Section 408 — California Building Code (Title 24, Part 2)

408.1 General.¶

Occupancies in Group I-3 shall comply with the provisions of Sections 408.1 through 408.11 and other applicable provisions of this code (see Section 308.5).

408.1.2 Construction. Group I-3 Occupancies shall be housed in buildings of Type IA or Type IB.

Exception: Such occupancies may be housed in one-story buildings of Type IIA, Type IIIA or Type VA construction provided the floor area does not exceed 5,200 square feet (483 m ² ) between fire walls of two-hour fire-resistive con- struction with openings protected by fire assemblies hav- ing 1- and 1 ¹ /2-hour fire-protection rating. 408.1.2.1 Nonbearing walls and partitions interior. Nonbearing cell or dormitory walls within cell com- plexes shall be of noncombustible construction.

408.1.2.2 Intervening spaces. Common rooms and spaces within Group I-3 occupancies can be consid- ered an intervening space in accordance with Section 1016.2 when the area is contained within housing units

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and suites, and not considered a corridor, when they meet any of the following:

1. Within prisons and local detention facilities of Type I construction, the exit access within a housing unit may be a non-rated corridor pro- vided the required exit occupant load from any dayroom does not exceed 64 persons.

2. Within prison, jails, and courthouses: Circula- tion within any temporary holding suite of Type I construction and an occupant load less than 100.

3. Within prisons and local detention facilities, cor- rectional medical or mental health housing suites, of Type I construction and an occupant load less than 100.

408.1.2.3 Courthouse holding facilities. Group I-3 courthouse holding facilities shall be considered a sepa- rate and distinct building from the remaining courthouse building for the purpose of determining the type of con- struction where all of the following conditions are met:

1. 2-hour fire barriers in accordance with Section 707 and 2-hour horizontal assemblies in accor- dance with Section 711 are provided to separate the courthouse holding facility from all other portions of the courthouse building.

2. Any of the structure used to support courthouse holding facilities meets the requirements for the Group I-3 portion of the building.

3. Each courthouse holding facility located above the first story is less than 1,000 square feet in area, and is designed to hold 10 or less in-cus- tody defendants.

4. Courthouse holding facilities located above the first story containing an internal stairway dis- charging to the main courthouse holding facility at the first story or basement.

5. Additional exits from the courthouse holding facility located above the first story shall be per- mitted to exit through the courtrooms.

6. The main courthouse holding facility located on the first story or basement has at least one exit directly to the exterior and additional means of egress shall be permitted to pass through a 1-hour corridor or lobby in the courthouse building.

408.1.2.4 Horizontal building separation for com- bined Group I-3/Group B occupancy. A Group B Administration building one story in height shall be permitted to be located above a Group I-3 (or Group I- 3/I-2) housing/treatment building that is one story above grade and shall be classified as a separate and distinct building for the purpose of determining the type of construction, and shall be considered a separate fire area, where all of the following conditions are met:

1. A 3-hour floor-ceiling assembly below the admin- istration building is constructed as a horizontal assembly in accordance with Section 711.

2. Interior shafts for stairs, elevators and mechanical systems complete the 3-hour separation between the Group B and Group I-3 (or Group I-3/I-2).

3. The Group I-3 occupancy (or Group I-3/I-2 occu- pancies, correctional medical and mental health uses) below is minimum Type I-B construction with 2-hour fire resistive rated exterior walls.

4. No unprotected openings are allowed in lower roofs within 10 feet of unprotected windows in the upper floor.

5. The Group B building above is of noncombustible construction and equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system in accor- dance with Section 903.3.1.1.

6. The Group B occupancy building above has all required means of egress capable of discharging directly to the exterior to a safe dispersal area.

408.1.2.5 Temporary holding area. In buildings pro- tected with automatic sprinklers, corridor serving tem- porary holding rooms shall be one hour fire resistance rated when the temporary holding occupant load is greater than 20.

408.1.2.6 Temporary holding facilities. Temporary holding facilities with nine or fewer persons under restraint may be classified as Group B when located in a buildings complying with all of the following condi- tions:

1. The building shall be protected throughout with a monitored automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

2. The building shall protected with a automatic fire alarm system with notification appliances throughout the holding facility in accordance with Section 907.2.

