CFC · California Fire Code

How must automatic sprinkler systems be designed and installed (NFPA 13, exemptions)?

If your building requires sprinklers, the California Fire Code directs you to install them per NFPA 13 (as amended). A few limited rooms can be left unsprinklered — but only when they have the required automatic detection and construction separations or when the AHJ agrees; battery rooms require a laboratory test‑based sprinkler design.

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Last reviewed: July 6, 2026

What the code requires — 2–4 sentences

Automatic sprinkler systems must be designed and installed to the NFPA 13 standard (as amended by California) whenever this Code requires sprinklers throughout a building or portion thereof — § 903.3.1.1 . The general rule that governs which standard applies is § 903.3.1: systems shall follow § 903.3.1.1 unless another subsection (e.g., § 903.3.1.2 or § 903.3.1.3) specifically permits an alternate standard or approach .

The essential rule: design and install per NFPA 13 (as amended for California), except for the specific, limited exemptions and special-design requirements listed in the Code. — § 903.3.1.1

Requirements in detail

Governing standard and scope

  • Design standard: Automatic sprinkler installations required “throughout” a building or required portion must be installed in accordance with NFPA 13 as amended — § 903.3.1.1 .
  • Where this applies: The statement in § 903.3.1 makes § 903.3.1.1 the default standard unless other subsections allow a different standard or method (for example NFPA 13D for one- and two-family dwellings in § 903.3.1.3) — § 903.3.1 .

Exemptions — rooms/areas that may omit sprinklers

The Code allows omission of sprinklers in some specific rooms or areas, but only when the listed conditions are satisfied — see § 903.3.1.1.1 . Key points:

  • An area may be sprinkler‑free only if it is protected by an approved automatic fire detection system that will respond to visible or invisible combustion particles (i.e., detection must meet the Code’s requirements) — § 903.3.1.1.1 .
  • The Code explicitly forbids omitting sprinklers simply because the room is damp, of fire‑resistance‑rated construction, or contains electrical equipment — those alone do not justify omission — § 903.3.1.1.1 .
  • Specific exempt locations listed in § 903.3.1.1.1 include:
    1. A room or space where sprinklers would constitute a serious life or fire hazard, as determined by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) — § 903.3.1.1.1(1) .
    2. Machine rooms, machinery spaces, control rooms, control spaces and hoistways associated with fire service access elevators per Section 3007 — § 903.3.1.1.1(2) .
    3. The same class of spaces (machine rooms, etc.) associated with occupant evacuation elevators per CBC Section 3008 — § 903.3.1.1.1(3) .
    4. Spaces in telecommunications buildings used exclusively for telecom equipment and associated electrical power distribution equipment, provided they are equipped throughout with an automatic smoke detection system per § 907.2 and are separated from the rest of the building by not less than a 1‑hour fire barrier (CBC § 707) or not less than a 2‑hour horizontal assembly (CBC § 712), or both — § 903.3.1.1.1(4) .

Special design requirement for lithium batteries

  • Where sprinklers are required for areas that contain lithium‑ion or lithium metal batteries, the sprinkler system design must be based on a series of fire tests that address the variables of the intended battery arrangement. These tests must be conducted or witnessed and reported by an approved testing laboratory — § 903.3.1.1.3 .
  • In short: standard prescriptive NFPA 13 layouts may be insufficient for battery hazards without a test‑based design validated by an approved lab — § 903.3.1.1.3 .

Quick reference table (decision‑relevant)

Decision dimension Value / Threshold Code Reference
Governing design standard (default) NFPA 13 (as amended for California) § 903.3.1.1
Default applicability rule Follow § 903.3.1.1 unless § 903.3.1.2/1.3 permit otherwise § 903.3.1
Detection‑only exemption allowed? Yes, only when an approved automatic fire detection system per § 907.2 is installed and responsive § 903.3.1.1.1
AHJ‑determined life/fire hazard exemption AHJ may exempt where sprinklers would be a serious life or fire hazard § 903.3.1.1.1(1)
Telecom equipment rooms Exempt if equipped throughout with automatic smoke detection and separated by ≥1‑hour fire barrier or ≥2‑hour horizontal assembly § 903.3.1.1.1(4)
Lithium‑ion / lithium‑metal battery areas Design must be based on series of fire tests conducted/witnessed/reported by an approved lab § 903.3.1.1.3

Exceptions & special cases

  • Authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) discretion: the AHJ can determine an area where sprinklers would create a worse life/fire hazard and allow omission — document and justify with the AHJ — § 903.3.1.1.1(1) .
  • Elevator machine rooms and hoistways have special elevator‑code cross‑references and are explicitly listed as potential sprinkler‑free spaces when associated with specified elevator types — § 903.3.1.1.1(2) & (3) .
  • Telecom rooms: the exemption is conditional — smoke detection throughout plus specified fire‑resistive separation from the remainder of the building are required; otherwise sprinklers remain required — § 903.3.1.1.1(4) .
  • Lithium battery storage/installation: even when sprinklers are required, the design must often move beyond standard prescriptive density/area curves and rely on laboratory fire‑testing to prove effectiveness — § 903.3.1.1.3 .

