separation. Pallet stacks and piles shall be separated from buildings in accordance with Table 315.7.6(1) for wood pallets and Table 315.7.6(2) for plastic pallets.
315.7.6.2 Separation from other pallets and on-site storage. Pallets shall be separated from other pallet piles and other storage in accordance with Table 315.7.6(3) for wood pallets and Table 315.7.6(4) for plastic pallets.
315.7.7 Prohibited locations. Pallets shall not be stored underneath high-voltage transmission lines, elevated roadways or elevated railways.
SECTION 316—HAZARDS TO FIREFIGHTERS
316.1 Trapdoors to be closed. Trapdoors and scuttle covers, other than those that are within a dwelling unit or automatically operated, shall be kept closed at all times except when in use.
316.2 Shaftway markings. Vertical shafts shall be identified as required by this section.
316.2.1 Exterior access to shaftways. Outside openings that can be reached by the fire department and that open directly on a hoistway or shaftway communicating between two or more floors in a building shall be plainly marked with the word “SHAFT
3-14 2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
WAY” in red letters not less than 6 inches (152 mm) high on a white background. Such warning signs shall be placed so as to be readily discernible from the outside of the building.
316.2.2 Interior access to shaftways. Door or window openings to a hoistway or shaftway from the interior of the building shall be plainly marked with the word “SHAFTWAY” in red letters not less than 6 inches (152 mm) high on a white background. Such warning signs shall be placed so as to be readily discernible.
Exception: Marking shall not be required on shaftway openings that are readily discernible as openings onto a shaftway by the construction or arrangement.
CFC § 414.2. High relevance — show source text
For use of control areas, see Section 414.2.
b. The aggregate quantity in use and storage shall not exceed the maximum allowable quantity for storage, including applicable increases.
c._ Reserved.
d.** [SFM]** In other than Group L occupancies,maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 100 percent in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system
in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. Where Note e also applies, the increase for both notes shall be applied accumulatively.
e. Maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 100 percent when stored in approved storage cabinets, day boxes, gas cabinets, gas rooms or exhausted enclosures or in
listed safety cans in accordance with Section 5003.9.10 of the_California Fire Code. Where Note d also applies, the increase for both notes shall be applied accumulatively.
f. Quantities shall not be limited in a building equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.
g. Allowed only in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.
h. Containing not more than the maximum allowable quantity per control area of Class IA, IB or IC flammable liquids.
i. Quantities in parentheses indicate quantity units in parentheses at the head of each column.
j. A maximum quantity of 220 pounds of solid or 22 gallons of liquid Class 3 oxidizers is allowed when such materials are necessary for maintenance purposes, operation or sani-
tation of equipment when the storage containers and the manner of storage are approved.
k. Net weight of the pyrotechnic composition of the fireworks. Where the net weight of the pyrotechnic composition of the fireworks is not known, 25 percent of the gross weight
of the fireworks, including packaging, shall be used.
l. For gallons of liquids, divide the amount in pounds by 10 in accordance with Section 5003.1.2 of the_California Fire Code_.
m.For oxidizers, unstable (reactive) materials, and water-reactive materials stored or displayed in Group M occupancies or stored in Group S occupancies, see Section 414.2.5.1.
n. For flammable and combustible liquid storage in Group M occupancy wholesale and retail sales uses, see Section 414.2.5.2.
o. Where manufactured, generated or used in such a manner that the concentration and conditions create a fire or explosion hazard based on information prepared in accor-
dance with Section 414.1.3.
p._ High Burning Velocity_(High BV) Category 1B flammable gas has a burning velocity greater than 3.9 inches per second (10 cm/s).Low Burning Velocity (Low BV) Category 1B
flammable gas has a burning velocity of 3.9 inches per second (10 cm/s) or less.|For SI: 1 cubic foot = 0.028 m3, 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 gallon = 3.785 L.
NL = Not Limited; NA = Not Applicable; UD = Unclassified Detonable.
a. For use of control areas, see Section 414.2.
b. The aggregate quantity in use and storage shall not exceed the maximum allowable quantity for storage, including applicable increases.
