CWUIC · California Wildland-Urban Interface Code
What glazing and window requirements reduce ember and flame entry?
To reduce ember and flame entry in WUI areas, the CWUIC **§ 504.8** lets you use multilayer glazing with at least one **tempered** pane, **glass block**, glazing with a **20‑minute NFPA 257/UL 9** rating (hose‑stream exempt), or a window assembly that passes the **SFM 12‑7A‑2** performance test; operable skylights require **noncombustible mesh ≤ 1/8 in (3.2 mm)**. Confirm the unit is listed/tested and keep installation details consistent with the manufacturer’s tested configuration.
Last reviewed: July 6, 2026
What the code requires — 2-4 sentences
The California Wildland‑Urban Interface Code requires that exterior glazing (windows, glazed doors, window walls and skylights) be constructed to resist ember and direct‑flame entry by meeting one of several prescribed options: multilayered glazing with at least one pane of tempered glass, glass block, glazing with a minimum 20‑minute fire‑protection rating (NFPA 257 or UL 9), or glazing that meets the State Fire Marshal’s SFM Standard 12‑7A‑2. These options and the skylight mesh requirement are specified in § 504.8 of the CWUIC.
The single most important rule: use glazing assemblies or tested window systems that are expressly listed in § 504.8 (tempered/multilayer, glass block, 20‑minute rated, or SFM 12‑7A‑2 performance) to reduce ember and flame intrusion.
Requirements in detail
Basic accepted glazing options (what you can install)
- Multilayered glazed panels where at least one pane is tempered glass (CBC § 2406 referenced by the CWUIC) — listed as an allowed construction type in § 504.8.
- Glass block is explicitly allowed as an acceptable glazing construction in § 504.8.
- Glazing with a fire‑protection rating of not less than 20 minutes, tested to NFPA 257 or UL 9 (note: these are allowed without the hose‑stream requirement for this use) — required by § 504.8.
- Glazing that meets the performance requirements of SFM Standard 12‑7A‑2 (a wildfire direct flame exposure test for windows) is also an accepted option under § 504.8.
Skylight and small‑opening details
- Operable skylights must be protected with a noncombustible mesh screen with openings no larger than 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) — see § 504.8.2.
Performance test details that matter when choosing assemblies
- The SFM performance route references SFM Standard 12‑7A‑2 (“Exterior Windows”). That standard evaluates exterior windows under a 150 kW direct flame exposure for an 8‑minute duration and contains the conditions of acceptance for passing that exposure — referenced by § 504.8 and the CWUIC referenced‑standards list.
- For NFPA 257 / UL 9 fire‑protection glazing, the CWUIC accepts glazing with the 20‑minute fire‑protection rating (per § 504.8); such glazing in this context is exempt from the hose‑stream test.
Decision‑relevant dimensions, values and where they come from
| Decision item | Required / Value | Why it matters | Code Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum fire‑protection rating for accepted tested glazing | 20 minutes | Minimum rated resistance to flame exposure under NFPA 257 / UL 9 accepted by CWUIC for exterior glazing | § 504.8 |
| SFM performance test exposure | 150 kW, 8 minutes | SFM 12‑7A‑2 test criteria used to qualify window assemblies for CWUIC acceptance | SFM 12‑7A‑2 (referenced by § 504.8) |
| Test fixture maximum window width in SFM 12‑7A‑2 | 3 feet (900 mm) (test limitation) | Limits of test apparatus; assemblies tested larger must use appropriate tested designs or other accepted methods | SFM 12‑7A‑2 (referenced by § 504.8) |
| Operable skylight mesh opening max | 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) | Keeps burning embers and flame tongues from entering through skylight screens | § 504.8.2 |
| Hose‑stream exemption for 20‑minute glazing in § 504.8 | Exempt | CWUIC allows the NFPA/UL 20‑minute glazing option without the hose‑stream requirement | § 504.8 |
Exceptions & special cases
- The CWUIC explicitly states that glazing having a fire‑protection rating of 20 minutes when tested to NFPA 257 or UL 9 is exempt from the hose stream test for the purposes of § 504.8. Use that option only if the product is properly labeled and listed for that rating. § 504.8.
- If an owner chooses the SFM performance route, note the SFM standard test specimen size limits (window width limitation and fixture details) — passing that specific performance test (SFM 12‑7A‑2) is what qualifies the glazing under § 504.8.
- Structural glass veneer (if used) is not a free pass — the wall assembly behind it must comply with § 504.5 (ignition‑resistant wall requirements). § 504.8.1.
If a code provision you need is not present in the files you provided (for example, some testing‑method details in full), the CWUIC references the standards (NFPA 257, UL 9, SFM 12‑7A‑2) for the complete test procedures — consult those standards or the product listing for full acceptance criteria.
Common mistakes
- Assuming any double‑pane or laminated glass suffices — the code requires either tempered pane in multilayer glazing, glass block, a 20‑minute fire‑protection rating, or SFM 12‑7A‑2 performance; generic annealed insulated glass is not automatically compliant. § 504.8.
- Forgetting the skylight mesh size — operable skylights require noncombustible mesh at ≤ 1/8 in (3.2 mm) openings per § 504.8.2; using larger‑hole screens defeats ember protection.
- Selecting glazing rated for building fires (CBC/716 fire windows) without confirming the appropriate test standard or label for wildland/ember exposures; CWUIC accepts specific tests/standards listed in § 504.8 and the referenced‑standards table.
- Overlooking frame and installation: SFM 12‑7A‑2 test reports include details about frame types and installation that affect performance — don’t assume the glass rating alone guarantees whole‑unit performance.
Worked example — choosing a replacement window (concrete numbers)
Scenario: You have a single casement window 30 in × 36 in (2.5 ft × 3 ft) in a house in a WUI area and want a compliant replacement.
Step 1 — Choose an accepted glazing path per § 504.8: pick either
- a multilayer insulated unit with at least one tempered pane, or
- a listed 20‑minute rated glazing (NFPA 257 / UL 9), or
- a window assembly tested to SFM 12‑7A‑2.
Step 2 — Practical checks:
- If you select 20‑minute NFPA 257 glazing, confirm the product label and that it is listed for 20 minutes; CWUIC allows this option and exempts the hose‑stream test. § 504.8.
