CFC · California Fire Code
How must through‑penetrations be protected in fire‑resistance‑rated construction?
If a pipe, conduit, cable or other item passes through a rated wall or floor it must be sealed with a listed firestop system tested per ASTM E814/UL 1479 and provide an F rating (and a T rating for most floors) at least equal to the assembly rating; follow the listing and keep the firestop maintained.
Last reviewed: July 6, 2026
What the code requires — 2–4 sentences
Through‑penetrations in fire‑resistance‑rated walls and horizontal assemblies must be protected with listed penetration firestop systems installed exactly as tested and listed, and those systems must provide an F‑rating (and where applicable a T‑rating) not less than the fire‑resistance rating of the assembly being penetrated. The firestop systems must be tested in accordance with ASTM E814 or UL 1479 under a minimum positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch of water. See § 703 and § 714 for maintenance, installation and testing requirements.
The single most important rule: protect every through‑penetration in a rated wall or floor with a listed, tested penetration firestop system whose F (and when required, T) ratings are at least equal to the assembly rating, and install it exactly per the listing and manufacturer instructions.
Requirements in detail
Key defined terms (first use is bold)
- Through‑penetration — an item (pipe, conduit, cable bundle, duct, etc.) that passes completely through a fire‑resistance‑rated assembly (wall or floor). § 714.1.
- Membrane penetration — an opening that interrupts only the membrane (face) of an assembly (examples: electrical boxes recessed into a gypsum membrane). § 714.1 / § 714.4.2.
- Annular space — the gap between the penetrating item and the edge of the opening (must be filled/protected as required). See exceptions for limits. § 714.3 / § 714.4 Exception.
- F rating — fire‑resistance performance of a through‑penetration firestop system (must be ≥ rating of assembly). § 714.4.1.2 / § 714.5.1.2.
- T rating — for floor penetrations, resistance to passage of hot gases/temperature rise through the opening; required for many floor systems. § 714.5.1.2.
- L rating — leakage rating used for smoke barriers (limits air leakage at a specified test pressure). § 714.5.4.
What systems are acceptable
- Use an approved penetration firestop system that is listed and installed as tested. Testing standards required: ASTM E814 or UL 1479 (time/temperature and leakage as applicable). § 714.2 / § 714.4.1.2 / § 714.5.1.2.
- The system's F rating must be not less than the required fire‑resistance rating of the wall or floor penetrated. § 714.4.1.2 / § 714.5.1.2.
- For floor penetrations the system must provide an appropriate T rating (typically not less than 1 hour, and not less than the required rating of the floor) unless an enumerated exception applies. § 714.5.1.2.
Installation and maintenance
- Install firestop systems per the manufacturer’s installation instructions and the listing criteria. § 714.2.
- Maintain materials and systems so that they remain securely attached and with no openings visible through or into the cavity. Damaged protective materials must be restored or replaced to meet the original requirements. § 703.1 / § 703.2.
Decision‑relevant numeric thresholds (quick reference table)
| Decision item | Value / limit | Code Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum positive pressure for tested systems | 0.01 inch of water (≈2.49 Pa) | § 714.4.1.2 |
| F‑rating required | Not less than the assembly rating (wall or floor) | § 714.4.1.2; § 714.5.1.2 |
| T‑rating for floor penetrations | Not less than 1 hour and not less than required floor rating (unless exception) | § 714.5.1.2 |
| Steel/ferrous/copper pipe/grout exception — max pipe diameter | 6‑inch nominal | § 714.4 Exception / § 714.5 Exceptions |
| Max opening area for grout/concrete exception | 144 sq in | § 714.4 Exception / § 714.5 Exceptions |
| Aggregate membrane opening allowance (electrical boxes) | 100 sq in per 100 sq ft wall/ceiling area | § 714.4.2 Exceptions / § 714.5.2 Exceptions |
| Max annular space for listed electrical box exceptions | 1/8 inch (≈3.2 mm) unless listing says otherwise | § 714.4.2 Exceptions / § 714.5.2 Exceptions |
| Smoke‑barrier L rating (leakage) | ≤ 5.0 cfm/sq ft at 0.30 in water OR ≤ 50 cfm per 100 sq ft cumulative | § 714.5.4 |
| Inspection/maintenance requirement | Systems must be maintained — securely attached, no visible openings; repair to meet original code requirements | § 703.1 / § 703.2 |
Sleeves, insulation and coverings
- Where sleeves are used they must be securely fastened and the spaces (inside between penetrant and sleeve, and outside between sleeve and assembly) must be protected as required. § 714.3.
- Insulation or coverings on a penetrating item are not permitted to penetrate the assembly unless those materials were specifically tested as part of the listed firestop system. § 714.3 / § 1404.5 (Plumbing).
Exceptions & special cases
- Concrete/masonry walls or floors: steel/ferrous/copper pipes up to 6‑inch nominal diameter may have annular space filled with concrete, grout, or mortar installed full thickness to restore rating, provided opening area ≤ 144 sq in. § 714.4 Exception / § 714.5 Exceptions.
- Electrical boxes in membrane of ≤ 2‑hour walls: small steel boxes ≤ 16 sq in allowed under aggregate limits and 1/8‑inch annular space limit; larger or listed boxes have additional listing/putty pad options. § 714.4.2 Exceptions / § 714.5.2 Exceptions.
- Membrane penetrations of smoke barriers: additional L‑rating leakage criteria apply (leakage measured at 0.30 inch of water). § 714.5.4.
