CFC · California Fire Code

What are stair, stairheadroom and handrail requirements?

Stairs used for building egress must provide at least 80 inches headroom, uniform risers (max 7 in) and treads (min 11 in), proper landings and handrails on the sides; handrails must be 34–38 inches high, graspable, continuous, and have required clearances and extensions. The exact limits and many exceptions are in California Fire Code **§ 1011** (stairs) and **§ 1014** (handrails).

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Last reviewed: July 6, 2026

What the code requires — 2–4 sentences

Stairways used as means of egress must meet minimum geometric and safety limits for tread depth, riser height, landing size, vertical rise, and headroom; they must also have handrails where required and those handrails must meet size, height, continuity and projection limits. The controlling stair provisions are in § 1011 of the California Fire Code and the handrail-specific requirements are in § 1014.

The single most important plain-English rule: design stair geometry so people can walk without tripping (uniform risers/treads and minimum headroom), and provide graspable, continuous handrails at the specified height to guide occupants during egress. § 1011.5 and § 1014.2 are the controlling requirements.

Requirements in detail

Stair geometry (basic limits)

  • Minimum headroom: 80 inches (2032 mm) measured vertically from the line connecting tread nosings; continuous for the full width of the stair and landing. Exception: spiral stairs are permitted 78 inches (1981 mm). § 1011.3.
  • Riser height: maximum 7 inches (178 mm), minimum 4 inches (102 mm); measured between nosings. § 1011.5.2.
  • Tread depth (rectangular): minimum 11 inches (279 mm) measured horizontally at right angle to the tread nosing. § 1011.5.2.
  • Vertical rise per flight: maximum 12 feet (3658 mm) between floor levels or landings. § 1011.8.
  • Landings: landing width equals stair width; depth parallel to travel equal to stair width or 48 inches (1219 mm), whichever is less. Doors cannot reduce landing width below half the required width. § 1011.6.

Handrails — where and how

  • Where required: flights of stairways must have handrails on each side (exceptions for stairs within dwelling units, spiral stairs, small runs). § 1011.11.
  • Handrail height: measured from a line connecting nosings or ramp surface—uniform not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 38 inches (965 mm). (Alternating tread devices / ship’s ladders: 30–34 in.) § 1014.2.
  • Lateral location / clearance: handrail located within 6 inches (152.4 mm) of the edge of the walking surface if mounted outward; clearance between wall and handrail gripping surface 1½ inches (38 mm) minimum. § 1014.3, § 1014.9.
  • Graspability / cross section: required handrails must be Type I or II (or equivalent) to provide graspability—circular cross-sections and noncircular perimeter limits apply (see Chapter 11/11B references). § 1014.4 (and related accessibility chapters).
  • Continuity: handrails must be continuous for the full length of each stair flight; inside handrails on switchback/dogleg stairs must be continuous between flights. § 1014.2 (continuity referenced in § 1014 and the CBC accessibility chapters).
  • Extensions: at the top, handrails extend 12 inches (305 mm) horizontally above the landing beginning directly above the first riser nosing; at the bottom, extend at the slope for a horizontal distance equal to one tread depth plus a 12 in horizontal continuation or return. § 1014 (extensions).
  • Intermediate handrails: required where needed so that all portions of the stair minimum width are within 30 inches (762 mm) of a handrail (monumental stair exception). § 1014.10.

Decision‑relevant dimensions — quick table

Item Required dimension/value Code reference
Headroom (stairways) 80 in (2032 mm) (spiral 78 in) § 1011.3
Max riser height 7 in (178 mm) (some residential exceptions up to 7 3/4 in) § 1011.5.2
Min tread depth (rectangular) 11 in (279 mm) § 1011.5.2
Flight vertical rise (max) 12 ft (3658 mm) § 1011.8
Landing depth (min) Equal to stair width or 48 in (1219 mm), whichever is less § 1011.6
Min stair width (egress) 44 in (1118 mm) (36 in where occupant load < 50) § 1011.2
Handrail height 34–38 in (864–965 mm) above nosing § 1014.2
Handrail clearance from wall 1½ in (38 mm) min § 1014.2 / § 1014 (clearance)
Top handrail extension 12 in (305 mm) horizontal min above landing § 1014 (extensions)
Bottom extension Slope for distance = one tread depth + 12 in horizontal return § 1014 (extensions)
Projections into egress width at/below handrail Max 4½ in (114 mm) § 1014.9

(References cite the CFC sections that set the limits; accessibility chapters (Chapter 11A/11B of the CBC) add gripping-surface cross-section details where applicable. See § 1014 and related Chapter 11 notes.)

Exceptions & special cases

  • Spiral stairs: allowed in limited locations and have special tread and 78 in headroom rules. § 1011.10.
  • Dwelling-unit stairs (Group R‑2/R‑3): many handrail and tread/riser relaxations apply (e.g., one handrail permitted) — read the occupancy‑specific exceptions in § 1011.11 and § 1014.2 exceptions.
  • Alternating‑tread devices and ship’s ladders: reduced handrail height range 30–34 in permitted. § 1014.2.
  • Existing stair replacement or historic/existing-stair rules: the Fire Code allows limited continuation of existing dimensions under the existing‑building provisions — see Section 1104 (existing). § 1104.

If you rely on accessibility design (office, public buildings), consult Chapter 11A/11B cross-references (handrail cross-section, gripping surface and additional extension rules). § 1014 notes the Chapter 11 cross-refs.

Common mistakes

  • Measuring headroom incorrectly — headroom is measured from the line connecting the nosings (not simply vertical to the top of treads). § 1011.3.
  • Forgetting handrail extensions (top 12 in and bottom one‑tread + 12 in) — inspectors commonly look for these. § 1014 (extensions).
  • Installing a handrail too high or too low — must be 34–38 in measured to nosings (unless special device). § 1014.2.
  • Letting projections reduce required egress width — handrails and other projections have strict limits (max 4½ in into width at/below handrail height). § 1014.9.
  • Using a shape that is not graspable (too large or awkward cross-section) — handrails must meet graspability criteria in § 1014.4 (and Chapter 11A/11B where applicable).

Worked example — office building stair flight

Scenario: a public stair connects two floors with a floor-to-floor vertical separation of 9 feet (108 in, 2743 mm). Design a single flight (no intermediate landing).

  1. Vertical rise = 108 in. Using maximum riser 7 in, required risers = 108 / 7 = 15.43 → must use whole risers. Use 15 risers at 7.20 in would exceed max; instead choose 15 risers at 108 / 15 = 7.2 in (this exceeds the 7.0 in maximum). So we must use 16 risers: 108 / 16 = 6.75 in (≤ 7.0 in). Check uniformity and that difference between largest/smallest ≤ 3/8 in. § 1011.5.2, § 1011.5.4.

  2. Choose tread depth = 11 in (min). Walk comfort: 2×tread + riser ≈ 2×11 + 6.75 = 28.75 in (reasonable). § 1011.5.2.

  3. Headroom: maintain 80 in clearance measured from the line connecting nosings across the full width. § 1011.3.

  4. Handrails: provide handrails on both sides (public stair). Set top-of-grip at 34–38 in above nosings; choose 36 in for uniformity. Provide 12 in horizontal extension at top and bottom extension equal to one tread depth beyond the last nosing plus the 12 in horizontal return or slope back to the landing. Ensure 1½ in clearance from wall. § 1011.11, § 1014.2, § 1014 (extensions/clearance).

  5. Width: as a public stair serving general egress, maintain 44 in clear width (unless occupant load calculation allows 36 in). § 1011.2.

This quick check shows the code-driven choices: 16 risers at 6.75 in, 11 in treads, 36 in handrail height, 80 in headroom — each tied to the cited sections above.

Related provisions (other CFC sections to read)

  • Means of egress general requirements — § 1003.
  • Ramps (headroom/handrail cross-references) — § 1012.
  • Guards at open sides of stairs/landings — § 1015.
  • Existing building stair exceptions and replacement rules — § 1104.