3. The building shall be constructed of Type I, IIA, IIIA or VA construction.

408.1.2.7 Secure interview rooms. Secure Interview Rooms used for law enforcement shall be permitted to locked, and shall not be classified as Group I-3 occu- pancies where all of the following conditions are met:

1. A monitored automatic sprinkler system shall be provided throughout buildings and portions thereof including secure interview rooms. The automatic sprinkler system shall comply with Section 903.3.1.1.

2. Secure interview rooms shall be located in non- combustible construction.

3. Secure interview rooms have glazed or barred openings with direct, continuous observation from law enforcement personnel who have a means to open the secure interview room.

4. Not more than 6 occupants in secure interview rooms shall be located in the same fire area.

5. An automatic smoke detection system shall be installed within secure interview rooms and mechanical and electrical rooms.

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408.1.3 Security door assemblies in corridors, smoke barriers, and smoke partitions. Security door assemblies shall be constructed in accordance with NFPA 252 or UL 10C, and where a smoke rating is required UL 1784, are not required to be tested or labeled.

408.2 Other occupancies.¶

Buildings or portions of buildings in Group I-3 occupancies where security operations necessitate the locking of required means of egress shall be permitted to be classified as a different occupancy. Occupancies classified as other than Group I-3 shall meet the applicable requirements of this code for that occupancy where provisions are made for the release of occupants at all times.

Means of egress from detention and correctional occupancies that traverse other use areas shall, as a minimum, conform to requirements for detention and correctional occupancies.

Exception:

1. It is permissible to exit through a horizontal exit into other contiguous occupancies that do not conform to detention and correctional occupancy egress provisions but that do comply with requirements set forth in the appropriate occupancy, as long as the occupancy is not a Group H use.

2. Regardless of the provisions of Section 508, laundry areas and kitchens including associated dining areas, where commercial/institutional equipment is used shall be separated from the remainder of the building by construction capable of resisting the passage of smoke.

3. For the purpose of occupancy separation only court- room docks that are directly accessory to courtrooms need not be separated from a courtroom.

408.2.1 Correctional medical and mental health uses. Where a Group I-3 occupancy occurs in building or por- tions of buildings, the following Subsections of Sections of 407 shall apply: 407.2.1; 407.2.2; 407.2.3; 407.3.1; 407.3.1.1; 407.4; 407.10.

408.3 Means of egress.¶

Except as modified or as provided for in this section, the means of egress provisions of Chapter 10 shall apply.

408.3.1 Door width. Doors to resident sleeping units shall have a clear width of not less than 28 inches (711 mm).

408.3.1.1 Cell doors shall open outwardly or slide lat- erally.

408.3.2 Sliding doors. Where doors in a means of egress are of the horizontal-sliding type, the force to slide the door to its fully open position shall be not greater than 50 pounds (220 N) with a perpendicular force against the door of 50 pounds (220 N).

408.3.3 Guard tower doors. A hatch or trap door not less than 16 square feet (610 m ² ) in area through the floor and having dimensions of not less than 2 feet (610 mm) in any direction shall be permitted to be used as a portion of the means of egress from guard towers.

408.3.4 Spiral stairways. Spiral stairways that conform to the requirements of Section 1011.10 are permitted for access to and between staff locations.

408.3.5 Ship’s ladders. Ship’s ladders shall be permitted for egress from control rooms or elevated facility observation rooms in accordance with Section 1011.15.

408.3.6 Exit discharge. Exits are permitted to discharge into a fenced or walled courtyard. Enclosed yards or courts shall be of a size to accommodate all occupants, be located not less than 50 feet (15 240 mm) from the building and have an area of not less than 3 square feet (1.4 m ² ) per person. A gate shall be provided from the safe dispersal area to allow for the necessary relocation of occupants.

408.3.6.1 Exterior fenced enclosures and fenced enclo- sures utilized for recreational or activity purposes, used for exit termination for more than 20 persons, and which do not provide a safe dispersal area, shall have not less than two exits.