Common mistakes

  • Applying the detection‑only exemption without verifying the detection system meets the Code’s approved automatic fire detection requirement (§ 907.2 is referenced in the exemption) — omission only allowed when detection is installed and compliant — § 903.3.1.1.1 .
  • Assuming “electrical equipment” or “damp conditions” permit omission — the Code explicitly disallows omitting sprinklers on those bases alone — § 903.3.1.1.1 .
  • Using a standard NFPA 13 layout for lithium‑battery areas without test data — the Code requires a test‑based design approach for lithium batteries, not just standard prescriptive designs — § 903.3.1.1.3 .
  • Forgetting to coordinate elevator and telecom special rules with the building official/AHJ and applicable sections of the California Building Code referenced in the exemptions — see the cross‑references in § 903.3.1.1.1 .

Worked example — concrete scenario

Scenario: A new 3‑story office building will be fully sprinklered per Code. On the first floor there is a 150 ft² telecommunications equipment room that contains only telecom racks and associated power distribution.

Step 1 — Apply the default standard: The building sections requiring sprinklers must be designed and installed per NFPA 13 (as amended) — § 903.3.1.1 .

Step 2 — Check exemption conditions for the telecom room: If the telecom room is (a) equipped throughout with an automatic smoke detection system meeting § 907.2, and (b) separated from the rest of the building by not less than a 1‑hour fire barrier (or a 2‑hour horizontal assembly), then sprinklers may be omitted for that room under the exemption — § 903.3.1.1.1(4) .

Step 3 — Practical application: Confirm installed smoke detectors, obtain documentation that the room boundary construction meets a 1‑hour fire barrier (CBC § 707) or 2‑hour horizontal assembly (CBC § 712), and get AHJ concurrence. If all conditions are met and the AHJ accepts, the 150 ft² telecom room can be left unsprinklered per § 903.3.1.1.1(4) . If any condition is missing, provide NFPA 13 sprinkler protection for the room.

Alternate example (batteries): If instead the space contained a rack of lithium‑ion batteries, the sprinkler design could not rely solely on standard NFPA 13 assumptions; § 903.3.1.1.3 requires a test‑based sprinkler design developed and reported by an approved testing laboratory before accepting the design approach .

Related provisions

  • § 903.3.1 — Standards: default routing to § 903.3.1.1 unless other subsections permit alternatives .
  • § 903.3.1.1 — NFPA 13 sprinkler systems: NFPA 13 required for “throughout” protection; exceptions follow in subsections .
  • § 903.3.1.1.1 — Exempt locations: detection‑based exceptions and listed exempt areas (AHJ, machine rooms, telecom, etc.) .
  • § 903.3.1.1.3 — Lithium‑ion / lithium metal battery area design requirements (test‑based) .
  • § 903.3.2 — Quick‑response and residential sprinklers: where quick‑response or residential sprinklers are required (see Code for specific occupancies) .
  • § 903.4 — Sprinkler system supervision and alarms: supervision, monitoring, and waterflow alarm requirements and exceptions .

Code references

Grounded in the retrieved California Fire Code — click a citation to read the verbatim passage:

  • CFC § 1.1 High relevance — show source text

    SECTION R309—AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

    R309.1 Townhouse automatic sprinkler systems. An automatic sprinkler system shall be installed in townhouses.

    Exception: An automatic sprinkler system shall not be required where additions or alterations are made to existing townhouses that do not have an automatic sprinkler system installed.

    R309.1.1 Design and installation. Automatic sprinkler systems for townhouses shall be designed and installed in accordance with Section R309 or NFPA 13D.

    R309.2 One- and two-family dwellings automatic sprinkler systems. An automatic sprinkler system shall be installed in one- and two-family dwellings.

    Exceptions:

    1. An automatic sprinkler system shall not be required for additions or alterations to existing buildings that are not already provided with a sprinkler system. 2. Accessory Dwelling Unit, provided that all of the following are met: 2.1. The unit meets the definition of an Accessory Dwelling Unit as defined in the Government Code Section 65852.2. 2.2. The existing primary residence does not have automatic fire sprinklers. 2.3. The accessory detached dwelling unit does not exceed 1,200 square feet in size. 2.4. The unit is on the same lot as the primary residence.

    R309.2.1 Design and installation. Automatic sprinkler systems shall be designed and installed in accordance with Section R309 or NFPA 13D.

    R309.3 Dwelling unit automatic sprinkler systems.

    R309.3.1 General. The design and installation of automatic sprinkler systems shall be in accordance with NFPA 13D or Section R309.3, which shall be considered to be equivalent to NFPA 13D. Partial automatic sprinkler systems shall be permitted to be installed only in buildings not required to be equipped with an automatic sprinkler system. Section R309.3 shall apply to standalone and multipurpose wet-pipe sprinkler systems that do not include the use of antifreeze. A multipurpose automatic sprinkler system shall provide domestic water to both fire sprinklers and plumbing fixtures. A stand-alone automatic sprinkler system shall be separate and independent from the water distribution system.

    R309.3.1.1 Backflow protection. A backflow preventer shall not be required to separate a sprinkler system from the water distri- bution system, provided that: 1. The system complies with NFPA 13D or Section R309; 2. Piping materials are suitable for potable water in accordance with the California Plumbing Code; and 3. The system does not contain antifreeze or have a fire department connection.