Code references

Grounded in the retrieved California Fire Code — click a citation to read the verbatim passage:

  • CFC § 1123A.4 High relevance — show source text

    1123A.4 Nosing. Nosing shall not project more than 1 [1] / 4 inches (31.8 mm) past the face of the riser below. Risers shall be sloped or the underside of the nosing shall have an angle not more than 30 degrees (0.52 rad) from the vertical. (See Figure 11A-6A.)

    1123A.5 Striping for the visually impaired. Interior stairs shall have the upper approach and lower tread marked by a stripe providing clear visual contrast.

    The stripe shall be a minimum of 2 inches (50.8 mm) wide to a maximum of 4 inches (101.6 mm) wide placed parallel to, and not more than 1 inch (25.4 mm) from, the nose of the step or upper approach. The stripe shall extend the full width of the step or upper approach and shall be of material that is at least as slip resistant as the other treads of the stair. A painted stripe shall be acceptable. Grooves shall not be used to satisfy this requirement.

    Exception: Striping is not required for stairways within individual dwelling units.

    1123A.6 Interior stairway handrails.

    1123A.6.1 Where required. Stairways shall have handrails on each side. Intermediate handrails shall be located equidistant from the sides of the stairway and comply with Section 1014.9.

    Exception: Stairways serving an individual dwelling unit may have one handrail, except that stairways open on one or both sides shall have handrails on the open side or sides.

    1123A.6.2 Handrail configuration.

    1123A.6.2.1 Handrail heights. The top of handrails shall be 34 to 38 inches (864 to 965 mm) above the nosing of the treads.

    1123A.6.2.2 Handrail continuity. Handrails on all stairways shall be continuous within the full length of each stair flight. Inside handrails on switchback or dogleg stairs shall be continuous between stair flights.

    1123A.6.2.3 Handrail extensions. At the top of stair flights, handrails shall extend a minimum of 12 inches (305 mm) horizontally above landings, beginning directly above the first riser nosing. Extensions shall return to a wall, guard or the walking surface, or shall be continuous to the handrail of an adjacent stair flight.

    At the bottom of stair flights, handrails shall extend at the slope of the stair flight for a distance equal to one tread depth beyond the last riser nosing. Such extension shall continue with 12 inches (305 mm) minimum horizontal extension, shall be contin- uous to the handrail of an adjacent stair flight, or shall return to a wall, guard or the walking surface. Handrail horizontal extensions shall be in the same direction as the stair flights. (See Figures 11A-6A and 11A-6E.)

    Exception: Stairways within an individual dwelling unit.

    1123A.6.2.4 Handrail projections. Handrails projecting from a wall shall have a space of 1 [1] / 2 inches (38.1 mm) minimum between the wall and the handrail.

  • CFC § 1115A.6.2.2 High relevance — show source text

    1115A.6.2.2 Handrail continuity. Handrails on all stairways shall be continuous within the full length of each stair flight. Inside handrails on switchback or dogleg stairs shall be continuous between stair flights.

    1115A.6.2.3 Handrail extensions. At the top of stair flights, handrails shall extend a minimum of 12 inches (305 mm) horizontally above landings, beginning directly above the first riser nosing. Extensions shall return to a wall, guard or the walking surface, or shall be continuous to the handrail of an adjacent stair flight.

    At the bottom of stair flights, handrails shall extend at the slope of the stair flight for a distance equal to one tread depth beyond the last riser nosing. Such extension shall continue with 12 inches (305 mm) minimum horizontal extension, shall be contin- uous to the handrail of an adjacent stair flight, or shall return to a wall, guard or the walking surface. Handrail horizontal extensions shall be in the same direction as the stair flights. (See Figures 11A-6A and 11A-6E.)

    1115A.6.2.4 Handrail projections. Handrails projecting from a wall shall have a space of 1 [1] / 2 inches (38.1 mm) minimum between the wall and the handrail.

    Handrails may be located in a recess if the recess is a maximum of 3 inches (76.2 mm) deep and extends at least 18 inches (457 mm) above the top of the rail. Any wall or other surface adjacent to the handrail shall be free of sharp or abrasive elements. (See Figure 11A-6B.)

    1115A.6.2.5 Handrail gripping surfaces. Handrail gripping surfaces shall be continuous along their length, and shall not be obstructed along their tops or sides. The bottoms of handrail gripping surfaces shall not be obstructed for more than 20 percent of their length. When provided, horizontal projections shall occur 1 [1] / 2 inches (38.1 mm) minimum below the bottom of the handrail gripping surface. The distance between horizontal projections and the bottom of the gripping surface shall be permitted to be reduced by [1] / 8 inch (3.2 mm) for each [1] / 2 inch (12.7 mm) of additional handrail perimeter dimension that exceeds 4 inches (102 mm).

    Handrail gripping surfaces and any surfaces adjacent to them shall be free of sharp or abrasive elements, and shall have rounded edges.

    1115A.6.2.6 Cross section. Handrail gripping surfaces shall comply with this section, or the shape shall provide equivalent grip- ping surface.

    1. Circular cross section. Handrail gripping surfaces with a circular cross section shall not be less than 1 [1] / 4 inches (31.75 mm) nor more than 2 inches (50.8 mm) in cross-sectional dimension.

  • CFC § 1014.1 High relevance — show source text

    Note: Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13143, the California amendments of this section shall apply to all newly constructed buildings or structures, subject to this section, for which a building permit is issued (or construction commenced, where no building permit is issued) on or after January 1, 1989.

    SECTION 1014—HANDRAILS

    [BE] 1014.1 Where required. Handrails serving flights of stairways, ramps, stepped aisles and ramped aisles shall be adequate in strength and attachment in accordance with Section 1607.9 of the California Building Code . Handrails required for flights of stairways by Section 1011.11 shall comply with Sections 1014.2 through 1014.10. Handrails required for ramps by Section 1012.8 shall comply with Sections 1014.2 through 1014.9. Handrails for stepped aisles and ramped aisles required by Section 1030.16 shall comply with Sections 1014.2 through 1014.9.

    [BE] 1014.2 Height. Handrail height, measured from a line connecting the nosings of flights of stairs or finish surface of ramp slope, shall be uniform, not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 38 inches (965 mm). Handrail height of alternating tread devices and ship’s ladders, measured from a line connecting the nosings, shall be uniform, not less than 30 inches (762 mm) and not more than 34 inches (864 mm).

    Exceptions:

    1. Where handrail fittings or bendings are used to provide continuous transition between flights, the fittings or bendings shall be permitted to exceed the maximum height.
    2. In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupancies that are associated with a Group R-3 occupancy or associated with individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; where handrail fittings or bendings are used to provide continuous transition between flights, transition at winder treads, transition from handrail to guard, or where used at the start of a flight, the handrail height at the fittings or bendings shall be permitted to exceed the maximum height.
    3. Handrails on top of a guard where permitted along stepped aisles and ramped aisles in accordance with Section 1030.16.

    [BE] 1014.3 Lateral location. Handrails located outward from the edge of the walking surface of flights of stairways, ramps, stepped aisles and ramped aisles shall be located 6 inches (152.4 mm) or less measured horizontally from the edge of the walking surface. Handrails projecting into the width of the walking surface shall comply with Section 1014.9.

    [BE] 1014.4 Handrail graspability. Required handrails shall comply with Section 1014.4.1 or shall provide equivalent graspability.

    Exception: In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupancies that are accessory to a Group R-3 occupancy or accessory to individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; handrails shall be Type I in accordance with Section 1014.4.1, Type II in accordance with Section 1014.4.2 or shall provide equivalent graspability.

  • CFC § 1123A.6.2 High relevance — show source text

    1123A.6.2 Handrail configuration.

    1123A.6.2.1 Handrail heights. The top of handrails shall be 34 to 38 inches (864 to 965 mm) above the nosing of the treads.

    1123A.6.2.2 Handrail continuity. Handrails on all stairways shall be continuous within the full length of each stair flight. Inside handrails on switchback or dogleg stairs shall be continuous between stair flights.

    1123A.6.2.3 Handrail extensions. At the top of stair flights, handrails shall extend a minimum of 12 inches (305 mm) horizontally above landings, beginning directly above the first riser nosing. Extensions shall return to a wall, guard or the walking surface, or shall be continuous to the handrail of an adjacent stair flight.