- Floor penetrations sometimes exempt from T rating (examples listed in § 714.5.1.2 exceptions — e.g., penetrations contained in wall cavities, certain drains, small conduit to switchgear, limited diameter metal conduits in concrete floors). § 714.5 Exceptions.
Common mistakes
- Installing a firestop that is NOT a listed system or not installed exactly per its listing/manufacturer instructions — the code requires listed systems and installation as tested. § 714.2.
- Selecting a firestop with an F or T rating lower than the assembly’s rating (e.g., using a 1‑hour F rated system on a 2‑hour wall). § 714.4.1.2 / § 714.5.1.2.
- Ignoring the 0.01 inch water pressure condition required for the test; the listing must be based on tests at that pressure. § 714.4.1.2.
- Overlooking aggregate limits for membrane openings (100 sq in per 100 sq ft) or the 1/8‑inch annular space requirement for listed box exceptions. § 714.4.2 / § 714.5.2.
- Repairing damaged penetrations with non‑equivalent materials — repairs must meet or exceed the code applicable when the assembly was constructed or as required to restore rating. § 703.2.
Worked example — concrete scenario with numbers
Scenario: A 2‑hour concrete fire wall is penetrated by a 4‑inch nominal PVC waste pipe. The wall is a rated vertical barrier (not a floor). How to comply:
- Determine required rating: the wall is 2 hours, so the penetration firestop must provide an F rating ≥ 2 hours. § 714.4.1.2.
- Verify whether grout/concrete exception applies: the grout/concrete exception for metallic pipes permits concrete/grout where penetrating item is steel/ferrous/copper and max 6‑inch nominal diameter with opening ≤ 144 sq in. Because the penetrating pipe is PVC (nonmetallic), the grout exception does not apply. § 714.4 Exception.
- Select a listed through‑penetration firestop system that includes the specific penetrating item (PVC pipe) in its tested configuration and provides F = 2 hours. The listing must show the system tested per ASTM E814/UL 1479 at 0.01 in. H2O. § 714.4.1.2 / § 714.2.
- Install exactly per the listing (fill the annular space with the specified product and thickness; install required collars, wrap strips, etc.). § 714.2 / § 714.3.
- Inspect and record — ensure there are no visible openings into the wall cavity and maintain the system during the life of the building. § 703.1.
Result: Compliance is achieved only when the installed system is listed for a 2‑hour wall with PVC pipe in its tested configuration and is installed per instructions.
Related provisions (select)
- § 703.1 — Maintaining protection; materials and firestop systems must be maintained and securely attached.
- § 703.2 — Repair of penetrations; damaged protection must be restored or replaced.
- § 714.1 – 714.3 — Scope, installation, and sleeve rules for penetrations.
- § 714.4 — Through‑penetrations in fire‑resistance‑rated walls (including exceptions for metallic pipes and electrical boxes).
- § 714.5 — Through‑penetrations in horizontal assemblies (F/T rating requirements and floor exceptions).
- § 714.5.4 — Smoke‑barrier leakage (L rating) limits and testing.
- § 714.6 — Penetrations of nonfire‑resistance‑rated assemblies (limited conditions).
Code references
Grounded in the retrieved California Fire Code — click a citation to read the verbatim passage:
CFC § 7-23 High relevance — show source text
- The material used to fill the annular space shall prevent the passage of flame and hot gases sufficient to ignite cotton waste when subjected to ASTM E119 or UL 263 time-temperature fire conditions under a minimum positive pressure
2025 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE 7-23
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FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES
differential of 0.01 inch of water (2.49 Pa) at the location of the penetration for the time period equivalent to the fireresistance rating of the construction penetrated.
714.4.1.1 Fire-resistance-rated assemblies. Through penetrations shall be protected using systems installed as tested in the approved fire-resistance-rated assembly.
714.4.1.2 Through-penetration firestop system. Through penetrations shall be protected by an approved penetration firestop system installed as tested in accordance with ASTM E814 or UL 1479, with a minimum positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch of water (2.49 Pa) and shall have an F rating of not less than the required fire-resistance rating of the wall penetrated.
714.4.2 Membrane penetrations. Membrane penetrations shall comply with Section 714.4.1. Where walls or partitions are required to have a fire-resistance rating, recessed fixtures shall be installed such that the required fire resistance will not be reduced.
Exceptions:
- Membrane penetrations of maximum 2-hour fire-resistance-rated walls and partitions by steel electrical boxes that do not exceed 16 square inches (0.0 103 m [2] ) in area, provided that the aggregate area of the openings through the membrane does not exceed 100 square inches (0.0645 m [2] ) in any 100 square feet (9.29 m [2] ) of wall area. The annular space between the wall membrane and the box shall not exceed [1] / 8 inch (3.2 mm). Such boxes on opposite sides of the wall or partition shall be separated by one of the following: 1.1. By a horizontal distance of not less than 24 inches (610 mm) where the wall or partition is constructed with individual noncommunicating stud cavities. 1.2. By a horizontal distance of not less than the depth of the wall cavity where the wall cavity is filled with cellulose loose-fill, rockwool or slag mineral wool insulation. 1.3. By solid fireblocking in accordance with Section 718.2.1. 1.4. By protecting both outlet boxes with listed putty pads. 1.5. By other listed materials and methods.