408.3.6.2 Fenced enclosure utilized for recreational or activity purposes only, for more than 49 people, and which do not provide a safe dispersal area, shall be provided with not less than two exits.

408.3.6.3 Fenced enclosures located on roofs of build- ings one or more stories in height shall be provided with not less than two exits regardless of occupant load.

408.3.6.4 Fenced enclosures utilized for central control buildings not normally occupied and not accessed by inmates or the general public are permitted to have only one exit from the fenced enclosure. These fenced enclosures shall only be occupied during emergency response conditions by not more than 29 prison staff occupants. Access to the fenced area shall be con- trolled remotely or at the gate with a key.

408.3.7 Sallyports. A sallyport shall be permitted in a means of egress where there are provisions for continuous and unobstructed passage through the sallyport during an emergency egress condition.

408.3.8 Interior exit stairway and ramp construction. One interior exit stairway or ramp in each building shall be permitted to have glazing installed in doors and interior walls at each landing level providing access to the interior exit stairway or ramp, provided that the following conditions are met:

The interior exit stairway or ramp shall not serve more than four floor levels.
Exit doors shall be not less than ³ /4-hour fire door assemblies complying with Section 716.
The total area of glazing at each floor level shall not exceed 5,000 square inches (3.2 m ² ) and individual panels of glazing shall not exceed 1,296 square inches (0.84 m ² ).
The glazing shall be protected on both sides by an automatic sprinkler system. The sprinkler system shall be designed to wet completely the entire surface of any glazing affected by fire when actuated.
The glazing shall be in a gasketed frame and installed in such a manner that the framing system will deflect without breaking (loading) the glass before the sprinkler system operates.

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Obstructions, such as curtain rods, drapery traverse rods, curtains, drapes or similar materials shall not be installed between the automatic sprinklers and the glazing.

408.3.8.1 Where the number and arrangement of exits complies with the requirements of Chapter 10, other stairways which occur within the secure area of the detention facility and are not used for required exiting but are used primarily for the movement of inmates and security staff need not extend to the exterior.

408.3.9 Dead-end balconies. Exit balconies serving cell tiers shall not extend more than 50 feet (15 240 mm) beyond an exit stairway.

408.3.10 Travel distance. The travel distance may be increased to 300 feet for portions of Group I-3 occupan- cies open only to staff or where inmates are escorted at all times by staff.

408.3.11 Number of exits required. In temporary holding areas of noncombustible construction, a second means of egress is required when the occupant load is greater than 20.

408.3.12 Custody station. Spaces for custody stations, communications and related clerical areas shall be per- mitted to be open to, or located within the corridor, pro- vided the required construction along the perimeter of the corridor is maintained. Construction of custody stations or portions of custody stations, within the envelope of the corridor, is not required to be fire-resistance rated. These provisions shall also apply to an enclosed custody station within the corridor.

408.4 Locks.¶

Egress doors are permitted to be locked in accordance with the applicable use condition. Doors from a refuge area to the outside are permitted to be locked with a key in lieu of locking methods described in Section 408.4.1. The keys to unlock the exterior doors shall be available at all times and the locks shall be operable from both sides of the door. Security hardware may be used on any fire-rated door.

408.4.1 Remote release. Remote release of locks on doors in a means of egress shall be provided with reliable means of operation, remote from the resident living areas, to release locks on all required doors. In Occupancy Condition 3 or 4, the arrangement, accessibility and security of the release mechanisms required for egress shall be such that with the minimum available staff at any time, the lock mechanisms are capable of being released within 2 minutes.

Exception: Provisions for remote locking and unlocking of occupied rooms in Occupancy Condition 4 are not required provided that not more than 10 locks are necessary to be unlocked in order to move occupants from one smoke compartment to a refuge area within 3 minutes. The opening of necessary locks shall be accomplished with not more than two separate keys.

[F] 408.4.2 Power-operated doors and locks. Poweroperated sliding doors or power-operated locks for swinging doors shall be operable by a manual release mechanism at the door. Emergency power shall be provided for the doors and locks in accordance with Section 2702.