    R309.3.1.2 Required sprinkler locations. Sprinklers shall be installed to protect all areas of a dwelling unit.

  • CFC § 903.3.1 High relevance — show source text

    903.3.1 Standards. Automatic sprinkler systems shall be designed and installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, unless otherwise permitted by Sections 903.3.1.2 and 903.3.1.3 and other chapters of this code, as applicable.

    903.3.1.1 NFPA 13 sprinkler systems. Where the provisions of this code require that a building or portion thereof be equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with this section, sprinklers shall be installed throughout in accordance with NFPA 13 as amended in Chapter 80 except as provided in Sections 903.3.1.1.1 through 903.3.1.1.3.

    903.3.1.1.1 Exempt locations. Automatic sprinklers shall not be required in the following rooms or areas where such rooms or areas are protected with an approved automatic fire detection system in accordance with Section 907.2 that will respond to visible or invisible particles of combustion. Sprinklers shall not be omitted from a room merely because it is damp, of fireresistance-rated construction or contains electrical equipment.

    1. A room or space where sprinklers constitute a serious life or fire hazard as determined by the authority having jurisdiction. 2. Machine rooms, machinery spaces, control rooms, control spaces and hoistways associated with f ire service access elevator s in accordance with Section 3007.

    3. Machine rooms, machinery spaces, control rooms and control spaces and hoistways associated with occupant evacuation elevators designed in accordance with Section 3008 of the California Building Code . 4. Spaces or areas in telecommunications buildings used exclusively for telecommunications equipment, and associ- ated electrical power distribution equipment, provided those spaces or areas are equipped throughout with an automatic smoke detection system in accordance with Section 907.2 and are separated from the remainder of the building by not less than 1-hour fire barriers constructed in accordance with Section 707 of the California Building Code or not less than 2-hour horizontal assemblies constructed in accordance with Section 712 of the California Build- ing Code, or both.

    903.3.1.1.2 Bathrooms. In Group R occupancies, sprinklers shall not be required in bathrooms that do not exceed 55 square feet (5 m [2] ) in area and are located within individual dwelling units or sleeping units, provided that walls and ceilings, including the walls and ceilings behind a shower enclosure or tub, are of noncombustible or limited-combustible materials with a 15-minute thermal barrier rating.

    903.3.1.1.3 Lithium-Ion or lithium metal batteries. Where automatic sprinkler systems are required by this code for areas containing lithium-ion or lithium metal batteries, the design of the system shall be based on a series of fire tests. Such tests shall be conducted or witnessed and reported by an approved testing laboratory involving test scenarios that address the range of variables associated with the intended arrangement of the hazards to be protected.

  • CFC § 903.2.19.1.2 High relevance — show source text

    903.2.19.1.2 Fire-resistive substitution for new campus. A new public school campus shall be entitled to include in the design and construction documents all of the applicable fire-resistive construction substitutions as permitted by this code.

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    903.2.20 Public school campuses. An automatic fire sprinkler system is not required to be provided in the following locations on Kindergarten through 12th grade. 1. A relocatable building that is sited with the intent that it be at the site for less than three years and is sited upon a temporary foundation in a manner that is designed to permit easy removal. Also see CCR, Title 24, Part 1, California Administrative Code, Section 4-314 for definition of relocatable building. 2. Detached buildings designed and used for non-instructional purposes that meet the applicable requirements for that occu- pancy. Buildings would include, but not be limited to:

    Concession Stand

    Press Box

    Restroom Facilities

    Shade Structure

    Snack Bar Storage Building Ticket Booth

    903.2.21 Required exterior entrance covers. An automatic sprinkler system shall be provided throughout covered exterior entrances required by California Building Code Section 11B-206.4.10 or Section 1224.33.2.1.

    903.3 Installation requirements. Automatic sprinkler systems shall be designed and installed in accordance with Sections 903.3.1 through 903.3.8.

    903.3.1 Standards. Automatic sprinkler systems shall be designed and installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, unless otherwise permitted by Sections 903.3.1.2 and 903.3.1.3 and other chapters of this code, as applicable.

    903.3.1.1 NFPA 13 sprinkler systems. Where the provisions of this code require that a building or portion thereof be equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with this section, sprinklers shall be installed throughout in accordance with NFPA 13 as amended in Chapter 80 except as provided in Sections 903.3.1.1.1 through 903.3.1.1.3.

    903.3.1.1.1 Exempt locations. Automatic sprinklers shall not be required in the following rooms or areas where such rooms or areas are protected with an approved automatic fire detection system in accordance with Section 907.2 that will respond to visible or invisible particles of combustion. Sprinklers shall not be omitted from a room merely because it is damp, of fireresistance-rated construction or contains electrical equipment.

    1. A room or space where sprinklers constitute a serious life or fire hazard as determined by the authority having jurisdiction. 2. Machine rooms, machinery spaces, control rooms, control spaces and hoistways associated with f ire service access elevator s in accordance with Section 3007.

    3. Machine rooms, machinery spaces, control rooms and control spaces and hoistways associated with occupant evacuation elevators designed in accordance with Section 3008 of the California Building Code .