    At the bottom of stair flights, handrails shall extend at the slope of the stair flight for a distance equal to one tread depth beyond the last riser nosing. Such extension shall continue with 12 inches (305 mm) minimum horizontal extension, shall be contin- uous to the handrail of an adjacent stair flight, or shall return to a wall, guard or the walking surface. Handrail horizontal extensions shall be in the same direction as the stair flights. (See Figures 11A-6A and 11A-6E.)

    Exception: Stairways within an individual dwelling unit.

    1123A.6.2.4 Handrail projections. Handrails projecting from a wall shall have a space of 1 [1] / 2 inches (38.1 mm) minimum between the wall and the handrail.

    Handrails may be located in a recess if the recess is a maximum of 3 inches (76.2 mm) deep and extends at least 18 inches (457 mm) above the top of the rail. Any wall or other surface adjacent to the handrail shall be free of sharp or abrasive elements. (See Figure 11A-6B.)

    1123A.6.2.5 Handrail gripping surfaces. Handrail gripping surfaces shall be continuous along their length, and shall not be obstructed along their tops or sides. The bottoms of handrail gripping surfaces shall not be obstructed for more than 20 percent of their length. When provided, horizontal projections shall occur 1 [1] / 2 inches (38 mm) minimum below the bottom of the hand- rail gripping surface. The distance between horizontal projections and the bottom of the gripping surface shall be permitted to be reduced by [1] / 8 inch (3.2 mm) for each [1] / 2 inch (12.7 mm) of additional handrail perimeter dimension that exceeds 4 inches (102 mm).

    Handrail gripping surfaces and any surfaces adjacent to them shall be free of sharp or abrasive elements, and shall have rounded edges.

    1123A.6.2.6 Cross section. Handrail gripping surfaces shall comply with this section, or the shape shall provide equivalent grip- ping surface.

  • CFC § 1013.8 High relevance — show source text

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    MEANS OF EGRESS

    The bottom of the sign shall not be less than 6 inches (152 mm) or more than 8 inches (203 mm) above the floor level and shall indicate the path of exit travel. For exit and exit-access doors, the sign shall be on the door or adjacent to the door with the closest edge of the sign or marker within 4 inches (102 mm) of the door frame.

    Note: Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13143, this California amendment applies to all newly constructed buildings or structures, subject to this section, for which a building permit is issued (or construction commenced, where no building permit is issued) on or after January 1, 1989.

    1013.8 Path marking. When exit signs are required by Chapter 10, in addition to approved floor-level exit signs, approved path marking shall be installed at floor level or no higher than 8 inches (203 mm) above the floor level in all interior-rated exit corridors of unsprin- klered Group A, R-1 and R-2 occupancies.

    Such marking shall be continuous, except as interrupted by door-ways, corridors or other such architectural features, in order to provide a visible delineation along the path of travel.

    Note: Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13143, the California amendments of this section shall apply to all newly constructed buildings or structures, subject to this section, for which a building permit is issued (or construction commenced, where no building permit is issued) on or after January 1, 1989.

    SECTION 1014—HANDRAILS

    [BE] 1014.1 Where required. Handrails serving flights of stairways, ramps, stepped aisles and ramped aisles shall be adequate in strength and attachment in accordance with Section 1607.9 of the California Building Code . Handrails required for flights of stairways by Section 1011.11 shall comply with Sections 1014.2 through 1014.10. Handrails required for ramps by Section 1012.8 shall comply with Sections 1014.2 through 1014.9. Handrails for stepped aisles and ramped aisles required by Section 1030.16 shall comply with Sections 1014.2 through 1014.9.

    [BE] 1014.2 Height. Handrail height, measured from a line connecting the nosings of flights of stairs or finish surface of ramp slope, shall be uniform, not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 38 inches (965 mm). Handrail height of alternating tread devices and ship’s ladders, measured from a line connecting the nosings, shall be uniform, not less than 30 inches (762 mm) and not more than 34 inches (864 mm).

    Exceptions:

    1. Where handrail fittings or bendings are used to provide continuous transition between flights, the fittings or bendings shall be permitted to exceed the maximum height.
  • CFC § 1115A.5 High relevance — show source text

    1115A.5 Striping for the visually impaired. Exterior stairs serving buildings on a site containing multifamily dwelling units shall have the upper approach and all treads marked by a stripe providing clear visual contrast.

    The stripe shall be a minimum of 2 inches (50.8 mm) wide to a maximum of 4 inches (101.6 mm) wide placed parallel to, and not more than 1 inch (25.4 mm) from, the nose of the step or upper approach. The stripe shall extend the full width of the step or upper approach and shall be of material that is at least as slip resistant as the other treads of the stair. A painted stripe shall be acceptable. Grooves shall not be used to satisfy this requirement.

    1115A.6 Exterior stairway handrails.

    1115A.6.1 Where required. Stairways shall have handrails on each side. Intermediate handrails shall be located equidistant from the sides of the stairway and comply with Section 1014.9.

    Exception: Stairways serving an individual dwelling unit may have one handrail, except that stairways open on one or both sides shall have handrails on the open side or sides.

    1115A.6.2 Handrail configuration.

    1115A.6.2.1 Handrail heights. The top of handrails shall be 34 to 38 inches (864 to 965 mm) above the nosing of the treads.

    1115A.6.2.2 Handrail continuity. Handrails on all stairways shall be continuous within the full length of each stair flight. Inside handrails on switchback or dogleg stairs shall be continuous between stair flights.

    1115A.6.2.3 Handrail extensions. At the top of stair flights, handrails shall extend a minimum of 12 inches (305 mm) horizontally above landings, beginning directly above the first riser nosing. Extensions shall return to a wall, guard or the walking surface, or shall be continuous to the handrail of an adjacent stair flight.

    At the bottom of stair flights, handrails shall extend at the slope of the stair flight for a distance equal to one tread depth beyond the last riser nosing. Such extension shall continue with 12 inches (305 mm) minimum horizontal extension, shall be contin- uous to the handrail of an adjacent stair flight, or shall return to a wall, guard or the walking surface. Handrail horizontal extensions shall be in the same direction as the stair flights. (See Figures 11A-6A and 11A-6E.)

    1115A.6.2.4 Handrail projections. Handrails projecting from a wall shall have a space of 1 [1] / 2 inches (38.1 mm) minimum between the wall and the handrail.

    Handrails may be located in a recess if the recess is a maximum of 3 inches (76.2 mm) deep and extends at least 18 inches (457 mm) above the top of the rail. Any wall or other surface adjacent to the handrail shall be free of sharp or abrasive elements. (See Figure 11A-6B.)

  • CFC § 505.2 High relevance — show source text

    11B- 505.2 Where required. Handrails shall be provided on both sides of stairs and ramps.

    Exceptions:

    1. In assembly areas, handrails shall not be required on both sides of aisle ramps where a handrail is provided at either side or within the aisle width.

    2. Curb ramps do not require handrails. 3. At door landings, handrails are not required when the ramp run is less than 6 inches (152 mm) in rise or 72 inches (1829 mm) in length.

    11B-505.2.1 Orientation. The orientation of at least one handrail shall be in the direction of the stair run, perpendicular to the direc- tion of the stair nosing, and shall not reduce the minimum required width of the stair.

    11B- 505.3 Continuity. Handrails shall be continuous within the full length of each stair flight or ramp run. Inside handrails on switchback or dogleg stairs and ramps shall be continuous between flights or runs.

    Exception: In assembly areas, ramp handrails adjacent to seating or within the aisle width shall not be required to be continuous in aisles serving seating.

    11B- 505.4 Height. Top of gripping surfaces of handrails shall be 34 inches ( 864 mm) minimum and 38 inches (965 mm) maximum vertically above walking surfaces, stair nosings and ramp surfaces. Handrails shall be at a consistent height above walking surfaces, stair nosings and ramp surfaces.

    FIGURE 11B -505.4—HANDRAIL HEIGHT

    11B- 505.5 Clearance. Clearance between handrail gripping surfaces and adjacent surfaces shall be 1 [1] / 2 inches (38 mm) minimum. Handrails may be located in a recess if the recess is 3 inches (76 mm) maximum deep and 18 inches (457 mm) minimum clear above the top of the handrail.