c._ Reserved._
d.CFC § 28-3 High relevance — show source text
2802 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-3
2803 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-3
2804 Fire Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-4
2805 Plywood, Veneer and Composite Board Mills. . . . . 28-4 2806 Log Storage Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-4 2807 Storage of Wood Chips and Hogged Materials Associated with Timber and Lumber
Production Facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-4
2808 Storage and Processing of Wood Chips, Hogged Materials, Fines, Compost, Solid Biomass Feedstock and Raw Product Associated with Yard Waste, Agro-Industrial and Recycling Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-5
2809 Exterior Storage of Finished Lumber and Solid Biofuel Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-5
2810 Outdoor Storage of Pallets at Pallet Manufacturing and Recycling Facilities . . . . . . . . . 28-6
CHAPTER 29 MANUFACTURE OF ORGANIC COATINGS. . 29-3
2901 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-3
2902 Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-3
2903 General Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-3
2904 Electrical Equipment and Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-3
2905 Process Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-4
2906 Process Mills and Kettles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-4
2907 Process Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-4 2908 Raw Materials in Process Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-5
2909 Raw Materials and Finished Products. . . . . . . . . . . . 29-5
CHAPTER 30 INDUSTRIAL OVENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-3
CFC § 4004.4 High relevance — show source text
4004.4 Bulk beverage storage areas. There shall be no storage of combustible materials in the bulk beverage storage areas not related to the beverage storage activities.
SECTION 4005—FIRE PROTECTION
4005.1 Palletized storage of distilled spirits in wooden barrels. The palletized storage of distilled spirits in wooden barrels shall be protected by an approved automatic sprinkler system installed throughout the building in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 as modified in this section. The palletized storage of metal containers of distilled spirits shall be protected by an approved automatic sprinkler system that complies with Chapter 57.
4005.1.1 Storage height. Palletized storage arrays of barrels stored on end shall be limited to a maximum of seven pallets high.
4005.1.2 Flue spaces. Flue spaces with a minimum width of 6 inches (152 mm) shall be maintained between adjacent pallets.
4005.1.3 Loading aisles. Palletized storage that is provided with a defined loading aisle between pallet storage areas shall be arranged using one of the following:
Draft curtains, installed in accordance with Section 4005.1.3.1, shall be provided along the side of palletized storage facing the loading aisle to separate the quick-response sprinklers and standard-response sprinklers.
A trench drain shall be provided on each side of the loading aisle, arranged to capture any spilled distilled spirits in the aisle space and remove them from the building to prevent spills from spreading into the barrel storage area.
Barrels shall be banded on each pallet to prevent barrels from falling off pallets during transportation and loading into the storage racks.
4005.1.3.1 Draft curtains. Where installed in accordance with Section 4005.1.3, Item 1, draft curtains shall be designed and constructed in accordance with Sections 4005.1.3.1.1 through 4005.1.3.1.3.
4005.1.3.1.1 Construction. Draft curtains shall be constructed of sheet metal, lath and plaster, gypsum board or other approved noncombustible materials that provide equivalent performance to resist the passage of smoke. Joints and connections shall be designed to resist the passage of smoke.
4005.1.3.1.2 Location. Draft curtains shall be located along loading aisles serving storage areas.
4005.1.3.1.3 Depth. Draft curtains shall extend vertically downward from the ceiling for a minimum distance of 20 percent of the ceiling height measured from the floor, with a minimum depth of 6 feet (1829 mm).
4005.1.4 Automatic sprinkler system design. Storage heights and automatic sprinkler densities for palletized on-end barrels shall be in accordance with Table 4005.1.4 and Sections 4005.1.4.1 through 4005.1.4.6.
|TABLE 4005.1.
Frequently asked questions
Can I store pallet piles under my warehouse eaves?
Only if the eave/overhang is protected by automatic sprinklers installed under that projection. Otherwise storing pallets under eaves is prohibited. See § 315.4.1 and § 315.7.1.
How high can outdoor pallet piles be?
Outdoor pallet piles cannot exceed 20 feet in height (§ 315.7.3).
Are plastic pallets treated the same as wood?
No. Plastic pallets require larger separation distances (see Tables 315.7.6(2) and 315.7.6(4) in § 315.7.6) and must be listed to UL 2335 or FM 4996 if used outdoors (§ 315.7.5).
Do pallet manufacturing yards follow the same 10‑ft lot line rule?
No. Pallet manufacturing/recycling sites are governed by § 2810, which uses 0.75 × stack height or 8 ft (whichever is greater) for clearance to property line and has additional site‑plan and fire‑prevention plan requirements.
Do I need a permit to store pallets outdoors?
Yes — a permit for miscellaneous combustible storage is required per § 315.2.
More in California Fire Code
- Administration and Definitions
- General Requirements and Emergency Planning
- Fire Service Features and Fire Department Access
- Referenced Standards and Adoptable Appendices (Chapter 80; Appendices A–Q)
- Fire and Smoke Protection Features (fire‑resistance, barriers)
- Interior Finish, Decorative Materials and Furnishings
- Fire Protection and Life‑Safety Systems (sprinklers, alarms, smoke control)
- Means of Egress (exit design and maintenance)
- Construction Requirements for Existing Buildings (retrofit rules)
- Energy Systems and Stationary Energy Storage (ESS)
- Special Occupancies and Operations (chapters 20–41, 48–49)
- Hazardous Materials — Storage, Use and Handling (Chapters 50–67)
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