  • CFC § 903.2.20 High relevance — show source text

    903.2.20 Public school campuses. An automatic fire sprinkler system is not required to be provided in the following locations on Kindergarten through 12th grade. 1. A relocatable building that is sited with the intent that it be at the site for less than three years and is sited upon a temporary foundation in a manner that is designed to permit easy removal. Also see CCR, Title 24, Part 1, California Administrative Code, Section 4-314 for definition of relocatable building. 2. Detached buildings designed and used for non-instructional purposes that meet the applicable requirements for that occu- pancy. Buildings would include but not be limited to:

    Concession Stand

    Press Box

    Restroom Facilities

    Shade Structure

    Snack Bar Storage Building Ticket Booth

    903.2.21 Required exterior entrance covers. An automatic sprinkler system shall be provided throughout covered exterior entrances required by California Building Code Section 11B-206.4.10 or Section 1224.33.2.1.

    [F] 903.3 Installation requirements. Automatic sprinkler systems shall be designed and installed in accordance with Sections 903.3.1 through 903.3.9 .

    [F] 903.3.1 Standards. Automatic sprinkler systems shall be designed and installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 unless otherwise permitted by Sections 903.3.1.2 and 903.3.1.3 and other chapters of this code, as applicable.

    [F] 903.3.1.1 NFPA 13 sprinkler systems. Where the provisions of this code require that a building or portion thereof be equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with this section, sprinklers shall be installed throughout in accordance with NFPA 13 as amended in Chapter 35 except as provided in Sections 903.3.1.1.1 through 903.3.1.1. 4 .

    [F] 903.3.1.1.1 Exempt locations. Automatic sprinklers shall not be required in the following rooms or areas where such rooms or areas are protected with an approved automatic fire detection system in accordance with Section 907.2 that will respond to visible or invisible particles of combustion. Sprinklers shall not be omitted from a room merely because it is damp, of fire-resistance-rated construction or contains electrical equipment.

    1. A room or space where sprinklers constitute a serious life or fire hazard because of the nature of the contents, as determined by the authority having jurisdiction. 2. Machine rooms, machinery spaces, control rooms, control spaces and hoistways associated with fire service access elevators provided in accordance with Section 3007.

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  • CFC § 903.3.2 High relevance — show source text

    [F] 903.3.2 Quick-response and residential sprinklers. Where automatic sprinkler systems are required by this code, quickresponse or residential automatic sprinklers shall be installed in all of the following areas in accordance with Section 903.3.1 and their listings:

    1. Throughout all spaces within a smoke compartment containing care recipient sleeping units in Group I-2 in accordance with this code.

    2. Reserved.

    3. Throughout all spaces within a smoke compartment containing treatment rooms in ambulatory care facilities.

    4. Dwelling units and sleeping units in Group R occupancies.

    5. Light-hazard occupancies as defined in NFPA 13.

    [F] 903.3.3 Obstructed locations. Automatic sprinklers shall be installed with regard to obstructions that will delay activation or obstruct the water distribution pattern and shall be in accordance with the applicable automatic sprinkler system standard that is being used. Automatic sprinklers shall be installed in or under covered kiosks, displays, booths, concession stands, or equipment that exceeds 4 feet (1219 mm) in width. Not less than a 3-foot (914 mm) clearance shall be maintained between automatic sprinklers and the top of piles of combustible fibers.

    Exception: Kitchen equipment under exhaust hoods protected with a fire-extinguishing system in accordance with Section 904.

    [F] 903.3.4 Actuation. Automatic sprinkler systems shall be automatically actuated unless specifically provided for in this code.

    [F] 903.3.5 Water supplies. Water supplies for automatic sprinkler systems shall comply with this section and the standards referenced in Section 903.3.1. The potable water supply shall be protected against backflow in accordance with the Health and Safety Code Section 13114.7 . For connections to public waterworks systems, the water supply test used for design of fire protection systems shall be adjusted to account for seasonal and daily pressure fluctuations based on information from the water supply authority and as approved by the fire code official.

    [F] 903.3.5.1 Domestic services. Where the domestic service provides the water supply for the automatic sprinkler system, the supply shall be in accordance with this section.

    [F] 903.3.5.2 Residential combination services. A single combination water supply shall be allowed provided that the domestic demand is added to the sprinkler demand as required by NFPA 13R.

    [F] 903.3.6 Hose threads. Fire hose threads and fittings used in connection with automatic sprinkler systems shall be as prescribed by the fire code official.

    [F] 903.3.7 Fire department connections. Fire department connections for automatic sprinkler systems shall be installed in accordance with Section 912.

    [F] 903.3.8 Limited area sprinkler systems. Limited area sprinkler systems shall be in accordance with the standards listed in Section 903.3.1 except as provided in Sections 903.3.8.1 through 903.3.8.5.

    [F] 903.3.8.1 Number of sprinklers. Limited area sprinkler systems shall not exceed six sprinklers in any single fire area.

    [F] 903.3.8.2 Occupancy hazard classification. Only areas classified by NFPA 13 as Light Hazard or Ordinary Hazard Group 1 shall be permitted to be protected by limited area sprinkler systems.