    FIGURE 11B- 505.5—HANDRAIL CLEARANCE

    11B- 505.6 Gripping surface. Handrail gripping surfaces shall be continuous along their length and shall not be obstructed along their tops or sides. The bottoms of handrail gripping surfaces shall not be obstructed for more than 20 percent of their length. Where provided, horizontal projections shall occur 1 [1] / 2 inches (38 mm) minimum below the bottom of the handrail gripping surface.

    Exceptions:

    1. Where handrails are provided along walking surfaces with slopes not steeper than 1:20, the bottoms of handrail gripping surfaces shall be permitted to be obstructed along their entire length where they are integral to crash rails or bumper guards.

    11B-78 2025 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    ACCESSIBILITY TO PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS, COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS AND PUBLIC HOUSING

    1. The distance between horizontal projections and the bottom of the gripping surface shall be permitted to be reduced by 1 / 8 inch (3.2 mm) for each 1 / 2 inch ( 12.7 mm) of additional handrail perimeter dimension that exceeds 4 inches ( 102 mm).

    FIGURE 11B- 505.6—HORIZONTAL PROJECTIONS BELOW GRIPPING SURFACE

  • CFC § 505.7.2 High relevance — show source text

    11B- 505.7.2 Non-circular cross sections. Handrail gripping surfaces with a non-circular cross section shall have a perimeter dimension of 4 inches ( 102 mm) minimum and 6 [1] / 4 inches ( 159 mm) maximum, and a cross-section dimension of 2 [1] / 4 inches (57 mm) maximum.

    11B- 505.8 Surfaces . Handrail gripping surfaces and any surfaces adjacent to them shall be free of sharp or abrasive elements and shall have rounded edges.

    11B- 505.9 Fittings. Handrails shall not rotate within their fittings.

    11B- 505.10 Handrail extensions. Handrail gripping surfaces shall extend beyond and in the same direction of stair flights and ramp runs in accordance with Section 11B- 505.10.

    Exceptions:

    1. Extensions shall not be required for continuous handrails at the inside turn of switchback or dogleg stairs and ramps.
    2. In assembly areas, extensions shall not be required for ramp handrails in aisles serving seating where the handrails are discontinuous to provide access to seating and to permit crossovers within aisles.
    3. In alterations, where the extension of the handrail in the direction of stair flight or ramp run would create a hazard, the extension of the handrail may be turned 90 degrees from the direction of stair flight or ramp run.

    11B- 505.10.1 Top and bottom extension at ramps. Ramp handrails shall extend horizontally above the landing for 12 inches (305 mm) minimum beyond the top and bottom of ramp runs. Extensions shall return to a wall, guard or the landing surface, or shall be continuous to the handrail of an adjacent ramp run.

    FIGURE 11B -505.10.1—TOP AND BOTTOM HANDRAIL EXTENSION AT RAMPS

    2025 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE 11B-79

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    ACCESSIBILITY TO PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS, COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS AND PUBLIC HOUSING

    11B- 505.10.2 Top extension at stairs. At the top of a stair flight, handrails shall extend horizontally above the landing for 12 inches (305 mm) minimum beginning directly above the first riser nosing. Extensions shall return to a wall, guard or the landing surface, or shall be continuous to the handrail of an adjacent stair flight.

    FIGURE 11B -505.10.2—TOP HANDRAIL EXTENSION AT STAIRS

    11B- 505.10.3 Bottom extension at stairs. At the bottom of a stair flight, handrails shall extend at the slope of the stair flight for a horizontal distance equal to one tread depth beyond the last riser nosing. The horizontal extension of a handrail shall be 12 inches (305 mm) long minimum and a height equal to that of the sloping portion of the handrail as measured above the stair nosings. Extension shall return to a wall, guard or the landing surface, or shall be continuous to the handrail of an adjacent stair flight.

    FIGURE 11B -505.10.3—BOTTOM HANDRAIL EXTENSION AT STAIRS

    11B-80 2025 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

  • CFC § 1013.8 High relevance — show source text

    1013.8 Path marking. When exit signs are required by Chapter 10, in addition to approved floor-level exit signs, approved path marking shall be installed at floor level or no higher than 8 inches (203 mm) above the floor level in all interior rated exit corridors of unsprinklered Group A, R-1 and R-2 occupancies.

    2025 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE 10-35

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    MEANS OF EGRESS

    Such marking shall be continuous except as interrupted by door-ways, corridors or other such architectural features in order to provide a visible delineation along the path of travel.

    Note: Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13143, the California amendments of this section shall apply to all newly constructed buildings or structures subject to this section for which a building permit is issued (or construction commenced, where no building permit is issued) on or after January 1, 1989.

    SECTION 1014—HANDRAILS

    [DSA-AC] In addition to the requirements of this section, means of egress, which provide access to, or egress from, buildings or facilities where accessibility is required for applications listed in Section 1.9.1 regulated by the Division of the State Architect—Access Compliance, shall also comply with Chapter 11A or Chapter 11B, Section 11B-505, as applicable.

    1014.1 Where required. Handrails serving flights of stairways, ramps, stepped aisles and ramped aisles shall be adequate in strength and attachment in accordance with Section 1607.9. Handrails required for flights of stairways by Section 1011.11 shall comply with Sections 1014.2 through 1014.10. Handrails required for ramps by Section 1012.8 shall comply with Sections 1014.2 through 1014.9. Handrails for stepped aisles and ramped aisles required by Section 1030.16 shall comply with Sections 1014.2 through 1014.9.

    1014.2 Height. Handrail height, measured from a line connecting the nosings of flights of stairs or finish surface of ramp slope, shall be uniform, not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 38 inches (965 mm). Handrail height of alternating tread devices and ship’s ladders, measured from a line connecting the nosings, shall be uniform, not less than 30 inches (762 mm) and not more than 34 inches (864 mm).

    Exceptions:

    1. Where handrail fittings or bendings are used to provide continuous transition between flights, the fittings or bendings shall be permitted to exceed the maximum height.
    2. In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupancies that are associated with a Group R-3 occupancy or associated with individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; where handrail fittings or bendings are used to provide continuous transition between flights, transition at winder treads, transition from handrail to guard, or where used at the start of a flight, the handrail height at the fittings or bendings shall be permitted to exceed the maximum height.
    3. Handrails on top of a guard where permitted along stepped aisles and ramped aisles in accordance with Section 1030.16.
  • CFC § 8.1 Medium relevance — show source text

    BO105.8 Stairs, handrails and guards. Stairs, handrails and guards shall comply with this section.

    BO105.8.1 Stair width. Existing basement stairs and handrails not otherwise being altered or modified shall be permitted to maintain their current clear width at, above and below existing handrails.

    BO105.8.2 Stair headroom. Headroom height on existing basement stairs being altered or modified shall not be reduced below the existing stairway finished headroom. Existing basement stairs not otherwise being altered shall be permitted to maintain the current finished headroom.

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    APPENDIX BO — EXISTING BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

    BO105.8.3 Stair landing. Landings serving existing basement stairs being altered or modified shall not be reduced below the existing stairway landing depth and width. Existing basement stairs not otherwise being altered shall be permitted to maintain the current landing depth and width.

    BO105.8.4 Stair treads and risers. An existing stairway shall not be required to comply with Section R318.7.5 where the existing space and construction does not allow a reduction in pitch or slope. Where risers are added to an existing stair, the tread and riser dimension of the added risers shall match the existing stair.

    BO105.8.5 Stairway illumination. Stairways within the work area shall be provided with illumination in accordance with Section R325.7.

    BO105.8.6 Handrails and guards. If a stair or any portion of a stair is altered, a handrail and guard, where required, shall be provided in accordance with Sections R318 and R320.

    SECTION BO106—ADDITION

    BO106.1 General. Where existing buildings with the addition are within the scope of this code, additions shall comply with this section and other applicable provisions of this code for new construction or as permitted by this appendix. Engineered design in accordance with Section R301.1.3 shall be permitted to meet the requirements of this section.