Exceptions:

Emergency power is not required in facilities with 10 or fewer locks complying with the exception to Section 408.4.1.
Emergency power is not required where remote mechanical operating releases are provided.

408.4.3 Redundant operation. Remote release, mechanically operated sliding doors or remote release, mechanically operated locks shall be provided with a mechanically operated release mechanism at each door, and shall be provided with a redundant remote release control.

408.4.4 Relock capability. Doors remotely unlocked under emergency conditions shall not automatically relock when closed unless specific action is taken at the remote location to enable doors to relock.

408.5 Protection of vertical openings.¶

Any vertical opening shall be protected by a shaft enclosure in accordance with Section 713, or shall be in accordance with Section 408.5.1.

408.5.1 Floor openings. The open space in front of a cell tier and connected chases, not exceeding two tiers in height, shall not be considered a vertical shaft and need not meet the fire-resistive shaft enclosure requirements of Section 713.

408.5.2 Shaft openings in communicating floor levels. Where a floor opening is permitted between communicating floor levels of a housing unit in accordance with Section 408.5.1, plumbing chases serving vertically staked individual cells contained with the housing unit shall be permitted without a shaft enclosure.

408.6 Smoke barrier.¶

Occupancies in Group I-3 shall have smoke barriers complying with Sections 408.6 and 709 to divide every story occupied by residents for sleeping, or any other story having an occupant load of 50 or more persons, into not fewer than two smoke compartments.

Exception: Spaces having a direct exit to one of the following, provided that the locking arrangement of the doors involved complies with the requirements for doors at the smoke barrier for the use condition involved:

A public way.
A building separated from the resident housing area by a 2-hour fire-resistance-rated assembly or 50 feet (15 240 mm) of open space.
A secured yard or court having a holding space 50 feet (15 240 mm) from the housing area that provides 6 square feet (0.56 m ² ) or more of refuge area per occupant, including residents, staff and visitors.

4. Holding facility.

408.6.1 Smoke compartments. The number of residents in any smoke compartment shall be not more than 200.

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The distance of travel to a door in a smoke barrier from any room door required as exit access shall be not greater than 150 feet (45 720 mm). The distance of travel to a door in a smoke barrier from any point in a room shall be not greater than 200 feet (60 960 mm).

Exception: The travel distance may be increased by 50 feet from areas open only to the staff.

408.6.2 Refuge area. Not less than 6 net square feet (0.56 m ² ) per occupant shall be provided on each side of each smoke barrier for the total number of occupants in adjoining smoke compartments. This space shall be readily available wherever the occupants are moved across the smoke barrier in a fire emergency.

408.6.3 Independent egress. A means of egress shall be provided from each smoke compartment created by smoke barriers without having to return through the smoke compartment from which means of egress originates.

408.7 Security glazing.¶

In occupancies in Group I-3, windows and doors in 1-hour fire barriers constructed in accordance with Section 707, fire partitions constructed in accordance with Section 708 and smoke barriers constructed in accordance with Section 709 shall be permitted to have security glazing installed provided that the following conditions are met.

Individual panels of glazing shall not exceed 1,296 square inches (0.84 m ² ).
The glazing shall be protected on both sides by an automatic sprinkler system. The sprinkler system shall be designed to, when actuated, wet completely the entire surface of any glazing affected by fire.
The glazing shall be in a gasketed frame and installed in such a manner that the framing system will deflect without breaking (loading) the glass before the sprinkler system operates.
Obstructions, such as curtain rods, drapery traverse rods, curtains, drapes or similar materials shall not be installed between the automatic sprinklers and the glazing.

408.8 Subdivision of resident housing areas.¶

Sleeping areas and any contiguous day room, group activity space or other common spaces where residents are housed shall be separated from other spaces in accordance with Sections 408.8.1 through 408.8.4.

408.8.1 Occupancy Conditions 3 and 4. Each sleeping area in Occupancy Conditions 3 and 4 shall be separated from the adjacent common spaces by a smoke-tight partition where the distance of travel from the sleeping area through the common space to the corridor exceeds 50 feet (15 240 mm).