- If you choose the SFM 12‑7A‑2 route, note the SFM test uses 150 kW for 8 minutes and the standard’s test fixture limits window widths to 3 ft (900 mm); your 30 in (0.76 m) wide unit is within the tested width limitation — verify the manufacturer has a test report showing the assembly passed. SFM 12‑7A‑2 (referenced by § 504.8).
Step 3 — Skylight / ventilation: if this were an operable skylight instead of a window, add a noncombustible mesh ≤ 1/8 in (3.2 mm) as required by § 504.8.2.
Bottom line for the homeowner: buy a window unit with the required label/test evidence (tempered pane or 20‑minute rating or SFM 12‑7A‑2 acceptance) and keep any skylight screening to the 1/8 in mesh limit.
Related provisions
- § 504.10 — Ventilation openings (WUI vents and mesh sizing for ridge/off‑ridge vents).
- § 504.9 — Exterior doors (construction, materials and ember‑resistance of door assemblies and gaps).
- § 504.5 — Wall assembly ignition‑resistance requirements (relevant for structural glass veneer behind glazing).
- SFM 12‑7A‑2 (referenced by the CWUIC) — detailed performance test for exterior windows (150 kW / 8 min).
- NFPA 257 / UL 9 — standards for fire testing of window/glazing assemblies referenced for the 20‑minute glazing option.
Code references
Grounded in the retrieved California Wildland-Urban Interface Code — click a citation to read the verbatim passage:
CWUIC § 2.2. High relevance — show source text
2.2. Gypsum board for mounting around the window once it is installed; 2.3. Pieces of gypsum cut into narrow strips for use as trim around the window; 2.4. Caulk to be used as per the window manufacturer's instructions. 3. Wall assembly. A noncombustible wall shall be used with a manufacturer or code-specified opening for the particular window. Install window in framed rough opening following manufacturer guidelines. Apply manufacturer-recommended caulk to nailing flange prior to installation. Use narrow strips of gypsum board as trim around window, covering the nail flange of the window. Any type of framing material may be tested. 3.1. Fit the window test assembly into the rear wall of the Wall Assembly Test Module, sealing all edges, including the soffit-to-wall joint. Ceramic wool or comparable material shall be used for sealing.
12-7A-2.7 Conduct of tests.
Burner output verification. Without the window in place, set the burner for 150 kW output. Conduct a verification run of 3 minutes to assure the heat release rate, and then turn off the burner.
Test. Place the burner against the wall assembly at the center. Ignite the burner at the 150 kW output and control during the test for constant and uniform output. Optional radiometers can be placed behind the Wall Assembly Test Module to measure heat flux through the window glass.
Duration and observations. The test shall be continued until flame-through occurs at the window. Flame-through can occur at the glass (glazing) and/or in the frame. At this point, the burner shall be extinguished and the assembly monitored for sustained combustion. Note the time elapsed and location of penetration if it occurs.
Report. Report a description of the window unit, including the types of frames, cladding and panes being tested and details of the installation. Record when and how the glass breaks or flame-through occurs in the framing materials or sash, and/or
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MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR EXTERIOR WILDFIRE EXPOSURE
if the framing material deforms or otherwise suffers a loss of integrity such that the glass cannot be held in place, and a record of the time at which any of these events occur.
12-7A-2.8 Conditions of Acceptance.
- Duration of direct flame exposure. To pass this test standard, the window and window assembly shall withstand 8 minutes of direct flame exposure with the absence of flame penetration through the window frame or pane, or structural failure of the window frame or pane.
- Flame penetration or structural failure. Flame penetration or structural failure of the flame or pane anytime during the test constitutes failure of this test standard.
FIGURE 1 — SCHEMATIC OF THE WALL ASSEMBLY Test Module used for evaluating the fire performance of a window.
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MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR EXTERIOR WILDFIRE EXPOSURE
HORIZONTAL PROJECTION UNDERSIDE
SFM STANDARD 12-7A-3
CWUIC § 716.3.2.1.3 High relevance — show source text
716.3.2.1.3 Where [1] / 3 -hour-fire-protection window assemblies permitted. Fire-protection-rated glazing shall be permitted in window assemblies tested to NFPA 257 or UL 9 in fire partitions requiring [1] / 3 -hour opening protection in accordance with Table 716.1(3).
716.3.3 Fire window frames. Fire window frames installed with a fire window assembly shall meet the fire-protection rating indicated in Table 716.1(3).
716.3.3.1 Window mullions. Metal mullions that exceed a nominal height of 12 feet (3658 mm) shall be protected with materials to afford the same fire-resistance rating as required for the wall construction in which the protective is located.
716.3.4 Fire-protection-rated glazing. Glazing in fire window assemblies shall be fire protection rated in accordance with this section and Table 716.1(3). Fire-protection-rated glazing in fire window assemblies shall be tested in accordance with and shall meet the acceptance criteria of NFPA 257 or UL 9. Openings in nonfire-resistance-rated exterior wall assemblies that require protection in accordance with Section 705.3, 705.9, 705.9.5 or 705.9.6 shall have a fire protection rating of not less than [3] / 4 hour. Fire-protection-rated glazing in [1] / 2 -hour fire-resistance-rated partitions is permitted to have a 20-minute fire protection rating.
716.3.4.1 Glass and glazing. Glazing in fire window assemblies shall be fire-protection-rated glazing installed in accordance with and complying with the size limitations set forth in NFPA 80.
716.3.5 Labeled protective assemblies. Glazing in fire window assemblies shall be labeled by an approved agency. The labels shall comply with NFPA 80 and Section 716.3.5.2.
716.3.5.1 Fire window frames. Fire window frames shall be approved for the intended application.
716.3.5.2 Labeling requirements. Fire-protection-rated glazing shall bear a label or other identification showing the name of the manufacturer, the test standard and information required in Section 716.1.2.2.2 and Table 716.1(3) that shall be issued by an approved agency and permanently identified on the glazing.
716.3.6 Installation. Fire window assemblies shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of this section.
716.3.6.1 Closure. Fire-protection-rated glazing shall be in the fixed position or be automatic-closing and shall be installed in labeled frames.