    BO106.2 Structure for horizontal additions. Where an addition involves new construction attached to an existing building, the new construction shall meet all of the structural requirements of this code for new construction. Alterations to the existing building shall comply with the requirements governing alterations within this code. In wood light-frame additions, connection of the structural components shall be permitted to be provided using wall top plates and addition studs that abut the existing building. Wall top plates shall be lapped and spliced in accordance with Section R602.3.2. Abutting studs shall be fastened in accordance with Table R602.3(1).

    Exception: The addition structure shall be permitted to be connected to the existing building in accordance with accepted engineering practice.

    BO106.3 Structure for vertical additions. Where an addition involves new construction that adds a story to any part of the existing building or vertically increases the height of any part of the existing building, the new construction and the existing building together shall be shown to comply with, or altered to comply with, all of the structural requirements of this code for new construction.

    Exception: Where the new structure and the existing structure together are evaluated in accordance with accepted engineering practice and are shown to be sufficient to support the combined loads from the new structure and existing structure, no structural alterations are required.

    SECTION BO107—RELOCATED BUILDINGS

  • CFC § 1011.9 Medium relevance — show source text

    MEANS OF EGRESS

    1011.9 Curved stairways. Curved stairways with winder treads shall have treads and risers in accordance with Section 1011.5 and the smallest radius shall be not less than twice the minimum width or required capacity of the stairway.

    Exception: The radius restriction shall not apply to curved stairways in Group R-3 and within individual dwelling units in Group R-2.

    1011.10 Spiral stairways. Spiral stairways are permitted to be used as a component in the means of egress only within dwelling units or from a space not more than 250 square feet (23 m [2] ) in area and serving not more than five occupants, or from technical production areas in accordance with Section 410.5. A spiral stairway shall have a 6 [3] / 4 -inch (171 mm) minimum clear tread depth at a point 12 inches (305 mm) from the narrow edge. The risers shall be sufficient to provide a headroom of 78 inches (1981 mm) minimum, but riser height shall not be more than 9 [1] / 2 inches (241 mm). The minimum stairway clear width at and below the handrail shall be 26 inches (660 mm).

    1011.11 Handrails. Flights of stairways shall have handrails on each side and shall comply with Section 1014. Where glass is used to provide the handrail, the handrail shall comply with Section 2407.

    [DSA-AC] For applications listed in Section 1.9.1 regulated by the Division of the State Architect—Access Compliance, see Chapter 11B, Sections 11B-504.6 and 11B-505.

    Exceptions:

    1. Flights of stairways within dwelling units and flights of spiral stairways are permitted to have a handrail on one side only.

    2. Decks, patios and walkways that have a single change in elevation where the landing depth on each side of the change of elevation is greater than what is required for a landing do not require handrails.

    3. [SFM] In Group R-3 occupancies, a continuous run of treads or flight of stairs with less than four risers does not require handrails.

    4. Changes in room elevations of three or fewer risers within dwelling units and sleeping units in Groups R-2 and R-3 do not require handrails.

    5. Where a platform lift is in a stationary position and the floor of the platform lift serves as the upper landing of a stairway, handrails shall not be required on the stairway, provided that all of the following criteria are met: 5.1. The stairway contains not more than two risers. 5.2. A handhold, positioned horizontally or vertically, is located on one side of the stairway adjacent to the top landing. 5.3. The handhold is located not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 42 inches (1067 mm) above the bottom landing of the stairway. 5.4. The handhold gripping surface complies with Section 1014.4, and is not less than 4.5 inches (114 mm) in length.

    1011.12 Stairway to roof. In buildings four or more stories above grade plane, one stairway shall extend to the roof surface unless the roof has a slope steeper than four units vertical in 12 units horizontal (33-percent slope).

  • CFC § 505.10.1 Medium relevance — show source text

    FIGURE 11B -505.10.1—TOP AND BOTTOM HANDRAIL EXTENSION AT RAMPS

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    ACCESSIBILITY TO PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS, COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS AND PUBLIC HOUSING

    11B- 505.10.2 Top extension at stairs. At the top of a stair flight, handrails shall extend horizontally above the landing for 12 inches (305 mm) minimum beginning directly above the first riser nosing. Extensions shall return to a wall, guard or the landing surface, or shall be continuous to the handrail of an adjacent stair flight.

    FIGURE 11B -505.10.2—TOP HANDRAIL EXTENSION AT STAIRS

    11B- 505.10.3 Bottom extension at stairs. At the bottom of a stair flight, handrails shall extend at the slope of the stair flight for a horizontal distance equal to one tread depth beyond the last riser nosing. The horizontal extension of a handrail shall be 12 inches (305 mm) long minimum and a height equal to that of the sloping portion of the handrail as measured above the stair nosings. Extension shall return to a wall, guard or the landing surface, or shall be continuous to the handrail of an adjacent stair flight.

    FIGURE 11B -505.10.3—BOTTOM HANDRAIL EXTENSION AT STAIRS

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    ACCESSIBILITY TO PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS, COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS AND PUBLIC HOUSING

    DIVISION 6: PLUMBING ELEMENTS AND FACILITIES

    SECTION 11B- 601 — GENERAL

    11B- 601.1 Scope. The provisions of Division 6 shall apply where required by Division 2 or where referenced by a requirement in this chapter.

    SECTION 11B- 602 — DRINKING FOUNTAINS AND BOTTLE-FILLING STATIONS

    11B- 602.1 General. Drinking fountains shall comply with Sections 11B- 307 and 11B- 602 .

    11B- 602.2 Clear floor space. Units shall have a clear floor or ground space complying with Section 11B- 305 positioned for a forward approach and centered on the unit. Knee and toe clearance complying with Section 11B- 306 shall be provided.

    Exception: A parallel approach complying with Section 11B- 305 shall be permitted at units for children's use where the spout is 30 inches ( 762 mm) maximum above the finish floor or ground and is 3 [1] / 2 inches ( 89 mm) maximum from the front edge of the unit, including bumpers.

  • CFC § 1011.11 High relevance — show source text

    [BE] 1011.11 Handrails. Flights of stairways shall have handrails on each side and shall comply with Section 1014. Where glass is used to provide the handrail, the handrail shall comply with Section 2407 of the California Building Code .

    [DSA-AC] For applications listed in Section 1.9.1 regulated by the Division of the State Architect-Access Compliance, see Chapter 11B, of the California Building Code.

    Exceptions:

    1. Flights of stairways within dwelling units, and flights of spiral stairways are permitted to have a handrail on one side only.

    2. Decks, patios and walkways that have a single change in elevation where the landing depth on each side of the change of elevation is greater than what is required for a landing do not require handrails.

    3. [SFM] In Group R-3 occupancies, a continuous run of treads or flight of stairs with less than four risers does not require handrails.

    4. Changes in room elevations of three or fewer risers within dwelling units and sleeping units in Group R-2 and R-3 do not require handrails.

    5. Where a platform lift is in a stationary position and the floor of the platform lift serves as the upper landing of a stairway, handrails shall not be required on the stairway, provided that all of the following criteria are met: 5.1. The stairway contains not more than two risers. 5.2. A handhold, positioned horizontally or vertically, is located on one side of the stairway adjacent to the top landing. 5.3. The handhold is located not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 42 inches (1067 mm) above the bottom landing of the stairway. 5.4. The handhold gripping surface complies with Section 1014.4 and is not less than 4.5 inches (114 mm) in length.

    [BE] 1011.12 Stairway to roof. In buildings four or more stories above grade plane, one stairway shall extend to the roof surface, unless the roof has a slope steeper than 4 units vertical in 12 units horizontal (33-percent slope).

    Exception: Other than where required by Section 1011.12.1, in buildings without an occupiable roof, access to the roof from the top story shall be permitted to be by an alternating tread device, a ship’s ladder or a permanent ladder.

    [BE] 1011.12.1 Stairway to elevator equipment. Roofs and penthouses containing elevator equipment that must be accessed for maintenance are required to be accessed by a stairway.

    [BE] 1011.12.2 Roof access. Where a stairway is provided to a roof, access to the roof shall be provided through a penthouse complying with Section 1511.2 of the California Building Code .