  • CFC § 903.3.2 High relevance — show source text

    903.3.2 Quick-response and residential sprinklers. Where automatic sprinkler systems are required by this code, quickresponse or residential automatic sprinklers shall be installed in all of the following areas in accordance with Section 903.3.1 and their listings:

    1. Throughout all spaces within a smoke compartment containing care recipient sleeping units in Group I-2 in accordance with the California Building Code .

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    1. Reserved.

    2. Throughout all spaces within a smoke compartment containing treatment rooms in ambulatory care facilities.

    3. Dwelling units and sleeping units in Group I-1 and R occupancies.

    4. Light-hazard occupancies as defined in NFPA 13.

    903.3.3 Obstructed locations. Automatic sprinklers shall be installed with regard to obstructions that will delay activation or obstruct the water distribution pattern and shall be in accordance with the applicable automatic sprinkler system standard that is being used. Automatic sprinklers shall be installed in or under covered kiosks, displays, booths, concession stands or equipment that exceeds 4 feet (1219 mm) in width. Not less than a 3-foot (914 mm) clearance shall be maintained between automatic sprinklers and the top of piles of combustible fibers.

    Exception: Kitchen equipment under exhaust hoods protected with a fire-extinguishing system in accordance with Section 904.

    903.3.4 Actuation. Automatic sprinkler systems shall be automatically actuated unless specifically provided for in this code.

    903.3.5 Water supplies. Water supplies for automatic sprinkler systems shall comply with this section and the standards referenced in Section 903.3.1. The potable water supply shall be protected against backflow in accordance with Health and Safety Code 13114.7 . For connections to public waterworks systems, the water supply test used for design of fire protection systems shall be adjusted to account for seasonal and daily pressure fluctuations based on information from the water supply authority and as approved by the fire code official.

    903.3.5.1 Domestic services. Where the domestic service provides the water supply for the automatic sprinkler system, the supply shall be in accordance with this section.

    903.3.5.2 Residential combination services. A single combination water supply shall be allowed provided that the domestic demand is added to the sprinkler demand as required by NFPA 13R.

    903.3.6 Hose threads. Fire hose threads and fittings used in connection with automatic sprinkler systems shall be as prescribed by the fire code official.

    903.3.7 Fire department connections. Fire department connections for automatic sprinkler systems shall be installed in accordance with Section 912.

    903.3.8 Limited area sprinkler systems. Limited area sprinkler systems shall be in accordance with the standards listed in Section 903.3.1 except as provided in Sections 903.3.8.1 through 903.3.8.5.

    903.3.8.1 Number of sprinklers. Limited area sprinkler systems shall not exceed six sprinklers in any single fire area.

    903.3.8.2 Occupancy hazard classification. Only areas classified by NFPA 13 as Light Hazard or Ordinary Hazard Group 1 shall be permitted to be protected by limited area sprinkler systems.

  • CFC § 903.3.1.2.3 High relevance — show source text

    [F] 903.3.1.2.3 Attics. Attic protection shall be provided as follows:

    1. Attics that are used or intended for living purposes or storage shall be protected by an automatic sprinkler system.
    2. Where fuel-fired equipment is installed in an unsprinklered attic, not fewer than one quick-response intermediate temperature sprinkler shall be installed above the equipment.
    3. Where located in a building of Type III, Type IV or Type V construction designed in accordance with Section 510.2 or 510.4, attics not required by Item 1 to have sprinklers shall comply with one of the following if the roof assembly is located more than 55 feet (16 764 mm) above the lowest level of fire department vehicle access needed to meet the provisions in Section 503.

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    3.1. Provide automatic sprinkler system protection. 3.2. Construct the attic using noncombustible materials. 3.3. Construct the attic using fire-retardant-treated wood complying with Section 2303.2.

    3.4. Fill the attic with noncombustible insulation.

    The height of the roof assembly shall be determined by measuring the distance from the lowest required fire vehicle access road surface adjacent to the building to the eave of the highest pitched roof, the intersection of the highest roof to the exterior wall, or the top of the highest parapet, whichever yields the greatest distance. For the purpose of this measurement, required fire vehicle access roads shall include only those roads that are necessary for compliance with Section 503 of the California Fire Code .

    [F] 903.3.1.3 NFPA 13D sprinkler systems. Automatic sprinkler systems installed in one- and two-family dwellings; Group R-3; Group R-4, Condition 1; and townhouses shall be permitted to be installed throughout in accordance with NFPA 13D as amended in Chapter 35 .

    [F] 903.3.2 Quick-response and residential sprinklers. Where automatic sprinkler systems are required by this code, quickresponse or residential automatic sprinklers shall be installed in all of the following areas in accordance with Section 903.3.1 and their listings:

    1. Throughout all spaces within a smoke compartment containing care recipient sleeping units in Group I-2 in accordance with this code.

    2. Reserved.

    3. Throughout all spaces within a smoke compartment containing treatment rooms in ambulatory care facilities.

    4. Dwelling units and sleeping units in Group R occupancies.

    5. Light-hazard occupancies as defined in NFPA 13.

    [F] 903.3.3 Obstructed locations. Automatic sprinklers shall be installed with regard to obstructions that will delay activation or obstruct the water distribution pattern and shall be in accordance with the applicable automatic sprinkler system standard that is being used. Automatic sprinklers shall be installed in or under covered kiosks, displays, booths, concession stands, or equipment that exceeds 4 feet (1219 mm) in width. Not less than a 3-foot (914 mm) clearance shall be maintained between automatic sprinklers and the top of piles of combustible fibers.