716.4 Fire protective curtain assembly. Approved fire protective curtain assemblies shall be constructed of any materials or assembly of component materials tested without hose stream in accordance with UL 10D, and shall comply with the Sections 716.4.1 through 716.4.3.
716.4.1 Label. Fire protective curtain assemblies used as opening protectives in fire-rated walls and smoke partitions shall be labeled in accordance with Section 716.2.9.
716.4.2 Smoke and draft control. Fire protective curtain assemblies used to protect openings where smoke and draft control assemblies are required shall comply with Section 716.2.1.4.
716.4.3 Installation. Fire protective curtain assemblies shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 80.
SECTION 717—DUCTS AND AIR TRANSFER OPENINGS
CWUIC § 716.3.2 High relevance — show source text
716.3.2 Performance requirements. Fire window assemblies shall be installed in the assemblies and comply with the fire protection rating specified in Table 716.1(3).
716.3.2.1 Interior fire window assemblies. Fire-protection-rated glazing used in fire window assemblies located in fire partitions and fire barriers shall be limited to use in assemblies with a maximum fire-resistance rating of 1 hour in accordance with this section.
716.3.2.1.1 Where [3] / 4 -hour-fire-protection window assemblies permitted. Fire-protection-rated glazing requiring 45minute opening protection in accordance with Table 716.1(3) shall be limited to fire partitions designed in accordance with Section 708 and fire barriers utilized in the applications set forth in Sections 707.3.6, 707.3.7 and 707.3.9 where the fire-resistance rating does not exceed 1 hour. Fire-resistance-rated glazing assemblies tested in accordance with ASTM E119 or UL 263 shall not be subject to the limitations of this section.
716.3.2.1.1.1 Energy storage system separation. Fire-protection-rated glazing is not permitted for use in fire window assemblies in fire barriers required by Section 1207 of the California Fire Code to enclose energy storage systems.
716.3.2.1.2 Area limitations. The total area of the glazing in fire-protection-rated window assemblies shall not exceed 25 percent of the area of a common wall with any room.
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FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES
716.3.2.1.3 Where [1] / 3 -hour-fire-protection window assemblies permitted. Fire-protection-rated glazing shall be permitted in window assemblies tested to NFPA 257 or UL 9 in fire partitions requiring [1] / 3 -hour opening protection in accordance with Table 716.1(3).
716.3.3 Fire window frames. Fire window frames installed with a fire window assembly shall meet the fire-protection rating indicated in Table 716.1(3).
716.3.3.1 Window mullions. Metal mullions that exceed a nominal height of 12 feet (3658 mm) shall be protected with materials to afford the same fire-resistance rating as required for the wall construction in which the protective is located.
716.3.4 Fire-protection-rated glazing. Glazing in fire window assemblies shall be fire protection rated in accordance with this section and Table 716.1(3). Fire-protection-rated glazing in fire window assemblies shall be tested in accordance with and shall meet the acceptance criteria of NFPA 257 or UL 9. Openings in nonfire-resistance-rated exterior wall assemblies that require protection in accordance with Section 705.3, 705.9, 705.9.5 or 705.9.6 shall have a fire protection rating of not less than [3] / 4 hour. Fire-protection-rated glazing in [1] / 2 -hour fire-resistance-rated partitions is permitted to have a 20-minute fire protection rating.
716.3.4.1 Glass and glazing. Glazing in fire window assemblies shall be fire-protection-rated glazing installed in accordance with and complying with the size limitations set forth in NFPA 80.
CWUIC § 12-7 High relevance — show source text
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EXTERIOR WINDOWS
SFM STANDARD 12-7A-2
12-7A-2.1 Application. Exterior window assemblies that meet the performance criteria of this standard are acceptable for use as defined in the California Building Standards Code.
12-7A-2.2 Scope. This standard evaluates the performance of exterior windows used in structures when exposed to direct flames.
12-7A-2.3 Referenced documents.
- AAMA (for definitions) Training Manual, Residential & Light Commercial Window and Door Installation Training and Registration Program.
- CAWM 400-95, Standard Practice for Installation of Windows with Integral Mounting Flange in Wood Frame Construction.
12-7A-2.4 Definitions.
Frame (Jambs). This usually consists of two vertical members (side jambs) and two horizontal members (head and sill) that hold the sash. Frames and sash are typically made of steel, aluminum, vinyl, fiberglass, wood or a combination of these materials.
Glazing. The glass in a window. It may include layers of plastic as well as glass.
Sash. The fixed or movable parts of the window in which the panes of glass are set.
12-7A-2.5 Test apparatus.
- Wall assembly test module. The module is designed to permit rapid installation and removal of window/wall assemblies, and is designed to prevent edge penetration of fire at the margins. It includes two noncombustible side walls attached to a wall frame assembly, and a simulated soffit that is also noncombustible. The assembly permits a prefabricated 4 × 8 ft (1.2 × 2.4 m) wall section containing the test window to be inserted from the rear and sealed in such a way that the edges are protected from fire (see Figure 1).
- Burner. A 4 × 39 inch (100 × 1000 mm) diffusion burner shall be used. Natural gas, methane or propane shall be supplied to the burner through a metered control system. The gas supply to the burner shall produce a net heat output of 150 ± 4 kW throughout the flame exposure. Burner output can be determined from HRR or calculated from the gas flow rate, temperature and pressure.
- Burner location. The burner shall be positioned so that it is centered relative to the width of the wall assembly and against the wall. The distance from the floor to the top of the burner shall be 12 inches (300 mm).
12-7A-2.6 Test assembly.
- Window. The window width cannot exceed 3 feet (900 mm) due to the limitations of the test fixture. The burner’s flame shall cover the full width of the window sill. The distance from top of the burner to bottom of window will be 8 inches (200 mm).