408.8.2 Occupancy Condition 5. Each sleeping area in Occupancy Condition 5 shall be separated from adjacent sleeping areas, corridors and common spaces by a smoketight partition. Additionally, common spaces shall be separated from the corridor by a smoke-tight partition.

408.8.3 Openings in room face. The aggregate area of openings in a solid sleeping room face in Occupancy Conditions 2, 3, 4 and 5 shall not exceed 120 square inches

(0.77 m ² ). The aggregate area shall include all openings including door undercuts, food passes and grilles. Openings shall be not more than 36 inches (914 mm) above the floor. In Occupancy Condition 5, the openings shall be closeable from the room side.

408.8.4 Smoke-tight doors. Doors in openings in partitions required to be smoke tight by Section 408.8 shall be substantial doors, of construction that will resist the passage of smoke. Latches and door closures are not required on cell doors.

408.9 Windowless buildings.¶

For the purposes of this section, a windowless building or portion of a building is one with nonopenable windows, windows not readily breakable or without windows. Windowless buildings shall be provided with an engineered smoke control system to provide a tenable environment for exiting from the smoke compartment in the area of fire origin in accordance with Section 909 for each windowless smoke compartment.

408.9.1 Smoke venting. The housing portions of window- less buildings containing use conditions 3, 4 or 5 shall be provided with an engineered smoke control system in accordance with Section 909, windows or doors, smoke vents, or equivalent means to provide a tenable environ- ment for exiting from the smoke compartment in the area of fire origin. A tenable environment for egress shall be as defined in NFPA 92. If windows, smoke vents or doors are used to meet this section, at least two windows, smoke vents or doors to the exterior must be provided at or above the highest occupied level in each smoke compartment, and the windows or doors must be operable or readily breakable and arranged to manually vent smoke.

Exceptions:

1. Windowless buildings or portions of a building that meet all of the following requirements:

1.1. Are Type IA or IB construction.

1.2. Are protected with sprinklers throughout in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

1.3. Include a fire alarm system with smoke detec- tion in accordance with NFPA 72 in the day- room and/or corridor serving as exit access from the cells, reporting to a 24 hour central control at the institution.

1.4. Include at least one exit from each housing unit direct to the exterior where smoke will not accumulate or to the exterior through a 1-hour- rated corridor serving only that unit.

1.5. The building is divided into at least two smoke compartments per Section 408.6.1.

1.6. As approved by the enforcing agency, an egress analysis shows that inmates can be evacuated within 6 minutes from the smoke compartment of origin 24 hours per day or when inmates are present.

2. No venting or smoke control is required when an engineering analysis shows an acceptable safe egress time compared to the onset of untenable conditions within a windowless building or portion of a window-

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less building and approved by the enforcing agency. (See Section 909.4.)

3. Courtroom holding areas and temporary central holding areas in courthouses that they meet all of the following requirements:

3.1. Holding occurs for a duration less than 12 hours.

3.2. The holding areas include no electrical outlets available to the detainees.

3.3. The entire building includes sprinklers through- out in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

3.4. The building includes a fire alarm system with smoke detection in accordance with NFPA 72 in the common rooms of holding areas and in the cells of central holding. The fire alarm system shall activate an alert signal on the floor of alarm containing the holding areas, to alert staff.

3.5. As approved by the enforcing agency, an egress analysis shows that detainees can be evacuated within 5 minutes from the holding area of ori- gin, or the facility is provided with gang or electric locks.

4. Courtroom holding areas with less than 20 persons in custody.

5. Windowless buildings or portions of a building that meet all of the following requirements:

5.1. Are Type IA or IB construction.

5.2. Are protected with sprinklers throughout in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

5.3. Include a fire alarm system with smoke detec- tion in accordance with NFPA 72 in the day- rooms and corridors serving as exit access from the cells, reporting to a 24-hour central control at the institution.

5.4. Include at least one direct exit from each hous- ing unit through a smoke partition to another smoke compartment. Each housing unit must be its own smoke compartment and can exit through a maximum of one adjacent compart- ment before reaching a corridor or the exterior.