    Exception: In buildings without an occupiable roof, access to the roof shall be permitted to be a roof hatch or trap door not less than 16 square feet (1.5 m [2] ) in area and having a minimum dimension of 2 feet (610 mm).

  • CFC § 12.7 Medium relevance — show source text

    Exceptions:

    1. A decrease in the clearance due to the curvature or angle of handrail returns shall be allowed.
    2. Mounting flanges not more than [1] / 2 -inch (12.7 mm) in thickness at the returned ends of handrails shall be allowed.

    [BE] 1014.9 Projections. On ramps and on ramped aisles that are part of an accessible route, the clear width between handrails shall be 36 inches (914 mm) minimum. Projections into the required width of aisles, stairways and ramps at each side shall not exceed 4 [1] / 2 inches (114 mm) at or below the handrail height. Projections into the required width shall not be limited above the minimum headroom height required in Section 1011.3. Projections due to intermediate handrails shall not constitute a reduction in the egress width. Where a pair of intermediate handrails are provided within the stairway width without a walking surface between the pair of intermediate handrails and the distance between the pair of intermediate handrails is greater than 6 inches (152 mm), the available egress width shall be reduced by the distance between the closest edges of each such intermediate pair of handrails that is greater than 6 inches (152 mm).

    In Group I-2 occupancies, ramps required for exit access shall not be less than 8 feet in width and handrails are permitted to protrude 3 [1] / 2 inches from the wall on both sides. For ramps used as exits and stairways used for the movement of bed and litter patients, the clear width between handrails shall be 44 inches (1118 mm) minimum.

    [BE] 1014.10 Intermediate handrails. Stairways shall have intermediate handrails located in such a manner that all portions of the stairway minimum width or required capacity are within 30 inches (762 mm) of a handrail. On monumental stairs, handrails shall be located along the most direct path of egress travel.

    SECTION 1015—GUARDS

    [BE] 1015.1 General. Guards shall comply with the provisions of Sections 1015.2 through 1015.7. Operable windows with sills located more than 72 inches (1829 mm) above finished grade or other surface below shall comply with Section 1015.8.

    [BE] 1015.2 Where required. Guards shall be located along open-sided walking surfaces, such as mezzanines, equipment platforms, aisles, stairs, ramps and landings, that are located more than 30 inches (762 mm) measured vertically to the floor or grade below at any point within 36 inches (914 mm) horizontally to the edge of the open side and at the perimeter of occupiable roofs. Guards shall be adequate in strength and attachment in accordance with Section 1607.9 of the California Building Code .

    Exception: Guards are not required for the following locations:

    1. On the loading side of loading docks or piers.
    2. On the audience side of stages and raised platforms, including stairs leading up to the stage and raised platforms.
    3. On raised stage and platform floor areas, such as runways, ramps and side stages used for entertainment or presentations.
    4. At vertical openings in the performance area of stages and platforms.
    5. At elevated walking surfaces appurtenant to stages and platforms for access to and utilization of special lighting or equipment.
    6. Along vehicle service pits not accessible to the public.

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  • CFC § 1122A.5.2.7 Medium relevance — show source text

    2. Noncircular cross section. Handrail gripping surfaces with a noncircular cross section shall have a perimeter dimension of 4 inches (102 mm) minimum and 6 [1] / 4 inches (159 mm) maximum, and a cross-section dimension of 2 [1] / 4 inches (57 mm) maximum.

    1122A.5.2.7 Fittings. Handrails shall not rotate within their fittings.

    1122A.6 Edge protection. Ramps and ramp landings shall be provided with a continuous and uninterrupted barrier on each side along the entire length in compliance with Sections 1012.10 and 1012.10.1. (See Figure 11A-5A.)

    Note: Extended floors or ground surfaces, as permitted in Section 1012.10.2, are not allowed for ramps and ramp landings providing access to, or egress from, buildings or facilities where accessibility is required.

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    HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

    SECTION 1123A—INTERIOR STAIRWAYS

    1123A.1 General. Interior stairways serving buildings containing covered multifamily dwelling units shall comply with this section.

    1123A.2 Open risers. Open risers shall not be permitted on interior stairways.

    Exception: Stairways within an individual dwelling unit.

    1123A.3 Treads. All tread surfaces shall be stable, firm and slip resistant, and shall comply with Section 1119A.2. Treads shall have smooth, rounded or chamfered exposed edges and no abrupt edges at the nosing (lower front edge).

    1123A.4 Nosing. Nosing shall not project more than 1 [1] / 4 inches (31.8 mm) past the face of the riser below. Risers shall be sloped or the underside of the nosing shall have an angle not more than 30 degrees (0.52 rad) from the vertical. (See Figure 11A-6A.)

    1123A.5 Striping for the visually impaired. Interior stairs shall have the upper approach and lower tread marked by a stripe providing clear visual contrast.

    The stripe shall be a minimum of 2 inches (50.8 mm) wide to a maximum of 4 inches (101.6 mm) wide placed parallel to, and not more than 1 inch (25.4 mm) from, the nose of the step or upper approach. The stripe shall extend the full width of the step or upper approach and shall be of material that is at least as slip resistant as the other treads of the stair. A painted stripe shall be acceptable. Grooves shall not be used to satisfy this requirement.

    Exception: Striping is not required for stairways within individual dwelling units.

    1123A.6 Interior stairway handrails.

    1123A.6.1 Where required. Stairways shall have handrails on each side. Intermediate handrails shall be located equidistant from the sides of the stairway and comply with Section 1014.9.

  • CFC § 1010.1.4. Medium relevance — show source text
    1. Steps at exterior doors complying with Section 1010.1.4.
    2. A stair with a single riser or with two risers and a tread is permitted at locations not required to be accessible by Chapter 11 A or 11B where the risers and treads comply with Section 1011.5, the minimum depth of the tread is 13 inches (330 mm) and not less than one handrail complying with Section 1014 is provided within 30 inches (762 mm) of the centerline of the normal path of egress travel on the stair.
    3. A step is permitted in aisles serving seating that has a difference in elevation less than 12 inches (305 mm) at locations not required to be accessible by Chapter 11 A or 11B, provided that the risers and treads comply with Section 1030.14 and the aisle is provided with a handrail complying with Section 1030.16.

    Throughout a story in a Group I-2 occupancy, any change in elevation in portions of the means of egress that serve nonambulatory persons shall be by means of a ramp or sloped walkway.

    1003.6 Means of egress continuity. The path of egress travel along a means of egress shall not be interrupted by a building element other than a means of egress component as specified in this chapter. Obstructions shall not be placed in the minimum width or required capacity of a means of egress component except projections permitted by this chapter. The minimum width or required capacity of a means of egress system shall not be diminished along the path of egress travel.

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    MEANS OF EGRESS

    1003.7 Elevators, escalators and moving walks. Elevators, escalators and moving walks shall not be used as a component of a required means of egress from any other part of the building.

    Exception: Elevators used as an accessible means of egress in accordance with Section 1009.4.

    SECTION 1004—OCCUPANT LOAD

    1004.1 Design occupant load. In determining means of egress requirements, the number of occupants for whom means of egress facilities are provided shall be determined in accordance with this section.

    1004.2 Cumulative occupant loads. Where the path of egress travel includes intervening rooms, areas or spaces, cumulative occupant loads shall be determined in accordance with this section.

    1004.2.1 Intervening spaces or accessory areas. Where occupants egress from one or more rooms, areas or spaces through others, the design occupant load shall be the combined occupant load of interconnected accessory or intervening spaces. Design of egress path capacity shall be based on the cumulative portion of occupant loads of all rooms, areas or spaces to that point along the path of egress travel.

    1004.2.2 Adjacent levels for mezzanines. That portion of the occupant load of a mezzanine with required egress through a room, area or space on an adjacent level shall be added to the occupant load of that room, area or space.

    1004.2.3 Adjacent stories. Other than for the egress components designed for convergence in accordance with Section 1005.6, the occupant load from separate stories shall not be added.

  • CFC § 5.1. Medium relevance — show source text

    Exceptions:

    1. Flights of stairways within dwelling units and flights of spiral stairways are permitted to have a handrail on one side only.