CWUIC § 1299.02 High relevance — show source text
_ (b) Fuel Breaks required by the Local Jurisdiction, in consultation with the Fire Authority, shall be located, designed, and main- tained in a condition that reduces the potential of damaging radiant and convective heat or ember exposure to Access routes, Buildings, or infrastructure within the Development. (c) Fuel Breaks shall have, at a minimum, one point of entry for fire fighters and any Fire Apparatus. The specific number of entry points and entry requirements shall be determined by the Local Jurisdiction, in consultation with the Fire Authority. (d) Fuel Breaks may be required at locations such as, but not limited to: (1) Directly adjacent to defensible space as defined by 14 CCR § 1299.02 to reduce radiant and convective heat exposure, ember impacts, or support fire suppression tactics; (2) Directly adjacent to Roads to manage radiant and convective heat exposure or ember impacts, increase evacuation safety, or support fire suppression tactics; (3) Directly adjacent to a Hazardous Land Use to limit the spread of fire from such uses, reduce radiant and convective heat exposure, or support fire suppression tactics; (4) Strategically located along Ridgelines, in Greenbelts, or other locations to reduce radiant and convective heat exposure, ember impacts, or support community level fire suppression tactics. (e) Fuel Breaks shall be completed prior to the commencement of any permitted construction. (f) Fuel Breaks shall be constructed using the most ecologically and site appropriate treatment option, such as, but not limited to, prescribed burning, manual treatment, mechanical treatment, prescribed herbivory, and targeted ground application of herbicides.
(g) Where a Local Jurisdiction requires Fuel Breaks, maintenance mechanisms shall be established to ensure the fire behavior objectives and thresholds are maintained over time. (h) The mechanisms required shall be binding upon the property for which the Fuel Break is established, shall ensure adequate maintenance levels, and may include written legal agreements; permanent fees, taxes, or assessments; assessments through a homeowners' association; or other funding mechanisms.
1276.04 Greenbelts, greenways, open spaces and parks. (a) Where a Greenbelt, Greenway, open space, park, landscaped or natural area, or portions thereof, is intended to serve as a Fuel Break, the space or relevant portion thereof shall conform with the requirements in § 1276.03 (Fuel Breaks).
1276.05 Disposal of flammable vegetation and fuels.
The disposal, including burning or removal to a site approved by the Local Jurisdiction, in consultation with the Fire Authority, of flam- mable vegetation and fuels caused by site construction, Road, and Driveway construction shall be in accordance with all applicable laws and regulations.
H104.2 Subchapter 3 Fire Hazard.
Article 3. Fire Hazard Reduction Around Buildings and Structures
1299.01 Purpose. The intent of this regulation is to provide guidance for implementation of Public Resources Code Section 4291 to improve safety for fire fighters defending a home as well as increase the survivability of a “Building or Structure” as defined, that exists in grass, brush, and forest covered lands within the designated State Responsibility Area (SRA) of California.
CWUIC § 12-7 High relevance — show source text
504.8
12-7A-3: Horizontal Projection Underside. A fire resistance test standard consisting of a 300 kW intensity direct flame exposure for a 10-minute duration
504.3, 504.7, 504.7.1
12-7A-4: Decking. A two-part test consisting of a heat release rate (Part A) deck assembly combustion test with an under deck exposure of 80 kW intensity direct flame for a 3-minute duration, and a (Part B) sustained deck assembly combustion test consisting of a deck upper surface burning ember exposure with a 12 mph wind for 40 minutes using a 2.2 lb (1kg) burning “Class A” size 12" × 12" × 2.25" (300 mm × 300 mm × 57 mm) roof test brand
504.7.3.2
12-7A-4A: Decking Alternate Method A. A heat release rate deck assembly combustion test with an under deck exposure of 80 kW intensity direct flame for a 3-minute duration
504.7.3.2
State Fire Marshal’s Guidelines for Fire Hydrant Markings Along State Highways and Freeways, May 1988
404.8
UL UL LLC, 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096
9—2009: Fire Tests of Window Assemblies—with Revisions through March 2020
504.8
10B—2008: Fire Tests of Door Assemblies—with Revisions through May 2020
504.9
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REFERENCED STANDARDS
10C—2016: Positive Pressure Fire Tests of Door Assemblies—with Revisions through May 2021
504.9
94—2023: Tests for Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances
504.9.2
263—2011: Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials—with Revisions through March 2022
501.3, 504.3, 504.3.1, 504.5, 504.7, 504.7.1
723—2018: Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
202, 501.4.1, 503.2.4, 504.7.3.2, 504.7.3.3
790— 2022 : Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings
504.2, 504.2.1.2, 504.11.6
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CALIFORNIA WILDLAND-URBAN INTERFACE CODE – MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
APPENDIX A – GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
CWUIC § 11.3.4 High relevance — show source text
CEBC—2025: California Existing Building Code
1.11.3.4, 102.8, 201.3
CFC—2025: California Fire Code
1.11.3.4, 1.11.9, 1.11.10, 102.8, 105.1, 201.3, 202, 402.1.1, 402.1.2, 402.2.1, 402.2.2, 403.2.4, 404.2, 404.4, 404.5, 404.10.3, 606.1, 606.2
CRC—2025: California Residential Code
1.1.7.3.1, 102.8
NFPA National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471
252—2022: Standard on Fire Test of Door Assemblies
504.9
257—2022: Standard on Fire Test for Window and Glass Block Assemblies
504.8
CEC—2025: California Electrical Code
201.3
SFM State of California, Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Office of the State Fire Marshal, P.O. Box 944246, Sacramento, CA 94246-2460
12-7A-1: Exterior Wall Siding and Sheathing. A fire resistance test standard consisting of a 150 kW intensity direct flame exposure for a 10-minute duration
504.5, 504.9
12-7A-2: Exterior Windows. A fire resistance test standard consisting of a 150 kW intensity direct flame exposure for an 8-minute duration
504.8
12-7A-3: Horizontal Projection Underside. A fire resistance test standard consisting of a 300 kW intensity direct flame exposure for a 10-minute duration
504.3, 504.7, 504.7.1
12-7A-4: Decking. A two-part test consisting of a heat release rate (Part A) deck assembly combustion test with an under deck exposure of 80 kW intensity direct flame for a 3-minute duration, and a (Part B) sustained deck assembly combustion test consisting of a deck upper surface burning ember exposure with a 12 mph wind for 40 minutes using a 2.2 lb (1kg) burning “Class A” size 12" × 12" × 2.25" (300 mm × 300 mm × 57 mm) roof test brand
504.7.3.2
12-7A-4A: Decking Alternate Method A. A heat release rate deck assembly combustion test with an under deck exposure of 80 kW intensity direct flame for a 3-minute duration
504.7.3.2
State Fire Marshal’s Guidelines for Fire Hydrant Markings Along State Highways and Freeways, May 1988
404.8
UL UL LLC, 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096
9—2009: Fire Tests of Window Assemblies—with Revisions through March 2020
CWUIC § 504.9.3 High relevance — show source text
Gaps between doors and door openings_ shall be controlled by one or more of the following methods: 1. Weather-stripping products constructed of materials that which comply with both of the following: 1.1. The tensile strength of the material shall be tested in accordance with ASTM D638 before and after exposure to ASTM G155 for a period of 2,000 hours, and the maximum allowable difference in tensile strength values between exposed and nonexposed samples shall not exceed 10 percent. 1.2. When tested to UL 94, the materials shall have a flammability rating of V-2 or better. 2. Door overlaps onto jambs and headers. 3. Garage door jambs and headers covered with metal flashing.
