ARTICLE 11

Related Persons

This Article complements section 482 of the Code and confirms the authority of the United States under that section. Where a person subject to the taxing jurisdiction of a Contracting State (whether or not a resident thereof) and any other related person make arrangements or impose conditions between themselves which are different from those which would be made between independent persons, under paragraph (1), any income, deductions, credits or allowances which would, but for those arrangements or conditions, have been taken into account in computing the income or loss of, or the tax payable by, one of such persons, say be taken into account in computing the amount of the income subject to tax and the taxes payable

by such person in that Contracting State.

Paragraph (2) sets forth an explicit formulation of the consequence of a redetermination made in accordance with paragraph (1) by a Contracting State to the income of one of its residents. In such event, the other Contracting State will, if it agrees with such redetermination and if necessary to prevent double taxation, make a corresponding adjustment to the income of a person in such other Contracting State related to such resident. If the other Contracting State disagrees with the redetermination, the two Contracting States will endeavor to reach agreement in accordance with the mutual agreement procedure in paragraph (2) of Article 28 (Mutual Agreement Procedure).

Paragraph (3) provides that for purposes of the Convention a person is related to another person if either person owns or controls directly or indirectly the other, or if a third person or persons own or control directly or indirectly both. ”Control” includes any kind of control, whether or not legally enforceable, and however exercised or exercisable.