    2. Decks, patios and walkways that have a single change in elevation where the landing depth on each side of the change of elevation is greater than what is required for a landing do not require handrails.

    3. [SFM] In Group R-3 occupancies, a continuous run of treads or flight of stairs with less than four risers does not require handrails.

    4. Changes in room elevations of three or fewer risers within dwelling units and sleeping units in Groups R-2 and R-3 do not require handrails.

    5. Where a platform lift is in a stationary position and the floor of the platform lift serves as the upper landing of a stairway, handrails shall not be required on the stairway, provided that all of the following criteria are met: 5.1. The stairway contains not more than two risers. 5.2. A handhold, positioned horizontally or vertically, is located on one side of the stairway adjacent to the top landing. 5.3. The handhold is located not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 42 inches (1067 mm) above the bottom landing of the stairway. 5.4. The handhold gripping surface complies with Section 1014.4, and is not less than 4.5 inches (114 mm) in length.

    1011.12 Stairway to roof. In buildings four or more stories above grade plane, one stairway shall extend to the roof surface unless the roof has a slope steeper than four units vertical in 12 units horizontal (33-percent slope).

    Exception: Other than where required by Section 1011.12.1, in buildings without an occupiable roof access to the roof from the top story shall be permitted to be by an alternating tread device, a ship’s ladder or a permanent ladder.

    1011.12.1 Stairway to elevator equipment. Roofs and penthouses containing elevator equipment that must be accessed for maintenance are required to be accessed by a stairway.

    1011.12.2 Roof access. Where a stairway is provided to a roof, access to the roof shall be provided through a penthouse complying with Section 1511.2.

    Exception: In buildings without an occupiable roof, access to the roof shall be permitted to be a roof hatch or trap door not less than 16 square feet (1.5 m [2] ) in area and having a minimum dimension of 2 feet (610 mm).

    1011.13 Guards. Guards shall be provided along stairways and landings where required by Section 1015 and shall be constructed in accordance with Section 1015. Where the roof hatch opening providing the required access is located within 10 feet (3049 mm) of the roof edge, such roof access or roof edge shall be protected by guards installed in accordance with Section 1015.

  • CFC § 3-62 Medium relevance — show source text

    R318.6 Hallways. The width of a hallway shall be not less than 3 feet (914 mm).

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    BUILDING PLANNING

    R318.7 Stairways. Where required by this code or provided, stairways shall comply with this section.

    Exceptions:

    1. Stairways not within or serving a building, porch or deck.
    2. Stairways leading to nonhabitable attics.
    3. Stairways leading to crawl spaces.

    R318.7.1 Width. Stairways shall be not less than 36 inches (914 mm) in clear width at all points above the permitted handrail height and below the required headroom height. The clear width of stairways at and below the handrail height, including treads and landings, shall be not less than 31 [1] / 2 inches (787 mm) where a handrail is installed on one side and 27 inches (698 mm) where handrails are installed on both sides.

    Exception: The width of spiral stairways shall be in accordance with Section R318.7.11.1.

    R318.7.2 Headroom. The headroom in stairways shall be not less than 6 feet 8 inches (2032 mm) measured vertically from the sloped line adjoining the tread nosing or from the floor surface of the landing or platform on that portion of the stairway.

    Exceptions:

    1. Where the nosings of treads at the side of a flight extend under the edge of a floor opening through which the stair passes, the floor opening shall not project horizontally into the required headroom more than 4 [3] / 4 inches (121 mm).
    2. The headroom for spiral stairways shall be in accordance with Section R318.7.11.1.

    R318.7.3 Vertical rise. A flight of stairs shall not have a vertical rise greater than 12 feet 7 inches (3835 mm) between floor levels or landings.

    R318.7.4 Walkline. The walkline across winder treads and landings shall be concentric to the turn and parallel to the direction of travel entering and exiting the turn. The walkline shall be located 12 inches (305 mm) from the inside of the turn. The 12-inch (305 mm) dimension shall be measured from the widest point of the clear stair width at the walking surface. Where winders are adjacent within a flight, the point of the widest clear stair width of the adjacent winders shall be used.

    R318.7.5 Stair treads and risers. Stair treads and risers shall meet the requirements of this section. For the purposes of this section, dimensions and dimensioned surfaces shall be exclusive of carpets, rugs or runners. R318.7.5.1 Risers. The riser height shall be not more than 7 [3] / 4 inches (196 mm). The riser height shall be measured vertically between leading edges of the adjacent treads. The greatest riser height within any flight of stairs shall not exceed the smallest by more than [3] / 8 inch (9.5 mm). Risers shall be vertical or sloped from the underside of the nosing of the tread above at an angle not more than 30 degrees (0.51 rad) from the vertical.

  • CFC § 1012.5.1 Medium relevance — show source text

    [BE] 1012.5.1 Width and capacity. The minimum width and required capacity of a means of egress ramp shall be not less than that required for corridors by Section 1020.3. The clear width of a ramp between handrails, if provided, or other permissible projections shall be 36 inches (914 mm) minimum.

    [BE] 1012.5.2 Headroom. The minimum headroom in all parts of the means of egress ramp shall be not less than 80 inches (2032 mm) above the finished floor of the ramp run and any intermediate landings. The minimum clearance shall be maintained for the full width of the ramp and landing.

    [BE] 1012.5.3 Restrictions. Means of egress ramps shall not reduce in width in the direction of egress travel. Projections into the required ramp and landing width are prohibited. Doors opening onto a landing shall not reduce the clear width to less than 42 inches (1067 mm).

    [BE] 1012.6 Landings. Ramps shall have landings at the bottom and top of each ramp, points of turning, entrance, exits and at doors. Landings shall comply with Sections 1012.6.1 through 1012.6.5.

    [BE] 1012.6.1 Slope. Landings shall have a slope not steeper than 1 unit vertical in 48 units horizontal (2-percent slope) in any direction. Changes in level are not permitted.

    [BE] 1012.6.2 Width. The landing width shall be not less than the width of the widest ramp run adjoining the landing.

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    MEANS OF EGRESS

    [BE] 1012.6.3 Length. The landing length shall be 60 inches (1525 mm) minimum.

    Exceptions:

    1. In Group R-2 and R-3 individual dwelling and sleeping units that are not required to be Accessible units, Type A units or Type B units in accordance with Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code, landings are permitted to be 36 inches (914 mm) minimum.

    2. Where the ramp is not a part of an accessible route, the length of the landing shall not be required to be more than 48 inches (1219 mm) in the direction of travel.

    [BE] 1012.6.4 Change in direction. Where changes in direction of travel occur at landings provided between ramp runs, the landing shall be 60 inches by 60 inches (1524 mm by 1524 mm) minimum.

    Exception: In Group R-2 and R-3 individual dwelling or sleeping units that are not required to be Accessible units, Type A units or Type B units in accordance with Section 1108 of the California Building Code, landings are permitted to be 36 inches by 36 inches (914 mm by 914 mm) minimum.

    [BE] 1012.6.5 Doorways. Where doorways are located adjacent to a ramp landing, maneuvering clearances required by ICC A117.1 are permitted to overlap the required landing area.

    [BE] 1012.7 Ramp construction. Ramps shall be built of materials consistent with the types permitted for the type of construction of the building, except that wood handrails shall be permitted for all types of construction.

  • CFC § 2.1 Medium relevance — show source text

    Q108.2.1 Stairways. Stairways accessing lofts shall comply with the California Residential Code or with Sections Q108.2.1.1 through Q108.2.1.6.

    Q108.2.1.1 Width. Stairways accessing a loft shall not be less than 17 inches (432 mm) in clear width at or above the handrail. The minimum width below the handrail shall be not less than 20 inches (508 mm).

    Q108.2.1.2 Headroom. The headroom in stairways accessing a loft shall be not less than 74 inches (1880 mm), as measured verti- cally, from a sloped line connecting the tread or landing platform nosings in the middle of their width.