504.9.3 Conditions of acceptance for ASTM E2707. The ASTM E2707 test shall be conducted on a minimum of three test specimens and meet the conditions of acceptance in Items 1 and 2. If any one of the three tests do not meet the conditions of acceptance, three additional tests shall be performed. All three additional tests must meet the conditions of acceptance. 1. Absence of flame penetration through the wall assembly at any time. 2. Absence of evidence of glowing combustion on the interior surface of the assembly at the end of the 70-minute test.
504.10 Vents. Where provided, ventilation openings for enclosed attics, gable ends, ridge ends, under eaves and cornices, enclosed eave soffit spaces, enclosed rafter spaces formed where ceilings are applied directly to the underside of roof rafters, underfloor venti
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SPECIAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONS
lation, foundations and crawl spaces, or any other opening intended to permit ventilation, either in a horizontal or vertical surface, shall be in accordance with Section 504.10.1 or Section 504.10.2 to resist building ignition from the intrusion of burning embers and flame through the ventilation openings.
504.10.1 Performance requirements. Ventilation openings shall be fully covered with Wildfire Flame and Ember Resistant vents approved and listed by the California State Fire Marshal, or WUI vents, tested in accordance with ASTM E2886, to demonstrate compliance with all the following requirements:
- There shall be no flaming ignition of the cotton material during the Ember Intrusion Test.
- There shall be no flaming ignition during the Integrity Test portion of the Flame Intrusion Test.
- The maximum temperature of the unexposed side of the vent shall not exceed 662°F (350°C).
504.10.2 Off ridge and ridge vents. Vents that are installed on a sloped roof, such as dormer vents, shall comply with all of the following: 1. Vents shall be covered with a mesh where the dimensions of the mesh therein shall be a minimum of [1] / 16 inch (1.6 mm) and shall not exceed [1] / 8 inch (3.2 mm) in diameter.
2. The vent and mesh material shall be noncombustible.
3. The vent and mesh material shall be corrosion resistant.
CWUIC § 12-7 High relevance — show source text
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MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR EXTERIOR WILDFIRE EXPOSURE
12-7A-1.10 Report. The report shall include the following:
Name and address of the testing laboratory.
Name and address of test sponsor.
Description of the test specimen including construction details of the wall system, including details of individual components (such as type, thickness and installation method of any sheathing) and the manufacturer’s installation details and limitations as applicable.
Number of specimens tested.
Description of weathering, as applicable.
Moisture content of hygroscopic elements of wall system construction at the time of testing.
Details of the burner verification, including heat supply rate.
Date of test, test identification number and date of report.
The test results shall include:
9.1. A notation of the time and location of sustained flaming on the unexposed side of the test specimen during the test, along with the sequence number of the test specimen. 9.2. A determination of the presence of glow on the unexposed side of the test specimen at the end of the 60-minute observation period. 9.3. Observations of the burning characteristics of the exposed surface of the test wall during and after the flame
exposure.
12-7A-1.11 Conditions of Acceptance. Should one of the three replicates fail to meet the Conditions of Acceptance, three additional tests may be run. All of the additional tests must meet the Conditions of Acceptance.
- Absence of flame penetration through the wall assembly at any time.
- Absence of evidence of glowing combustion on the interior surface of the assembly at the end of the 70-minute test.
40 2025 CALIFORNIA REFERENCED STANDARDS CODE
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR EXTERIOR WILDFIRE EXPOSURE
EXTERIOR WINDOWS
SFM STANDARD 12-7A-2
12-7A-2.1 Application. Exterior window assemblies that meet the performance criteria of this standard are acceptable for use as defined in the California Building Standards Code.
12-7A-2.2 Scope. This standard evaluates the performance of exterior windows used in structures when exposed to direct flames.
12-7A-2.3 Referenced documents.
- AAMA (for definitions) Training Manual, Residential & Light Commercial Window and Door Installation Training and Registration Program.
- CAWM 400-95, Standard Practice for Installation of Windows with Integral Mounting Flange in Wood Frame Construction.
12-7A-2.4 Definitions.
Frame (Jambs). This usually consists of two vertical members (side jambs) and two horizontal members (head and sill) that hold the sash. Frames and sash are typically made of steel, aluminum, vinyl, fiberglass, wood or a combination of these materials.
Glazing. The glass in a window. It may include layers of plastic as well as glass.
Sash. The fixed or movable parts of the window in which the panes of glass are set.
12-7A-2.5 Test apparatus.
- Wall assembly test module. The module is designed to permit rapid installation and removal of window/wall assemblies, and is designed to prevent edge penetration of fire at the margins.