- Membrane penetrations by listed electrical boxes of any material, provided that such boxes have been tested for use in fire-resistance-rated assemblies and are installed in accordance with the instructions included in the listing. The annular space between the wall membrane and the box shall not exceed [1] / 8 inch (3.2 mm) unless listed otherwise. Such boxes on opposite sides of the wall or partition shall be separated by one of the following: 2.1. By the horizontal distance specified in the listing of the electrical boxes. 2.2. By solid fireblocking in accordance with Section 718.2.1. 2.3. By protecting both boxes with listed putty pads. 2.4. By other listed materials and methods.
CFC § 714.3 High relevance — show source text
714.3 Sleeves. Where sleeves are used, they shall be securely fastened to the assembly penetrated and installed in accordance with the sleeve manufacturer’s installation instructions. Where listed systems are used, the sleeve shall be installed in accordance with the listing criteria for the system. The space between the item contained in the sleeve and the sleeve itself and any space between the sleeve and the assembly penetrated shall be protected in accordance with this section. Insulation and coverings on or in the penetrating item shall not penetrate the assembly unless the specific material used has been tested as part of the assembly in accordance with this section.
714.4 Fire-resistance-rated walls. Penetrations into or through fire walls, fire barriers, smoke barrier walls and fire partitions shall comply with Sections 714.4.1 through 714.4.3. Penetrations in smoke barrier walls shall also comply with Section 714.5.4.
714.4.1 Through penetrations. Through penetrations of fire-resistance-rated walls shall comply with Section 714.4.1.1 or 714.4.1.2.
Exception: Where the penetrating items are steel, ferrous or copper pipes, tubes or conduits, the annular space between the penetrating item and the fire-resistance-rated wall is permitted to be protected by either of the following measures:
- In concrete or masonry walls where the penetrating item is a maximum 6-inch (152 mm) nominal diameter and the area of the opening through the wall does not exceed 144 square inches (0.0929 m [2] ), concrete, grout or mortar is permitted where installed the full thickness of the wall or the thickness required to maintain the fire-resistance rating.
- The material used to fill the annular space shall prevent the passage of flame and hot gases sufficient to ignite cotton waste when subjected to ASTM E119 or UL 263 time-temperature fire conditions under a minimum positive pressure
2025 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE 7-23
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FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES
differential of 0.01 inch of water (2.49 Pa) at the location of the penetration for the time period equivalent to the fireresistance rating of the construction penetrated.
714.4.1.1 Fire-resistance-rated assemblies. Through penetrations shall be protected using systems installed as tested in the approved fire-resistance-rated assembly.
714.4.1.2 Through-penetration firestop system. Through penetrations shall be protected by an approved penetration firestop system installed as tested in accordance with ASTM E814 or UL 1479, with a minimum positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch of water (2.49 Pa) and shall have an F rating of not less than the required fire-resistance rating of the wall penetrated.
714.4.2 Membrane penetrations. Membrane penetrations shall comply with Section 714.4.1. Where walls or partitions are required to have a fire-resistance rating, recessed fixtures shall be installed such that the required fire resistance will not be reduced.
Exceptions: 1.
CFC § 701.6.1 High relevance — show source text
701.6.1 Recordkeeping. Records of all required system inspections, testing, repairs and maintenance shall be maintained in accordance with Section 110.3.
701.7 Unsafe conditions. Where any components in this chapter are not maintained and do not function as intended or do not have the fire resistance or the resistance to the passage of smoke required by the code under which the building was constructed, remodeled or altered, such component(s) or portion thereof shall be deemed an unsafe condition, in accordance with Section 115.1.1. Components or portions thereof determined to be unsafe shall be repaired or replaced to conform to that code under which the building was constructed, remodeled or altered or this chapter, as deemed appropriate by the fire code official.
Where the condition of components is such that any building, structure or portion thereof presents an imminent danger to the occupants of the building, structure or portion thereof, the fire code official shall act in accordance with Section 115.2.
SECTION 702—DEFINITIONS
702.1 Definitions. The following terms are defined in Chapter 2:
DRAFTSTOP.
FIREBLOCKING.
MEMBRANE-PENETRATION FIRESTOP SYSTEM.
OPENING PROTECTIVE.
SMOKE BARRIER.
SMOKE PARTITION.
THROUGH-PENETRATION FIRESTOP SYSTEM.
2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE 7-3
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FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES
SECTION 703—PENETRATIONS
703.1 Maintaining protection. Materials and firestop systems used to protect membrane and through penetrations in fire-resistance-rated construction and construction installed to resist the passage of smoke shall be maintained. The materials and firestop systems shall be securely attached to or bonded to the construction being penetrated with no openings visible through or into the cavity of the construction. Where the system design number is known, the system shall be inspected to the listing criteria and manufacturer’s installation instructions.
703.2 Repair of penetrations. Where damaged, materials used to protect membrane- and through-penetrations shall be replaced or restored with materials or systems that meet or exceed the code requirements applicable at the time when the assembly was constructed, remodeled or altered.
SECTION 704—JOINTS AND VOIDS
704.1 Maintaining protection. Where required when the building was originally constructed, materials and systems used to protect joints and voids in the following locations shall be maintained. The materials and systems shall be securely attached to or bonded to the adjacent construction, without openings visible through the construction.
Joints in or between fire-resistance-rated walls, floors or floor/ceiling assemblies and roof or roof/ceiling assemblies.
Joints in smoke barriers.
Voids at the intersection of a horizontal floor assembly and an exterior curtain wall.
Voids at the intersection of a horizontal smoke barrier and an exterior curtain wall.
Voids at the intersection of a nonfire-resistance-rated floor assembly and an exterior curtain wall.
Voids at the intersection of a vertical fire barrier and an exterior curtain wall.