    Q108.2.1.3 Treads and risers. Risers for stairs accessing a loft shall be not less than 7 inches (178 mm) and not more than 12 inches (305 mm) in height. Tread depth and riser height shall be calculated in accordance with one of the following formulas: 1. The tread depth shall be 20 inches (508 mm) minus 4/3 of the riser height, or

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    APPENDIX Q—EMERGENCY HOUSING

    2. The riser height shall be 15 inches (381 mm) minus 3/4 of the tread depth.

    Q108.2.1.4 Landing platforms. The top step of stairways accessing lofts shall be constructed as a landing platform where the loft ceiling height is less than 74 inches (1880 mm). The landing platform shall be 18 inches (457 mm) to 22 inches (559 mm) in depth measured from the nosing of the landing platform to the edge of the loft, and 16 inches (406 mm) to 18 inches (457 mm) in height measured from the landing platform to the loft floor.

    Q108.2.1.5 Handrails. Handrails shall comply with the California Residential Code, Section R311.7.8.

    Q108.2.1.6 Stairway guards. Guards at open sides of stairways shall comply with the California Residential Code, Section R312.1.

    Q108.2.2 Ladders. Ladders accessing lofts shall comply with Sections Q108.2.2.1 and Q108.2.2.2.

    Q108.2.2.1 Size and capacity. Ladders accessing lofts shall have a rung width of not less than 12 inches (305 mm), and 10 inches (254 mm) to 14 inches (356 mm) spacing between rungs. Ladders shall be capable of supporting a 200 pound (90.7 kg) load on any rung. Rung spacing shall be uniform within [3] / 8 inch (9.5 mm).

    Q108.2.2.2 Incline. Ladders shall be installed at 70 to 80 degrees from horizontal.

    Q108.2.3 Alternating tread devices. Alternating tread devices are acceptable as allowed by the enforcing agency.

  • CFC § 1115A.6.2.7 Medium relevance — show source text

    2. Noncircular cross section. Handrail gripping surfaces with a noncircular cross section shall have a perimeter dimension of 4 inches (102 mm) minimum and 6 [1] / 4 inches (159 mm) maximum, and a cross-section dimension of 2 [1] / 4 inches (57 mm) maximum.

    1115A.6.2.7 Fittings. Handrails shall not rotate within their fittings.

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    HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

    SECTION 1116A—HAZARDS ON ACCESSIBLE ROUTES

    1116A.1 Warning curbs. Abrupt changes in level exceeding 4 inches (101.6 mm) in vertical dimension, such as changes in level at plant- ers or fountains located in or adjacent to walks, sidewalks or other pedestrian ways shall be identified by curbs or other approved barriers projecting at least 6 inches (152.4 mm) in height above the walk or sidewalk surface to warn the blind of a potential drop-off.

    Exceptions:

    1. Between a walk or sidewalk and an adjacent street or driveway. 2. When a guardrail or handrail is provided with edge protection in accordance with Section 1012.10.1.

    1116A.2 Headroom clearance. Walks, pedestrian ways, and other circulation spaces, which are part of the required egress system, shall have a minimum clear headroom as required in Section 1003.2. Other walks, pedestrian ways and circulation spaces shall have a mini- mum clear headroom of 80 inches (2032 mm). If the vertical clearance of an area adjoining an accessible route is reduced to less than 80 inches (2032 mm), a guardrail or other barrier having its leading edge at or below 27 inches (686 mm) above the finished floor shall be provided.

    Exception: Doorways and archways less than 24 inches (610 mm) in depth may have a minimum clear headroom of 80 inches (2032 mm). (See Section 1126A for door requirements.)

    1116A.3 Overhanging obstructions. Any obstruction that overhangs a pedestrian way shall be a minimum of 80 inches (2032 mm) above the walking surface as measured from the bottom of the obstruction. (See Figure 11A-1B.) Where a guy support is used parallel to a path of travel, including, but not limited to, sidewalks, a guy brace, sidewalk guy or similar device shall be used to prevent an over- hanging obstruction. (See Section 1116A.2 for required headroom clearance.)

    Exception: Door closers and door stops shall be permitted to be 78 inches (1981 mm) minimum above the finish floor or ground.

    1116A.4 Free-standing signs. Wherever signs mounted on posts or pylons protrude from the post or pylons and the bottom edge of the sign is less than 80 inches (2032 mm) above the finished floor or ground level, the edges of such signs shall be rounded or eased and the corners shall have a minimum radius of 0.125 inches (see Section 1116A.2 for required headroom clearance).

  • CFC § 1011.1 Medium relevance — show source text

    1011.1 General. Stairways serving occupied portions of a building shall comply with the requirements of Sections 1011.2 through 1011.13. Alternating tread devices shall comply with Section 1011.14. Ship’s ladders shall comply with Section 1011.15. Ladders shall comply with Section 1011.16.

    Exception: Within rooms or spaces used for assembly purposes, stepped aisles shall comply with Section 1030.

    1011.2 Width and capacity. The required capacity of stairways shall be determined as specified in Section 1005.1, but the minimum width shall be not less than 44 inches (1118 mm). The minimum width for stairways that serve as part of the accessible means of egress shall comply with Section 1009.3.

    Exceptions:

    1. Stairways serving an occupant load of less than 50 shall have a width of not less than 36 inches (914 mm).
    2. Spiral stairways as provided for in Section 1011.10.
    3. Where an incline platform lift or stairway chairlift is installed on stairways serving occupancies in Group R-3, or within dwelling units in occupancies in Group R-2, a clear passage width not less than 20 inches (508 mm) shall be provided. Where the seat and platform can be folded when not in use, the distance shall be measured from the folded position.

    Means of egress stairs in a Group I-2 or ambulatory care facility occupancy used for the movement of beds and stretcher patients shall provide a clear width not less than 44 inches (1118 mm).

    1011.3 Headroom. Stairways shall have a headroom clearance of not less than 80 inches (2032 mm) measured vertically from a line connecting the nosings. Such headroom shall be continuous above the stairway to the point where the line intersects the landing below, one tread depth beyond the bottom riser. The minimum clearance shall be maintained the full width of the stairway and landing.

    Exceptions:

    1. Spiral stairways complying with Section 1011.10 are permitted a 78-inch (1981 mm) headroom clearance.

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    MEANS OF EGRESS

    1. In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupancies that are accessory to a Group R-3 occupancy or accessory to individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; where the nosings of treads at the side of a flight extend under the edge of a floor opening through which the stair passes, the floor opening shall be allowed to project horizontally into the required headroom not more than 4 [3] / 4 inches (121 mm).

    1011.4 Walkline. The walkline across winder treads shall be concentric to the direction of travel through the turn and located 12 inches (305 mm) from the side where the winders are narrower. The 12-inch (305 mm) dimension shall be measured from the widest point of the clear stair width at the walking surface of the winder. Where winders are adjacent within the flight, the point of the widest clear stair width of the adjacent winders shall be used.

    1011.5 Stair treads and risers. Stair treads and risers shall comply with Sections 1011.5.1 through 1011.5.5.3.

Frequently asked questions

Do stair handrails have to be continuous across landings?

Handrails must be continuous within the full length of each stair flight; inside handrails on switchback/dogleg stairs must be continuous between flights. Continuous transitions where fittings cause local elevation change are allowed per the exceptions in § 1014.

How is headroom measured on a stair?

Headroom is measured vertically from a line connecting the tread nosings (the sloped line across the stair) and must be 80 in (2032 mm) minimum across the full width and depth indicated in § 1011.3 (spiral stairs 78 in).

If my stair is inside a dwelling unit, do I still need two handrails?

No — flights of stairs within dwelling units are permitted to have a handrail on one side only (see exceptions in § 1011.11). Other residential exceptions (riser/tread relaxations) also apply.

What are the minimum tread and maximum riser dimensions to avoid rework?

Design to 11 in minimum tread depth and 7 in maximum riser height for means-of-egress stairs; the Fire Code includes occupancy exceptions — see § 1011.5.2 and related exceptions.

Are handrail cross-section limits in § 1014 or elsewhere?

§ 1014 requires graspability and references Chapter 11 accessibility chapters for Type I/II dimensions (circular and noncircular limits). Consult § 1014.4 and the Chapter 11A/11B cross‑references for the precise cross-section/perimeter limits.

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California Fire Code