CWUIC § 0.249 High relevance — show source text
24
|0.249
|0.048
|–
| |4.94|0.326|0.063|–| |5.65|0.413|0.080|–| |6.36|0.507|0.098|–| |7.06|0.611|0.118|0.030| |7.77|0.723|0.139|0.035| |8.47|0.843|0.162|0.041| |9.18|0.969|0.187|0.047| |9.89|1.108|0.212|0.053| |10.59|1.252|0.240|0.060| |12.36|1.647|0.315|0.079| |14.12
|2.090
|0.398
|0.100
| |15.89
|2.580
|0.490
|0.123
| |17.66|3.116|0.591|0.148| |19.42|–|0.701|0.176| |21.19|–|0.818|0.205| |22.95|–|0.944|0.236| |24.72|–|1.078|0.268| |28.25|–|1.369|0.341| |31.78|–|1.690|0.421| |35.31|–|2.043|0.509| |38.84|–|2.425|0.603| |42.37|–|2.838|0.705| |45.90
|–
|3.280
|0.814
| |49.43|–|3.751|0.929| |52.97|–|4.249|1.052| |56.50|–|–|1.181| |60.03|–|–|1.318| |63.56|–|–|1.461| |67.09|–|–|1.611| |70.62|–|–|1.768| |81.21|–|–|2.276| |88.28|–|–|2.647| |95.34|–|–|3.044|FLOW RATE
(SCFM)1PRESSURE DROP (psi) PER 100 FEET2 Col3 Col4 FLOW RATE
(SCFM)11⁄2 INCH PIPE 3⁄4 INCH PIPE 1 INCH PIPE 5.30 0.126 0.024 – 10.59 0.430 0.082 – 15.89 0.886 0.168 – 21.19 1.485 0.281 – 26.48 2.220 0.419 – 31.78 3.089 0.581 – 37.08 4.087 0.766 – 42.37 – 0.975 – 47.67 – 1.206 – 52.97 – 1.460 0.361 58.26 – 1.736 0.429 63.56 – 2.033 0.502 68.85 – 2. CWUIC § 504.10.1 Medium relevance — show source text
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
SPECIAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONS
lation, foundations and crawl spaces, or any other opening intended to permit ventilation, either in a horizontal or vertical surface, shall be in accordance with Section 504.10.1 or Section 504.10.2 to resist building ignition from the intrusion of burning embers and flame through the ventilation openings.
504.10.1 Performance requirements. Ventilation openings shall be fully covered with Wildfire Flame and Ember Resistant vents approved and listed by the California State Fire Marshal, or WUI vents, tested in accordance with ASTM E2886, to demonstrate compliance with all the following requirements:
- There shall be no flaming ignition of the cotton material during the Ember Intrusion Test.
- There shall be no flaming ignition during the Integrity Test portion of the Flame Intrusion Test.
- The maximum temperature of the unexposed side of the vent shall not exceed 662°F (350°C).
504.10.2 Off ridge and ridge vents. Vents that are installed on a sloped roof, such as dormer vents, shall comply with all of the following: 1. Vents shall be covered with a mesh where the dimensions of the mesh therein shall be a minimum of [1] / 16 inch (1.6 mm) and shall not exceed [1] / 8 inch (3.2 mm) in diameter.
2. The vent and mesh material shall be noncombustible.
3. The vent and mesh material shall be corrosion resistant.
504.10.3 Vent locations. Gable-end and dormer vents shall be located not less than 10 feet (3048 mm) from lot lines. Underfloor ventilation openings shall be located as close to grade as practical.
504.11 Accessory buildings and miscellaneous structures. Accessory buildings and miscellaneous structures that have the potential to pose a significant exterior fire exposure hazard during wildfires shall be constructed to conform to the ignition-resistance require- ments of this section.
504.11.1 Applicability . Sections 504.11.2 through 504.11.6 apply to buildings accessory to an applicable building on the same lot, and attached or detached miscellaneous structures that require a building permit, including but not limited to trellises, arbors, patio covers, gazebos and similar structures.
Exceptions: 1. Decks shall comply with the requirements of Section 504.7.3. 2. Awnings and canopies shall comply with the requirements of Section 3105 of the California Building Code.
504.11.2 Miscellaneous structures and accessory buildings within 3 feet. Miscellaneous structures that require a permit, and accessory buildings of any size, when separated from an applicable building on the same lot by a distance of less than 3 feet (914 mm), shall be constructed of noncombustible materials or ignition-resistant building materials as described in Section 503.2.4.
CWUIC § 4291 Medium relevance — show source text
4291.
(a) A person who owns, leases, controls, operates, or maintains a building or structure in, upon, or adjoining a mountainous area, forest-covered lands, shrub-covered lands, grass-covered lands, or land that is covered with flammable material, shall at all times do all of the following: (1) (A) Maintain defensible space of 100 feet from each side and from the front and rear of the structure, but not beyond the property line, except as provided in subparagraph (B). The amount of fuel modification necessary shall consider the flammability of the structure as affected by building material, building standards, location, and type of vegetation. Fuels shall be maintained and spaced in a condition so that a wildfire burning under average weather conditions would be unlikely to ignite the structure. This subparagraph does not apply to single specimens of trees or other vege- tation that are well-pruned and maintained so as to effectively manage fuels and not form a means of rapidly transmitting fire from other nearby vegetation to a structure or from a structure to other nearby vegetation or to interrupt the advance of embers toward a structure. The intensity of fuels management may vary within the 100-foot perimeter of the structure, with more intense fuel reductions being utilized between 5 and 30 feet around the struc- ture, and an ember-resistant zone being required within 5 feet of the structure, based on regulations promulgated by the board, in consultation with the department, to consider the elimination of materials in the ember-resistant zone that would likely be ignited by embers. Consistent with fuels management objectives, steps should be taken to mini- mize erosion, soil disturbance, and the spread of flammable nonnative grasses and weeds. For purposes of this subparagraph, “fuel” means any combustible material, including petroleum-based products, cultivated landscape plants, grasses, and weeds, and wildland vegetation. (B) A greater distance than that required under subparagraph (A) may be required by state law, local ordinance, rule, or regulation. Fuel modification beyond the property line may only be required by state law, local ordinance, rule, or regulation in order to maintain 100 feet of defensible space from a structure. Fuel modification on adjacent property shall only be conducted following written consent by the adjacent landowner. Any local ordinance related to fuel modification shall be in compliance with all applicable state laws, regulations, and policies. Any local ordinance may include provisions to allocate costs for any fuel modification beyond the property line.