Voids at the intersection of a vertical fire barrier and a nonfire-resistance-rated roof assembly.
Unprotected joints and voids do not need to be protected where such joints and voids were not required to be protected when the building was originally constructed. Where the system design number is known, the system shall be inspected to the listing criteria and manufacturer’s installation instructions.
CFC § 3.6.3 High relevance — show source text
R302.3.6.3 Other penetrations. Penetrations through the walls, ceiling and floor-level separation required in Section R302.3.6 shall be protected as required by Section R302.11, Item 4.
R302.4 Dwelling unit rated penetrations. Penetrations of wall or floor-ceiling assemblies required to be fire-resistance rated in accordance with Section R302.2 or R302.3 shall be protected in accordance with this section.
R302.4.1 Through penetrations. Through penetrations of fire-resistance-rated wall or floor assemblies shall comply with Section R302.4.1.1 or R302.4.1.2.
Exceptions:
- Where the penetrating items are steel, ferrous or copper pipes, tubes or conduits, the annular space shall be protected as follows: 1.1. In concrete or masonry wall or floor assemblies, concrete, grout or mortar shall be permitted where installed to the full thickness of the wall or floor assembly or the thickness required to maintain the fire-resistance rating, provided that both of the following are complied with: 1.1.1. The nominal diameter of the penetrating item is not more than 6 inches (152 mm). 1.1.2. The area of the opening through the wall does not exceed 144 square inches (92 900 mm [2] ).
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BUILDING PLANNING
1.2. The material used to fill the annular space shall prevent the passage of flame and hot gases sufficient to ignite cotton waste where subjected to ASTM E119 or UL 263 time temperature fire conditions under a positive pressure differential of not less than 0.01 inch of water (3 Pa) at the location of the penetration for the time period equivalent to the fire-resistance rating of the construction penetrated. 2. The annular space created by the penetration of water-filled fire sprinkler piping, provided that the annular space is filled using a material complying with Item 1.2 of Exception 1.
R302.4.1.1 Fire-resistance-rated assembly. Penetrations shall be installed as tested in the approved fire-resistance-rated assembly.
R302.4.1.2 Penetration firestop system. Penetrations shall be protected by an approved penetration firestop system installed as tested in accordance with ASTM E814 or UL 1479, with a positive pressure differential of not less than 0.01 inch of water (3 Pa) and shall have an F rating of not less than the required fire-resistance rating of the wall or floor-ceiling assembly penetrated.
R302.4.2 Membrane penetrations. Membrane penetrations shall comply with Section R302.4.1. Where walls are required to have a fire-resistance rating, recessed fixtures shall be installed so that the required fire-resistance rating will not be reduced.
Exceptions:
- Membrane penetrations of not more than 2-hour fire-resistance-rated walls and partitions by steel electrical boxes that do not exceed 16 square inches (0.0103 m [2] ) in area provided that the aggregate area of the openings through the membrane does not exceed 100 square inches (0.0645 m [2] ) in any 100 square feet (9.29 m [2] ) of wall area. The annular space between the wall membrane and the box shall not exceed [1] / 8 inch (3.1 mm).
CFC § 406.5 High relevance — show source text
- Penetrations by listed electrical boxes of any material, provided that such boxes have been tested for use in fire-resistance-rated assemblies and installed in accordance with the instructions included in the listing.
- Penetrations of concrete floors or ramps within parking garages or structures constructed in accordance with Sections 406.5 and 406.6 where the areas above and below the penetrations are parking areas.
714.5.1.1 Fire-resistance-rated assemblies. Through penetrations shall be protected using systems installed as tested in the approved fire-resistance-rated assembly.
714.5.1.2 Through-penetration firestop system. Through penetrations shall be protected by an approved through-penetration firestop system installed and tested in accordance with ASTM E814 or UL 1479, with a minimum positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch of water (2.49 Pa). The system shall have an F rating/T rating of not less than 1 hour but not less than the required rating of the floor penetrated.
Exceptions:
- Floor penetrations contained and located within the cavity of a wall above the floor or below the floor do not require a T rating.
- Floor penetrations by floor drains, tub drains or shower drains contained and located within the concealed space of a horizontal assembly do not require a T rating.
- Floor penetrations of maximum 4-inch (102 mm) nominal diameter metal conduit or tubing penetrating directly into metal-enclosed electrical power switchgear do not require a T rating.
- Penetrations in a single concrete floor by steel, ferrous or copper conduits, pipes, tubes or vents with a maximum 6-inch (152 mm) nominal diameter do not require a T rating. These penetrating items shall not be limited to the penetration of a single concrete floor, provided that the area of the opening through each floor does not exceed 144 square inches (92,900 mm [2] ).
714.5.2 Membrane penetrations. Penetrations of membranes that are part of a horizontal assembly shall comply with Section 714.5.1.1 or 714.5.1.2. Where floor/ceiling assemblies are required to have a fire-resistance rating, recessed fixtures shall be installed such that the required fire resistance will not be reduced.
Exceptions:
- Membrane penetrations by steel, ferrous or copper conduits, pipes, tubes or vents, or concrete or masonry items where the annular space is protected either in accordance with Section 714.5.1 or to prevent the free passage of flame and the products of combustion. The aggregate area of the openings through the membrane shall not exceed 100 square inches (64 500 mm [2] ) in any 100 square feet (9.3 m [2] ) of ceiling area in assemblies tested without penetrations.