    Exception: Kitchen equipment under exhaust hoods protected with a fire-extinguishing system in accordance with Section 904.

    [F] 903.3.4 Actuation. Automatic sprinkler systems shall be automatically actuated unless specifically provided for in this code.

  • CFC § 3.2. High relevance — show source text

    Provide automatic sprinkler system protection. 3.2. Construct the attic using noncombustible materials. 3.3. Construct the attic using fire-retardant-treated wood complying with Section 2303.2 of the California Building Code .

    3.4. Fill the attic with noncombustible insulation.

    The height of the roof assembly shall be determined by measuring the distance from the lowest required fire vehicle access road surface adjacent to the building to the eave of the highest pitched roof, the intersection of the highest roof to the exterior wall, or the top of the highest parapet, whichever yields the greatest distance. For the purpose of this measurement, required fire vehicle access roads shall include only those roads that are necessary for compliance with Section 503. 4. Group R-4, Condition 2 occupancy attics not required by Item 1 to have sprinklers shall comply with one of the following: 4.1. Provide automatic sprinkler system protection. 4.2. Provide a heat detection system throughout the attic that is arranged to activate the building fire alarm system. 4.3. Construct the attic using noncombustible materials. 4.4. Construct the attic using fire-retardant-treated wood complying with Section 2303.2 of the California Building Code .

    4.5. Fill the attic with noncombustible insulation.

    903.3.1.3 NFPA 13D sprinkler systems. Automatic sprinkler systems installed in one- and two-family dwellings; Group R-3; Group R-4, Condition 1; and townhouses shall be permitted to be installed throughout in accordance with NFPA 13D as amended in Chapter 80.

    903.3.2 Quick-response and residential sprinklers. Where automatic sprinkler systems are required by this code, quickresponse or residential automatic sprinklers shall be installed in all of the following areas in accordance with Section 903.3.1 and their listings:

    1. Throughout all spaces within a smoke compartment containing care recipient sleeping units in Group I-2 in accordance with the California Building Code .

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    1. Reserved.

    2. Throughout all spaces within a smoke compartment containing treatment rooms in ambulatory care facilities.

    3. Dwelling units and sleeping units in Group I-1 and R occupancies.

    4. Light-hazard occupancies as defined in NFPA 13.

    903.3.3 Obstructed locations. Automatic sprinklers shall be installed with regard to obstructions that will delay activation or obstruct the water distribution pattern and shall be in accordance with the applicable automatic sprinkler system standard that is being used. Automatic sprinklers shall be installed in or under covered kiosks, displays, booths, concession stands or equipment that exceeds 4 feet (1219 mm) in width. Not less than a 3-foot (914 mm) clearance shall be maintained between automatic sprinklers and the top of piles of combustible fibers.

    Exception: Kitchen equipment under exhaust hoods protected with a fire-extinguishing system in accordance with Section 904.

    903.3.4 Actuation. Automatic sprinkler systems shall be automatically actuated unless specifically provided for in this code.

  • CFC § 903.2.15 High relevance — show source text

    903.2.15 Automatic sprinkler system – existing high-rise buildings. Regardless of any other provisions of these regulations, every existing high-rise building of Type II-B, Type III-B or Type V-B construction shall be provided with an approved automatic sprinkler system conforming to NFPA 13.

    903.2.15.1 Existing R-1 and R-2 high-rise buildings fire-extinguishing systems. Automatic fire-extinguishing systems installed in any existing high-rise structure in which a Group R-1 or a Group R-2 occupancy is located shall have an approved flow indicator electrically interconnected to the required fire alarm system.

    2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE 9-19

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    FIRE PROTECTION AND LIFE SAFETY SYSTEMS

    903.2.16 Group L occupancies. An automatic sprinkler system shall be installed throughout buildings housing Group L occupancies. Sprinkler systems for Group L occupancy shall be designed for the square footage area of the Group L occupancy based on an area of sprinkler operation of 2,500 square feet (232 m [2] ) and design density of 0.20 gpm/sf.

    In mixed occupancies, portions of floors with Group L occupancies, but not classified as Group L, shall be provided with a sprinkler protection system per NFPA 13.

    903.2.16.1 Group L occupancies located on the 11th story and above. The automatic sprinkler system shall be designed and zoned to provide separate indication upon water-flow for each side of the 2-hour fire-smoke barrier on the 11th story and above.

    903.2.17 Fixed guideway and passenger rail transit systems.

    903.2.17.1 Automatic sprinkler system. An automatic sprinkler system shall be installed in all stations of fixed guideway transit systems.

    Exceptions: 1. Guideways when the closest sprinkler heads to the guideway are within 3 feet (914 mm) of the edge, over the platform and spaced 6 feet (1829 mm) on center, parallel to the guideway. 2. Station agent booths not exceeding 150 square feet (13.9 m [2] ) in area, when provided with an approved smoke detec- tor connected to the building fire alarm system.

    3. Power substations.

    4. Machinery rooms, electrical rooms and train control rooms protected by an approved automatic fixed fire-extinguish- ing system.