2025 CALIFORNIA WILDLAND-URBAN INTERFACE CODE APPENDIX H-7
on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.
APPENDIX H—REFERENCED CALIFORNIA DOCUMENTS
(C) An insurance company that insures an occupied dwelling or occupied structure may require a greater distance than that required under subparagraph (A) if a fire expert, designated by the director, provides findings that the fuel modi- fication is necessary to significantly reduce the risk of transmission of flame or heat sufficient to ignite the structure, and there is no other feasible mitigation measure possible to reduce the risk of ignition or spread of wildfire to the structure. The greater distance may not be beyond the property line unless allowed by state law, local ordinance, rule, or regulation. (2) Remove that portion of a tree that extends within 10 feet of the outlet of a chimney or stovepipe. (3) _Maintain a tree, shrub,
CWUIC § 504.8 High relevance — show source text
504.8 Exterior glazing. Exterior windows, window walls and glazed doors, windows within exterior doors, and skylights shall be constructed of any of the following: 1. Multilayered glazed panels with at least one pane of tempered glass complying with Section 2406 of the California Building Code.
2. Glass block.
3. Glazing with a fire-protection rating of not less than 20 minutes when tested according to NFPA 257 or UL 9, and shall be exempt from the hose stream test. 4. Glazing meeting the performance requirements of SFM Standard 12-7A-2.
504.8.1 Structural glass veneer. The wall assembly behind structural glass veneer shall comply with Section 504.5.
504.8.2 Operable skylights. Operable skylights shall be protected by a noncombustible mesh screen and the dimensions of the openings in the screen shall not exceed [1] / 8 inch (3.2 mm).
504.9 Exterior doors. Exterior doors shall be constructed in accordance with any of the following:
1. Noncombustible construction .
2. Solid-core wood not less than 1 [3] / 4 inches thick (44 mm) . 3. The exterior door shall be constructed of solid core wood that complies with the following requirements: 3.1. Stiles and rails shall not be less than 1 3/8 inches (35 mm) thick. 3.2. Raised panels shall not be less than 11/4 inches (32 mm) thick, except for the exterior perimeter of the raised panel that shall be permitted to taper to a tongue not less than 3/8 inch (10 mm) thick. 4. Have a fire protection rating of not less than 20 minutes when tested according to NFPA 252, UL 10B or UL 10C . 5. The exterior surface or cladding meeting the performance requirements of Section 504.9.3 when tested in accordance with ASTM E2707.
6. The exterior surface or cladding shall be tested to meet the performance requirements of SFM Standard 12-7A-1.
Windows within doors and glazed doors shall be in accordance with Section 504.8.
504.9.1 Garage doors. Automatic garage door openers for vehicle doors serving a residential building shall be equipped with a battery backup function.
504.9.2 Garage door perimeter gap. Exterior garage doors shall resist the intrusion of embers by preventing gaps between doors and door openings, at the bottom, sides and tops of doors, from exceeding [1] / 8 _inch (3.2 mm).
CWUIC § 504.7.3.3.2 High relevance — show source text
504.7.3.3.2 Conditions of acceptance for ASTM E2726. The ASTM E2726 test shall be conducted, using a “Class A” size roof test brand, on a minimum of three test specimens and meet the conditions of acceptance in Items 1 and 2. If any one of the three tests does not meet the conditions of acceptance, three additional tests shall be performed. All three additional tests must meet the conditions of acceptance. 1. Absence of sustained flaming or glowing combustion of any kind at the conclusion of the 40-minute observation period. 2. Absence of falling particles that are still burning when reaching the burner or floor.
504.7.3.4 Performance requirements for Section 504.7.3.2, Item 7. The ASTM E2632 test shall be conducted on a minimum of three test specimens and the peak heat release rate shall be less than or equal to 25 kW/ft [2] (269 kW/m [2] ). If any one of the three tests does not meet the conditions of acceptance, three additional tests shall be run. All the additional tests shall meet the condi- tion of acceptance. If any one of the three tests does not meet the condition of acceptance, three additional tests shall be performed. All three additional tests must show a peak heat release rate shall be 25 kW/ft2 (269 kW/m2) or less.
504.8 Exterior glazing. Exterior windows, window walls and glazed doors, windows within exterior doors, and skylights shall be constructed of any of the following: 1. Multilayered glazed panels with at least one pane of tempered glass complying with Section 2406 of the California Building Code.
2. Glass block.
3. Glazing with a fire-protection rating of not less than 20 minutes when tested according to NFPA 257 or UL 9, and shall be exempt from the hose stream test. 4. Glazing meeting the performance requirements of SFM Standard 12-7A-2.
504.8.1 Structural glass veneer. The wall assembly behind structural glass veneer shall comply with Section 504.5.
504.8.2 Operable skylights. Operable skylights shall be protected by a noncombustible mesh screen and the dimensions of the openings in the screen shall not exceed [1] / 8 inch (3.2 mm).