5.5. As approved by the enforcing agency, an egress analysis shows that inmates can be evacuated within 6 minutes from the smoke compartment of origin 24 hours per day or when inmates are present, or the facility is provided with gang or electric locks.

5.6. Each housing unit includes a pressurization method smoke control system that complies with Section 909.

[F] 408.10 Fire alarm system. A fire alarm system shall be provided in accordance with Section 907.2.6.3.

[F] 408.11 Automatic sprinkler system. Group I-3 occupancies shall be equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.2.6.

408.12 Emergency and standby power systems.¶

Special elec- trical systems, exit illumination, power installations and alternate on-site electrical supplies shall be provided for

every building or portion of a building housing 10 or more inmates in a detention or correctional facility in accordance with the provisions of the California Electrical Code. There shall be a source of emergency power in all detention facili- ties capable of providing minimal lighting in all housing units, activity areas, corridors, stairs and central control points, and to maintain fire and life safety, security, commu- nications and alarm systems.

408.13 Windows.¶

In security areas within cell complexes sprinklered throughout, the area of glazing in one-hour corri- dor walls and smoke barrier walls shall not be restricted, provided:

1. All openings are protected by fixed glazing listed and labeled for a fire-protection of at least ³ /4 hour; or 2. Fixed security glazing set in noncombustible frames. Shall comply with the minimum requirements of one of the following test standards: ASTM F1233-98, Class III glass, or; California Department of Corrections, CDC 860-94d, or H.P. White Laboratory, Inc., HPW-TP- 0500.02, Forced Entry Level III.

3. In lieu of the sizes set forth in CBC, the size and area of glazed assemblies shall conform to the following: Win- dows required to have a three-fourths-hour fire-resis- tive rating or windows protected by fixed security glazing, as delineated in Items 1 and 2 above, may have an area not greater than 84 square feet (7.8 m ² ) with neither width nor height exceeding 12 feet (3658 mm).

408.14 Safety padding.¶

Padding material used on walls, floors and ceilings in Group I and R-2.1 occupancies shall be of an approved type tested in accordance with the procedures established by State Fire Marshal Standard 12-8-100, Room Fire Test for Wall and Ceiling Materials, California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Part 12.

408.15 Small management yards.¶

408.15.1 General. The provisions of Sections 408.15.1 through 408.15.5 shall apply to small management yards. Small management yards may be used by a maximum of two occupants at any one time for a maximum of 2 hours per day.

408.15.2 Construction. Small management yards shall be constructed in accordance with all of the following:

1. Constructed of Type IB noncombustible materials.

2. Fence material shall be noncombustible. 3. Have a maximum area of 150 square feet (14 m ² ).

4. Yard area covering shall not exceed 75 square feet (7 m ² ) or a maximum of 50 percent of the fenced enclosure.

5. Electrical lighting or devices of any type shall not be permitted within the yard.

Exception: Low voltage devices dedicated for the operation of toilets.

408.15.3 Fire protection system provisions.

408.15.3.1 Automatic sprinkler systems. An automatic sprinkler system shall be provided in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

Exception: Small management yards where a dis- tance of 10 feet (3048 mm) is maintained from all

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buildings or structures and 4 feet (1220 mm) is maintained from containment fencing.

408.15.3.2 Fire alarm systems. An approved fire alarm system shall be provided in accordance with Section 907.

Exception: Small management yards where a dis- tance of 10 feet (3048 mm) is maintained from all buildings or structures and 4 feet (1220 mm) is maintained from containment fencing.

408.15.4 Means of egress. Except as modified or as pro- vided for in this section, the provisions of Section 408.3 and Chapter 10 shall apply. Small management yards shall comply with all of the following:

1. Staff-controlled manual released locks shall be pro- vided.

2. Staff escorting inmates to and from small manage- ment yards shall be equipped with radios and per- sonal alarms to notify central control in case of a fire.

3. The safe dispersal area as defined by Section 1027.5 shall not be reduced due to placement of these yards.

4. An exit, remote from the main entrance is required in the containment fencing.

408.15.5 Special provisions. Inmate exercise clothing and toilet paper tissue shall be the only combustible materials permitted in small management yards.