- Ceiling membrane penetrations of maximum 2-hour horizontal assemblies by steel electrical boxes that do not exceed 16 square inches (10 323 mm [2] ) in area, provided that the aggregate area of such penetrations does not exceed 100 square inches (44 500 mm [2] ) in any 100 square feet (9.29 m [2] ) of ceiling area, and the annular space between the ceiling membrane and the box does not exceed [1] / 8 inch (3.2 mm).
- Membrane penetrations by electrical boxes of any size or type, that have been listed as part of an opening protective material system for use in horizontal assemblies and are installed in accordance with the instructions included in the listing.
CFC § 714.5.1 High relevance — show source text
714.5.1 Through penetrations. Through penetrations of horizontal assemblies shall comply with Section 714.5.1.1 or 714.5.1.2.
Exceptions:
- Penetrations by steel, ferrous or copper conduits, pipes, tubes or vents or concrete or masonry items through a single fire-resistance-rated floor assembly where the annular space is protected with materials that prevent the passage of flame and hot gases sufficient to ignite cotton waste when subjected to ASTM E119 or UL 263 time-temperature fire conditions under a minimum positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch of water (2.49 Pa) at the location of the penetration for the time period equivalent to the fire-resistance rating of the construction penetrated. Penetrating items
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with a maximum 6-inch (152 mm) nominal diameter shall not be limited to the penetration of a single fire-resistancerated floor assembly, provided that the aggregate area of the openings through the assembly does not exceed 144 square inches (92 900 mm [2] ) in any 100 square feet (9.3 m [2] ) of floor area. 2. Penetrations in a single concrete floor by steel, ferrous or copper conduits, pipes, tubes or vents with a maximum 6inch (152 mm) nominal diameter, provided that the concrete, grout or mortar is installed the full thickness of the floor or the thickness required to maintain the fire-resistance rating. The penetrating items shall not be limited to the penetration of a single concrete floor, provided that the area of the opening through each floor does not exceed 144 square inches (92 900 mm [2] ).
- Penetrations by listed electrical boxes of any material, provided that such boxes have been tested for use in fire-resistance-rated assemblies and installed in accordance with the instructions included in the listing.
- Penetrations of concrete floors or ramps within parking garages or structures constructed in accordance with Sections 406.5 and 406.6 where the areas above and below the penetrations are parking areas.
714.5.1.1 Fire-resistance-rated assemblies. Through penetrations shall be protected using systems installed as tested in the approved fire-resistance-rated assembly.
714.5.1.2 Through-penetration firestop system. Through penetrations shall be protected by an approved through-penetration firestop system installed and tested in accordance with ASTM E814 or UL 1479, with a minimum positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch of water (2.49 Pa). The system shall have an F rating/T rating of not less than 1 hour but not less than the required rating of the floor penetrated.
Exceptions:
- Floor penetrations contained and located within the cavity of a wall above the floor or below the floor do not require a T rating.
- Floor penetrations by floor drains, tub drains or shower drains contained and located within the concealed space of a horizontal assembly do not require a T rating.
- Floor penetrations of maximum 4-inch (102 mm) nominal diameter metal conduit or tubing penetrating directly into metal-enclosed electrical power switchgear do not require a T rating.
- Penetrations in a single concrete floor by steel, ferrous or copper conduits, pipes, tubes or vents with a maximum 6-inch (152 mm) nominal diameter do not require a T rating.
CFC § 1404.0 High relevance — show source text
1404.0 Combustible Piping Installations. 1404.1 General Requirements. Combustible piping installations shall be protected in accordance with the appropriate fire resistance rating requirements in the building code that list the acceptable area, height, and type of construction for use in specific occupancies to assure compliance and integrity of the fire resistance rating prescribed. 1404.2 Fire-Resistance Rating. Where penetrating a fireresistance-rated wall, partition, floor, floor-ceiling assembly, roof-ceiling assembly, or shaft enclosure, the fire-resistance rating of the assembly shall be restored to its original rating. 1404.3 Firestop Systems. Penetrations shall be protected by an approved penetration firestop system installed as tested in accordance with ASTM E119, ASTM E814, UL 263, or UL 1479 with a positive pressure differential of not less than 0.01 of an inch of water (0.002 kPa). Systems shall have an F rating of not less than 1 hour but not less than the required fireresistance rating of the assembly being penetrated. Systems protecting floor penetrations shall have a T rating of not less than 1 hour but not less than the required fire-resistance rating of the floor being penetrated. Floor penetrations contained within the cavity of a wall at the location of the floor penetration do not require a T rating. No T rating shall be required for floor penetrations by piping that is not in direct contact with combustible material.
1404.4 Connections. Where piping penetrates a rated assembly, the combustible piping shall not connect to noncombustible piping unless it is capable of being demonstrated that the transition is in accordance with Section 1404.3.
1404.5 Insulation and Coverings. Insulation and coverings on or in the penetrating item shall not be permitted unless the specific insulating or covering material has been tested as part of the penetrating firestop system.
1404.6 Sleeves. Where sleeves are used, the sleeves shall be securely fastened to the fire-resistance-rated assembly. The (inside) annular space between the sleeve and the penetrating item and the (outside) annular space between the sleeve and the fire-resistance-rated assembly shall be firestopped in accordance with this chapter.
1405.0 Noncombustible Piping Installations. 1405.1 General Requirements. Noncombustible piping installations shall be protected in accordance with the appropriate fire resistance rating requirements in the building code that list the acceptable area, height, and type of construction for use in specific occupancies to ensure compliance and integrity of the fire-resistance rating prescribed. 1405.2 Fire-Resistance Rating. Where penetrating a fireresistance-rated wall, partition, floor, floor-ceiling assembly, roof-ceiling assembly, or shaft enclosure, the fire-resistance rating of the assembly shall be restored to its original rating.