504.9 Exterior doors. Exterior doors shall be constructed in accordance with any of the following:
1. Noncombustible construction .
CWUIC § 1323.1.4 Medium relevance — show source text
TABLE 1323.1.4(6) PRESSURE LOSS FOR VACUUM (CATEGORY 3) (continued)
FLOW
RATE
(SCFM)1VACUUM LOSS (inch of mercury)
PER 100 FEET FOR PLASTIC TUBE2Col3 Col4 Col5 Col6 FLOW
RATE
(SCFM)13⁄4 INCH
TUBE1 INCH
TUBE11⁄4 INCH
TUBE11⁄2 INCH
TUBE2 INCH
TUBE13.42 1.396 0.356 0.124 0.052 0.014 14.12 1.525 0.389 0.135 0.057 0.015 14.83 1.662 0.424 0.147 0.062 0.016 15.54 1.803 0.460 0.160 0.068 0.017 16.24 1.948 0.496 0.172 0.073 0.019 16.95 2.099 0.535 0.186 0.078 0.020 17.66 2.256 0.574 0.199 0.084 0.022 18.36 2.415 0.615 0.213 0.090 0.023 19.07 2.581 0.657 0.228 0.096 0.025 19.77 2.750 0.699 0.243 0.102 0.026 20.48 2.925 0.744 0.258 0.109 0.028 21.19 3.106 0.790 0.274 0.115 0.030 24.72 4.074 1.034 0.358 0.151 0.039 28.25 – 1.307 0.452 0.190 0.049 31.78 – 1.608 0.556 0.234 0.060 35.31 – 1.936 0.669 0.281 0.072 38.84 – 2.291 0.791 0.332 0.085 42.37 – 2.672 0.922 0.387 0.099 45.90 – 3.078 1.062 0.446 0.113 49.43 – 3.510 1.211 0.508 0.129 52.97 – 3.969 1.368 0.574 0.146 56.50 – 4.450 1.534 0.643 0.163 63.56 – – 1.890 0.792 0.201 70.62 – – 2.278 0.954 0.242 77.68 – – 2.699 1.130 0.286 84.74 – – 3.151 1. CWUIC § 65850.6 Medium relevance — show source text
_ (2) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to alter the extent to which utility infrastructure, including but not limited to wire- less telecommunications facilities, as defined in Government Code Section 65850.6, subdivision (d)(2), or Storage Group S or Utility and Miscellaneous Group U Structures, may be constructed on Undeveloped Ridgelines. (3) Local Jurisdictions may approve Buildings on Strategic Ridgelines where Development activities such as mass grading will significantly alter the topography that results in the elimination of Ridgeline fire risks. (d) The Local Jurisdiction may implement further specific requirements to preserve Undeveloped Ridgelines.
[CCR T14 §1276.02]
609.2 Fuel breaks. When applications meet any of the following criteria, the local jurisdiction shall determine the need and location for fuel breaks in consultation with the fire authority: (1) The permitting or approval of three or more new parcels, excluding lot line adjustments as specified in Government Code Section 66412(d); or (2) An application for a change of zoning increasing zoning intensity or density; or (3) An application for a change in use permit increasing use intensity or density.
[CCR T14 §1276.03(a)]
609.2.1 Exposures. Fuel breaks required by the local jurisdiction, in consultation with the fire authority, shall be located, designed and maintained in a condition that reduces the potential of damaging radiant and convective heat or ember exposure to access routes, buildings or infrastructure within the development. [CCR T14 §1276.03(b)]
609.2.2 Fire department access. Fuel breaks shall have, at a minimum, one point of entry for firefighters and any fire apparatus. The specific number of entry points and entry requirements shall be determined by the local jurisdiction, in consultation with the fire authority. [CCR T14 §1276.03(c)]
609.2.3 Location of fuel breaks. Fuel breaks may be required at locations such as, but not limited to: (1) Directly adjacent to defensible space as defined by Title 14 CCR Section 1299.02 to reduce radiant and convective heat expo- sure and ember impacts, or support firefighting tactics. (2) Directly adjacent to roads to manage radiant and convective heat exposure and ember impacts, increase evacuation safety, or support firefighting tactics. (3) Directly adjacent to a hazardous land use to limit the spread of fire from such uses, reduce radiant and convective heat exposure, or support firefighting tactics. (4) Strategically located along ridgelines, in greenbelts, or in other locations to reduce radiant and convective heat exposure and ember impacts, or support community level firefighting tactics.
[CCR T14 §1276.03(d)]
609.2.4 Timing. Fuel breaks shall be completed prior to the commencement of any permitted construction. [CCR T14 §1276.03(e)]
609.2.5 Construction. Fuel breaks shall be constructed using the most ecologically and site appropriate treatment option, such as, but not limited to, prescribed burning, manual treatment, mechanical treatment, prescribed herbivory, and targeted ground applica- tion of herbicides. [CCR T14 §1276.03(f)]
6-6 2025 CALIFORNIA WILDLAND-URBAN INTERFACE CODE
Frequently asked questions
Do I need a special label to prove my windows comply with § 504.8?
Yes. If you use a 20‑minute rated product, the glazing must be tested and labeled per NFPA 257 or UL 9; if you rely on SFM 12‑7A‑2 performance, obtain the manufacturer’s SFM test report or listing showing the assembly passed. § 504.8 and the referenced standards list these options.
Is tempered glass alone always enough?
Tempered glass can be part of a compliant multilayered glazing option only if at least one pane is tempered as specified in § 504.8 (multilayered panel with one tempered pane) or if part of an assembly that otherwise meets an accepted test/standard. Check the product documentation.
Can I use common insect screen on an operable skylight?
No. Operable skylights must be protected by a noncombustible mesh with openings no larger than 1/8 in (3.2 mm) per § 504.8.2. Ordinary insect screen (often combustible and having larger mesh) may not comply.
If a window passes a building‑fire test (CBC/716), is it automatically compliant for CWUIC?
Not automatically. CWUIC accepts specific glazing options and referenced performance tests (see § 504.8 and SFM 12‑7A‑2, NFPA 257/UL 9). Some CBC fire‑window provisions overlap, but you must confirm the product is listed for the specific acceptance route used in § 504.8.
What if my preferred window frame is vinyl or wood?
The CWUIC's § 504.8 focuses on glazing options and references the SFM window performance standard, which evaluates assemblies (glass, sash, frame, installation). If using an assembly tested to SFM 12‑7A‑2 or a listed 20‑minute glazing, ensure the full unit (frame + glazing + installation) is covered by the test or listing.
More in California Wildland-Urban Interface Code
- Administration and Definitions
- Board of Appeals, Administration & Enforcement (permits, code official duties, appeals process)
- Wildland‑Urban Interface Area Designation & Mapping
- Fire Service Access & Water Supply (fire apparatus roads, driveways, hydrants, draft sites, standby power)
- Wildland‑Urban Interface Area Requirements (access, water, premises identification, key boxes)
- Referenced Standards & Test Methods
- Special Building Construction Regulations (ignition‑resistant construction, roof/vent/assembly requirements)
- Appendices and Model Ordinances (vegetation plans, severity‑zone adoption, home‑hardening guidance)
- Fire Protection Requirements (fire protection plans, systems, safety element provisions)
- Referenced California Documents & Matrix (CCR/Title 14 & 19 cross‑references, statutory references)
- Vegetation Management & Defensible Space (vegetation plans, maintenance, fire‑smart characteristics)
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