    5. Open stations. 6. Station platform areas open to three or more sides.

    903.2.17.2 Station guideway deluge system. Underground stations and stations in open cuts with walls 5 feet (1524 mm) above the top of the running rail and with a raised platform shall be provided with an under-vehicle guideway manually activated deluge sprinkler system. In open cut stations, such system shall be provided in guideways which are situated between a raised platform edge and a retaining wall.

    903.2.17.2.1 Systems shall be provided along the entire length of track at each station platform.

  • CFC § 903.4 High relevance — show source text

    [A] 903.4 Sprinkler system supervision and alarms. Automatic sprinkler system supervision and alarms shall comply with Sections 903.4.1 through 903.4.3.

    [F] 903.4.1 Electronic supervision. Valves controlling the water supply for automatic sprinkler systems, pumps, tanks, water levels and temperatures, critical air pressures and waterflow switches on all automatic sprinkler systems shall be electrically supervised by a listed fire alarm control unit.

    Exceptions:

    1. Automatic sprinkler systems protecting one- and two-family dwellings.
    2. Limited area sprinkler systems in accordance with Section 903.3.8, provided that backflow prevention device test valves located in limited area sprinkler system supply piping shall be locked in the open position unless supplying an occupancy required to be equipped with a fire alarm system, in which case the backflow preventer valves shall be electrically supervised by a tamper switch installed in accordance with NFPA 72 and separately annunciated.
    3. Automatic sprinkler systems installed in accordance with NFPA 13R where a common supply main is used to supply both domestic water and the automatic sprinkler system, and a separate shutoff valve for the automatic sprinkler system is not provided.
    4. Jockey pump control valves that are sealed or locked in the open position.
    5. Control valves to commercial kitchen hoods, paint spray booths or dip tanks that are sealed or locked in the open position.
    6. Valves controlling the fuel supply to fire pump engines that are sealed or locked in the open position.
    7. Trim valves to pressure switches in dry, preaction and deluge sprinkler systems that are sealed or locked in the open position.
    8. Underground key or hub gate valves in roadway boxes.

    [F] 903.4.2 Monitoring. Alarm, supervisory and trouble signals shall be distinctly different and shall be automatically transmitted to an approved supervising station or, where approved by the fire code official, shall sound an audible signal at a constantly attended location.

    [F] 903.4.3 Alarms. An approved audible and visual sprinkler waterflow alarm device, located on the exterior of the building in an approved location, shall be connected to each automatic sprinkler system. Such sprinkler waterflow alarm devices shall be activated by water flow equivalent to the flow of a single sprinkler of the smallest orifice size installed in the system. Where a waterflow switch is required by Section 903.4.1 to be electrically supervised, such sprinkler waterflow alarm devices shall be powered by a fire alarm control unit or, where provided, a fire alarm system. Where a fire alarm system is provided, actuation of the automatic sprinkler system shall actuate the building fire alarm system.

    Exception: Automatic sprinkler systems protecting one- and two-family dwellings.

    [F] 903.5 Inspection, testing and maintenance. Automatic sprinkler systems shall be inspected, tested and maintained in accordance with the California Fire Code .

    SECTION 904—ALTERNATIVE AUTOMATIC FIRE-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS

    [F] 904.1 General. Automatic fire-extinguishing systems, other than automatic sprinkler systems, shall be designed, installed, inspected, tested and maintained in accordance with the provisions of this section and the applicable referenced standards.

    [F] 904.2 Where permitted. Automatic fire-extinguishing systems installed as an alternative to the required automatic sprinkler systems of Section 903 shall be approved by the fire code official.

  • CFC § 3.7.5.1 High relevance — show source text

    3.7.5.1|Flammable and combustible liquid storage rooms| |5704.3.8.4|Flammable and combustible liquid storage warehouses| |5705.3.7.3|Flammable and combustible liquid Group H-2 or H-3 areas| |6004.1.2|Gas cabinets for highly toxic and toxic gas| |6004.1.3|Exhausted enclosures for highly toxic and toxic gas| |6004.2.2.6|Gas rooms for highly toxic and toxic gas| |6004.3.3|Outdoor storage for highly toxic and toxic gas| |6504.1.1|Pyroxylin plastic storage cabinets| |6504.1.3|Pyroxylin plastic storage vaults| |6504.2|Pyroxylin plastic storage and manufacturing| |California Building Code Section 440|Horse racing stables| |California Building Code Section 441|Pet kennels| |California Building Code Section 449|Public libraries| |For SI: 1 cubic foot = 0.023 m3.|For SI: 1 cubic foot = 0.023 m3.|

    903.2.12 During construction. Automatic sprinkler systems required during construction, alteration and demolition operations shall be provided in accordance with Section 3307.

    903.2.13 Reserved.

    903.2.14 Motion picture and television production studio sound stages, approved production facilities and production locations.

    903.2.14.1 Existing Sound Stages and Approved Production Facilities. All existing sound stages and approved production facil- ities equipped with an automatic fire sprinkler system shall be maintained in accordance with the provisions in this chapter.

    903.2.14.2 New sound stages. All new sound stages shall be equipped with an approved automatic fire sprinkler system. The system shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of the California Fire Code, Chapter 9, and shall meet the minimum design requirements of an Extra Hazard, Group 2 system.