Exceptions:
(1) Concrete, mortar, or grout shall be permitted to be used to fill the annular spaces around cast-iron, copper, copper alloy, or steel piping that penetrates concrete or masonry fire-resistant-rated assemblies. The nominal diameter of the penetrating item shall not exceed 6 inches (150 mm), and the opening size shall not exceed 144 square inches (0.093 m [2] ).
The thickness of concrete, mortar, or grout shall be the full thickness of the assembly or the thickness necessary to provide a fire-resistance rating not less than the required fire-resistance rating of the assembly penetrated.
CFC § 0.01 High relevance — show source text
- Membrane penetrations by boxes other than electrical boxes, provided that such penetrating items and the annular space between the wall membrane and the box, are protected by an approved membrane penetration firestop system installed as tested in accordance with ASTM E814 or UL 1479, with a minimum positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch of water (2.49 Pa), and shall have an F and T rating of not less than the required fire-resistance rating of the wall penetrated and be installed in accordance with their listing.
- The annular space created by the penetration of an automatic sprinkler, provided that it is covered by a metal escutcheon plate.
- Membrane penetrations of maximum 2-hour fire-resistance-rated walls and partitions by steel electrical boxes that exceed 16 square inches (0.0 103 m [2] ) in area, or steel electrical boxes of any size having an aggregate area through the membrane exceeding 100 square inches (0.0645 m [2] ) in any 100 square feet (9.29 m [2] ) of wall area, provided that such penetrating items are protected by listed putty pads or other listed materials and methods, and installed in accordance with the listing.
714.4.3 Dissimilar materials. Noncombustible penetrating items shall not connect to combustible items beyond the point of firestopping unless it can be demonstrated that the fire-resistance integrity of the wall is maintained.
714.5 Horizontal assemblies. Penetrations of a fire-resistance-rated floor, floor/ceiling assembly or the ceiling membrane of a roof/ceiling assembly not required to be enclosed in a shaft by Section 712.1 shall be protected in accordance with Sections 714.5.1 through 714.5.4.
714.5.1 Through penetrations. Through penetrations of horizontal assemblies shall comply with Section 714.5.1.1 or 714.5.1.2.
Exceptions:
- Penetrations by steel, ferrous or copper conduits, pipes, tubes or vents or concrete or masonry items through a single fire-resistance-rated floor assembly where the annular space is protected with materials that prevent the passage of flame and hot gases sufficient to ignite cotton waste when subjected to ASTM E119 or UL 263 time-temperature fire conditions under a minimum positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch of water (2.49 Pa) at the location of the penetration for the time period equivalent to the fire-resistance rating of the construction penetrated. Penetrating items
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with a maximum 6-inch (152 mm) nominal diameter shall not be limited to the penetration of a single fire-resistancerated floor assembly, provided that the aggregate area of the openings through the assembly does not exceed 144 square inches (92 900 mm [2] ) in any 100 square feet (9.3 m [2] ) of floor area. 2. Penetrations in a single concrete floor by steel, ferrous or copper conduits, pipes, tubes or vents with a maximum 6inch (152 mm) nominal diameter, provided that the concrete, grout or mortar is installed the full thickness of the floor or the thickness required to maintain the fire-resistance rating.
CFC § 1.11.0. High relevance — show source text
only those sections
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Chapter/Section|||||||||||||||||||||||||This state agency does not adopt sections identified with the following symbol: The Office of the State Fire Marshal’s adoption of this chapter or individual sections is applicable to structures regulated by other state agencies pursuant to Section 1.11.0.
2025 CALIFORNIA PLUMBING CODE 303
), Copyright © 2025 IAPMO, and may not be used for any other purpose or distributed to any other persons or parties.
304 2025 CALIFORNIA PLUMBING CODE
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CHAPTER 14
FIRESTOP PROTECTION
1401.0 General.
1401.1 Applicability. Piping penetrations of required fireresistance-rated walls, partitions, floors, floor/ceiling assemblies, roof/ceiling assemblies, or shaft enclosures shall be protected in accordance with the requirements of the building code, and this chapter.
1402.0 Construction Documents.
1402.1 Penetrations. Construction documents shall indicate with sufficient detail how penetrations of fire-resistancerated assemblies shall be firestopped prior to obtaining design approval.
1403.0 Installation.
1403.1 Materials. Firestop systems shall be installed in accordance with this chapter, the building code, and the manufacturer’s installation instructions.
1404.0 Combustible Piping Installations. 1404.1 General Requirements. Combustible piping installations shall be protected in accordance with the appropriate fire resistance rating requirements in the building code that list the acceptable area, height, and type of construction for use in specific occupancies to assure compliance and integrity of the fire resistance rating prescribed. 1404.2 Fire-Resistance Rating. Where penetrating a fireresistance-rated wall, partition, floor, floor-ceiling assembly, roof-ceiling assembly, or shaft enclosure, the fire-resistance rating of the assembly shall be restored to its original rating. 1404.3 Firestop Systems. Penetrations shall be protected by an approved penetration firestop system installed as tested in accordance with ASTM E119, ASTM E814, UL 263, or UL 1479 with a positive pressure differential of not less than 0.01 of an inch of water (0.002 kPa). Systems shall have an F rating of not less than 1 hour but not less than the required fireresistance rating of the assembly being penetrated. Systems protecting floor penetrations shall have a T rating of not less than 1 hour but not less than the required fire-resistance rating of the floor being penetrated. Floor penetrations contained within the cavity of a wall at the location of the floor penetration do not require a T rating. No T rating shall be required for floor penetrations by piping that is not in direct contact with combustible material.