    903.2.15 Automatic sprinkler system – existing high-rise buildings. Regardless of any other provisions of these regulations, every existing high-rise building of Type II-B, Type III-B or Type V-B construction shall be provided with an approved automatic sprinkler system conforming to NFPA 13.

    903.2.15.1 Existing R-1 and R-2 high-rise buildings fire-extinguishing systems. Automatic fire-extinguishing systems installed in any existing high-rise structure in which a Group R-1 or a Group R-2 occupancy is located shall have an approved flow indicator electrically interconnected to the required fire alarm system.

    2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE 9-19

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    FIRE PROTECTION AND LIFE SAFETY SYSTEMS

    903.2.16 Group L occupancies. An automatic sprinkler system shall be installed throughout buildings housing Group L occupancies. Sprinkler systems for Group L occupancy shall be designed for the square footage area of the Group L occupancy based on an area of sprinkler operation of 2,500 square feet (232 m [2] ) and design density of 0.20 gpm/sf.

    In mixed occupancies, portions of floors with Group L occupancies, but not classified as Group L, shall be provided with a sprinkler protection system per NFPA 13.

  • CFC § 32-13 High relevance — show source text

    The engineering analysis shall consider the ability of the automatic sprinkler system to deliver the higher density required by the higher hazard commodity. The higher density shall be based on the actual storage height of the pile or rack and the minimum allowable design area for sprinkler operation as set forth in the density/area figures provided in NFPA 13. The contiguous area occupied by the higher hazard commodity shall not exceed 120 square feet (11 m [2] ) and additional areas of higher hazard commodity shall be separated from other such areas by 25 feet (7620 mm) or more. The automatic sprinkler system shall be capable of delivering the higher density over a minimum area of 900 square feet (84 m [2] ) for wet pipe systems and 1,200 square feet (111 m [2] ) for dry pipe systems. The shape of the design area shall be in accordance with Section 903.

    2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE 32-13

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    HIGH-PILED COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE

    SECTION 3205—HOUSEKEEPING AND MAINTENANCE

    3205.1 Storage layout plan maintenance. The approved storage layout shall be verified and evaluated annually in accordance with Section 3201.3.2. Modifications or changes to the provisions of the approved storage layout shall not be made without the prior approval of the fire code official.

    3205.2 Rack structures. The structural integrity of racks shall be maintained.

    3205.3 Ignition sources. Clearance from ignition sources shall be provided in accordance with Section 305.

    3205.4 Smoking. Smoking shall be prohibited. Approved “No Smoking” signs shall be conspicuously posted in accordance with Section 310.

    3205.5 Aisle maintenance. When restocking is not being conducted, aisles shall be kept clear of storage, waste material and debris. Fire department access doors, aisles and exit doors shall not be obstructed. During restocking operations using manual stocking methods, a minimum unobstructed aisle width of 24 inches (610 mm) shall be maintained in 48-inch (1219 mm) or smaller aisles, and a minimum unobstructed aisle width of one-half of the required aisle width shall be maintained in aisles greater than 48 inches (1219 mm). During mechanical stocking operations, a minimum unobstructed aisle width of 44 inches (1118 mm) shall be maintained in accordance with Section 3206.10.

    Exception: In high-piled single- and double-row rack storage of combustible materials protected by automatic sprinkler systems designed and installed in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 13 governing the use of K-25.2 (360) sprinklers, displays and wing stacks not exceeding 48 inches (1219 mm) in height provided that they do not obstruct or reduce the clear width of the aisle to less than 48 inches (1219 mm).

    3205.6 Pile dimension and height limitations. Pile dimensions and height limitations shall comply with Section 3207.3.

    3205.7 Designation of storage heights. Where required by the fire code official, a visual method of indicating the maximum allowable storage height shall be provided.

    3205.8 Arrays. Arrays shall comply with Section 3207.4.

    3205.9 Flue spaces. Flue spaces shall comply with Section 3208.3.

    SECTION 3206—GENERAL FIRE PROTECTION AND LIFE SAFETY FEATURES

Frequently asked questions

When does NFPA 13 apply?

When the Code requires a building or portion thereof to be equipped “throughout” with sprinklers, the install must follow NFPA 13 (as amended for California) — § 903.3.1.1 .

Can a small telecom closet skip sprinklers?

Yes, but only if the space has automatic smoke detection throughout per § 907.2 and is separated from the rest of the building by ≥1‑hour fire barrier or ≥2‑hour horizontal assembly — § 903.3.1.1.1(4) .

Are lithium‑battery rooms designed like normal sprinklered spaces?

No. If sprinklers are required for lithium‑ion or lithium‑metal battery areas, the sprinkler design must be based on a series of fire tests reported by an approved testing laboratory — § 903.3.1.1.3 .

Who can determine that sprinklers are a hazard and allow omission?

The authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) may determine that sprinklers would constitute a serious life or fire hazard and permit omission for that room, per § 903.3.1.1.1(1) .

Is “damp” or “electrical equipment” sufficient reason to omit sprinklers?

No—sprinklers shall not be omitted merely because a room is damp, of fire‑resistance‑rated construction, or contains electrical equipment — § 903.3.1.1.1 .

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