1404.4 Connections. Where piping penetrates a rated assembly, the combustible piping shall not connect to noncombustible piping unless it is capable of being demonstrated that the transition is in accordance with Section 1404.3.
CFC § 712.1.16 High relevance — show source text
712.1.16 Openings otherwise permitted. Vertical openings shall be permitted where allowed by other sections of this code.
SECTION 713—SHAFT ENCLOSURES
713.1 General. The provisions of this section shall apply to shafts required to protect openings and penetrations through floor/ceiling and roof/ceiling assemblies. Interior exit stairways and ramps shall be enclosed in accordance with Section 1023.
713.2 Construction. Shaft enclosures shall be constructed as fire barriers in accordance with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies in accordance with Section 711, or both.
713.3 Materials. Shaft enclosures shall be of materials permitted by the building type of construction.
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713.4 Fire-resistance rating. Shaft enclosures shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less than 2 hours where connecting four stories or more, and not less than 1 hour where connecting less than four stories. The number of stories connected by the shaft enclosure shall include any basements but not any mezzanines. Shaft enclosures shall have a fire-resistance rating not less than the floor assembly penetrated, but need not exceed 2 hours. Shaft enclosures shall meet the requirements of Section 703.2.1.1.
Exception: Shafts having a reduced fire-resistance rating in high-rise buildings in accordance with Section 403.2.1.2.
713.5 Continuity. Shaft enclosures shall be constructed as fire barriers in accordance with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies constructed in accordance with Section 711, or both, and shall have continuity in accordance with Section 707.5 for fire barriers or Section 711.2.2 for horizontal assemblies, as applicable.
713.6 Exterior walls. Where exterior walls serve as a part of a required shaft enclosure, such walls shall comply with the requirements of Section 705 for exterior walls and the fire-resistance-rated enclosure requirements shall not apply.
Exception: Exterior walls required to be fire-resistance rated in accordance with Section 1021.2 for exterior egress balconies, Section 1023.7 for interior exit stairways and ramps and Section 1027.6 for exterior exit stairways and ramps.
713.7 Openings. Openings in a shaft enclosure shall be protected in accordance with Section 716 as required for fire barriers. Doors shall be self- or automatic-closing by smoke detection in accordance with Section 716.2.6.6.
713.7.1 Prohibited openings. Openings other than those necessary for the purpose of the shaft shall not be permitted in shaft enclosures.
713.8 Penetrations. Penetrations in a shaft enclosure shall be protected in accordance with Section 714 as required for fire barriers or horizontal assemblies or both. Structural elements, such as beams or joists, where protected in accordance with Section 714 shall be permitted to penetrate a shaft enclosure.
713.8.1 Prohibited penetrations. Penetrations other than those necessary for the purpose of the shaft shall not be permitted in shaft enclosures.
Exception: Membrane penetrations shall be permitted on the outside of shaft enclosures. Such penetrations shall be protected in accordance with Section 714.4.2.
713.9 Joints. Joints in a shaft enclosure shall comply with Section 715.
CFC § 3.2 High relevance — show source text
Membrane penetrations by listed electrical boxes of any material, provided that such boxes have been tested for use in fire-resistance-rated assemblies and are installed in accordance with the instructions included in the listing. The annular space between the ceiling membrane and the box shall not exceed [1] / 8 inch (3.2 mm) unless listed otherwise.
The annular space created by the penetration of a fire sprinkler, provided that it is covered by a metal escutcheon plate.
Noncombustible items that are cast into concrete building elements and that do not penetrate both top and bottom surfaces of the element.
The ceiling membrane of a maximum 2-hour fire-resistance-rated horizontal assembly is permitted to be interrupted with the double wood top plate of a wall assembly that is sheathed with Type X gypsum wallboard, provided that all penetrating items through the double top plates are protected in accordance with Section 714.5.1.1 or 714.5.1.2 and the ceiling membrane is tight to the top plates.
Ceiling membrane penetrations by listed luminaires (light fixtures) or by luminaires protected with listed materials, which have been tested for use in fire-resistance-rated assemblies and are installed in accordance with the instructions included in the listing.
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714.5.3 Dissimilar materials. Noncombustible penetrating items shall not connect to combustible materials beyond the point of firestopping unless it can be demonstrated that the fire-resistance integrity of the horizontal assembly is maintained.
714.5.4 Penetrations in smoke barriers. Penetrations in smoke barriers shall be protected by an approved through-penetration firestop system installed and tested in accordance with the requirements of UL 1479 for air leakage. The L rating of the system measured at 0.30 inch of water (74.7 Pa) in both the ambient temperature and elevated temperature tests shall not exceed either of the following:
- 5.0 cfm per square foot (0.025 m [3] / s × m [2] ) of penetration opening for each through-penetration firestop system.
- A total cumulative leakage of 50 cfm (0.024 m [3] /s) for any 100 square feet (9.3 m [2] ) of wall area, or floor area.
714.6 Nonfire-resistance-rated assemblies. Penetrations of nonfire-resistance-rated floor or floor/ceiling assemblies or the ceiling membrane of a nonfire-resistance-rated roof/ceiling assembly shall meet the requirements of Section 713 or shall comply with Section 714.6.1 or 714.6.2.
714.6.1 Noncombustible penetrating items. Noncombustible penetrating items that connect not more than five stories are permitted, provided that the annular space is filled to resist the free passage of flame and the products of combustion with an approved noncombustible material or with a fill, void or cavity material that is tested and classified for use in through-penetration firestop systems.
714.6.2 Penetrating items. Penetrating items that connect not more than two stories are permitted, provided that the annular space is filled with an approved material to resist the free passage of flame and the products of combustion.
SECTION 715—JOINTS AND VOIDS
CFC § 713.6 High relevance — show source text
713.6 Exterior walls. Where exterior walls serve as a part of a required shaft enclosure, such walls shall comply with the requirements of Section 705 for exterior walls and the fire-resistance-rated enclosure requirements shall not apply.
Exception: Exterior walls required to be fire-resistance rated in accordance with Section 1021.2 for exterior egress balconies, Section 1023.7 for interior exit stairways and ramps and Section 1027.6 for exterior exit stairways and ramps.
713.7 Openings. Openings in a shaft enclosure shall be protected in accordance with Section 716 as required for fire barriers. Doors shall be self- or automatic-closing by smoke detection in accordance with Section 716.2.6.6.
713.7.1 Prohibited openings. Openings other than those necessary for the purpose of the shaft shall not be permitted in shaft enclosures.
713.8 Penetrations. Penetrations in a shaft enclosure shall be protected in accordance with Section 714 as required for fire barriers or horizontal assemblies or both. Structural elements, such as beams or joists, where protected in accordance with Section 714 shall be permitted to penetrate a shaft enclosure.
713.8.1 Prohibited penetrations. Penetrations other than those necessary for the purpose of the shaft shall not be permitted in shaft enclosures.
Exception: Membrane penetrations shall be permitted on the outside of shaft enclosures. Such penetrations shall be protected in accordance with Section 714.4.2.
713.9 Joints. Joints in a shaft enclosure shall comply with Section 715.
713.10 Duct and air transfer openings. Penetrations of a shaft enclosure by ducts and air transfer openings shall comply with Section 717.
713.11 Enclosure at the bottom. Shafts that do not extend to the bottom of the building or structure shall comply with one of the following:
Be enclosed at the lowest level with construction of the same fire-resistance rating as the lowest floor through which the shaft passes, but not less than the rating required for the shaft enclosure.
Terminate in a room having a use related to the purpose of the shaft. The room shall be separated from the remainder of the building by fire barriers constructed in accordance with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies constructed in accordance with Section 711, or both. The fire-resistance rating and opening protectives shall be not less than the protection required for the shaft enclosure.
Be protected by approved fire dampers installed in accordance with their listing at the lowest floor level within the shaft enclosure.
Exceptions:
- The fire-resistance-rated room separation is not required, provided that the only openings in or penetrations of the shaft enclosure to the interior of the building occur at the bottom. The bottom of the shaft shall be closed off around the penetrating items with materials permitted by Section 718.3.1 for draftstops, or the room shall be provided with an approved automatic sprinkler system.
- A shaft enclosure containing a waste or linen chute shall not be used for any other purpose and shall discharge in a room protected in accordance with Section 713.13.4.
- The fire-resistance-rated room separation and the protection at the bottom of the shaft are not required provided that there are no combustibles in the shaft and there are no openings or other penetrations through the shaft enclosure to the interior of the building.
Frequently asked questions
Who must install the listed penetration firestop system?
A qualified installer following the manufacturer’s instructions and the listing must install the system; the code requires the system be installed as tested and listed. § 714.2.
What test standards must the listed system conform to?
Through‑penetration firestop systems must be tested in accordance with ASTM E814 or UL 1479 (and where applicable UL 1479 leakage tests for L rating). § 714.4.1.2 / § 714.5.1.2.
Is grout allowed instead of a listed firestop product?
Yes — but only in limited exceptions (concrete/masonry walls or floors for steel/ferrous/copper items ≤ 6‑inch nominal with opening area ≤ 144 sq in), where concrete/grout/mortar is allowed to fill the annulus and restore rating. § 714.4 Exception / § 714.5 Exceptions.
Do I always need a T rating for floor penetrations?
Most floor penetrations require a T rating not less than 1 hour or equal to the floor rating, but enumerated exceptions exist (e.g., penetrations contained in wall cavities, certain drains, small conduit to switchgear). See § 714.5.1.2 and its exceptions.
What about smoke barriers — is air leakage regulated?
Yes. Penetrations in smoke barriers require through‑penetration systems tested for air leakage; the L rating at 0.30 in. water must be ≤ 5.0 cfm/sq ft or cumulative ≤ 50 cfm/100 sq ft. § 714.5.4.
More in California Fire Code
- Administration and Definitions
- General Requirements and Emergency Planning
- Fire Service Features and Fire Department Access
- Referenced Standards and Adoptable Appendices (Chapter 80; Appendices A–Q)
- Fire and Smoke Protection Features (fire‑resistance, barriers)
- Interior Finish, Decorative Materials and Furnishings
- Fire Protection and Life‑Safety Systems (sprinklers, alarms, smoke control)
- Means of Egress (exit design and maintenance)
- Construction Requirements for Existing Buildings (retrofit rules)
- Energy Systems and Stationary Energy Storage (ESS)
- Special Occupancies and Operations (chapters 20–41, 48–49)
- Hazardous Materials — Storage, Use and Handling (Chapters 50–67)
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