Section 63. — Internal Revenue Manual Part 10. Security

10.8.63 Central Log Server Security Policy¶

Manual Transmittal¶

Purpose¶

(1) This transmits revised IRM 10.8.63, Information Technology (IT) Security, Central Log Server Security Policy.

Exceptions & meaning →

Material Changes¶

(1) Throughout the IRM:

Changed instances of "shall" to "must" where appropriate.

Changed instances of "this policy" and "this manual" to "this IRM".

Added a leading zero to single digit NIST controls. Example: AC-2 is now AC-02.

Revised source citation and baseline indicator formatting.

Updated references to IRM 10.8.1 to include a reference to IRM 10.8.24.

(2) 10.8.63.1 Program Scope and Objectives:

(1)a) Updated title of IRM 10.8.1.

(1)b) Added language indicating that the IRM is subordinate to IRM 10.8.24 for off-premises cloud deployments.

(3)c) Added language indicator applicability of guidance found within the IRM.

(4) Added CIO acronym.

(5) Updated Cybersecurity Threat Response and Remediation title.

(3) 10.8.63.1.3 Roles and Responsibilities: Added reference to subsection where DNS specific roles and responsibilities are located.

(4) 10.8.63.1.4 Program Management and Review: (2) Added program management language.

(5) 10.8.63.1.5 Program Controls:

(3) Removed duplicate language.

(4) Removed duplicate language.

(5) Added language defining FIPS 199 impact-level and overlay indicators, and source citation formatting used throughout the IRM.

(6) Added table showing formatting examples.

(6) 10.8.63.1.6 Terms and Acronyms: Added exhibit title.

(7) 10.8.63.1.7 Related Resources: Added exhibit title.

(8) 10.8.63.2 Risk Acceptance and Risk-Based Decisions (RBDs):

(2) Updated SRM document title.

(2) Note: Updated URL.

(9) 10.8.63.3 IT Roles and Responsibilities: New subsection added for where DNS specific roles and responsibilities are located.

(10) 10.8.63.4 IT Security Controls: (3) Subsection title added.

(11) 10.8.63.4.1.1 AC-02 Account Management:

(5) Incorporated SRG requirement SRG-APP-000163-AU-002470 from IA-4 Identifier Management subsection (now removed).

(10) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000705-AU-000110.

(12) 10.8.63.4.2: Updated subsection title to align with NIST SP 800-53 Rev5.

(13) 10.8.63.4.3.5 AU-06 Audit Record Review, Analysis, and Reporting: (2) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000745-AU-000120.

(14) 10.8.63.4.3.6 AU-07 Audit Record Reduction and Report Generation:

(12) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000750-AU-000130.

(13) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000755-AU-000140.

(14) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000760-AU-000150.

(15) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000765-AU-000160.

(16) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000770-AU-000170.

(17) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000775-AU-000180.

(18) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000780-AU-000190.

(19) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000785-AU-000200.

(20) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000790-AU-000210.

(15) 10.8.63.4.3.8 AU-09 Protection of Audit Information: (8) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000795-AU-000220.

(16) 10.8.63.4.3.11 AU-12 Audit Record Generation:

Updated subsection title to align with NIST SP 800-53 Rev5.

(4) Removed SRG-APP-000088-AU-000040 due to the requirement being removed from the DISA Central Log Server SRG with V3R1.

(9) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000800-AU-000230.

(17) 10.8.63.4.5 CM - Configuration Management: CM-04 title corrected.

(18) 10.8.63.4.5.1 CM-05 Access Restrictions for Change:

New subsection added.

(1) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000805-AU-000240.

(19) 10.8.63.4.5.4 CM-14 Signed Components:

New subsection added.

(1) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000810-AU-000250.

(20) 10.8.63.4.7 IA - Identification and Authentication:

(1) Added language directing the reader to IRM 10.8.1 and IRM 10.8.24.

IA-01 title updated.

IA-04 Identifier Management added to list.

IA-10 title updated.

IA-13 Identity Providers and Authorization Servers added to list.

(21) 10.8.63.4.7.1 IA-02 Identification and Authentication (Organizational Users):

(4) Corrected SRG-APP-000151-AU-002330 language to reflect local access restriction.

(9) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000815-AU-000260.

(10) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000825-AU-000280.

(22) Old 10.8.63.4.7.2 IA-4 Identifier Management:

Subsection removed.

SRG requirement SRG-APP-000163-AU-002470 relocated to 10.8.63.4.1.1 AC-02 Account Management subsection.

(23) 10.8.63.4.7.3 IA-05 Authenticator Management:

(16) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000830-AU-000290.

(17) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000835-AU-000300.

(18) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000840-AU-000310.

(19) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000845-AU-000320.

(20) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000855-AU-000340.

(21) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000860-AU-000350.

(22) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000865-AU-000360.

(23) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000875-AU-000380.

(24) 10.8.63.4.18 SC – System and Communications Protection:

Updated SC-01 title to be Policy and Procedures.

Updated SC-16 title to be Transmission of Security and Privacy Attributes.

Removed SC-17 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Certificates from the list.

Removed SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest from the list.

Updated SC-35 title to be External Malicious Code Identifier.

Removed SC-45 System Time Synchronization from the list.

(25) 10.8.63.4.18.3 SC-17 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Certificates:

New subsection added.

(1) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000910-AU-000390.

(26) 10.8.63.4.18.5 SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest:

New subsection added.

(1) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000915-AU-000400.

(27) 10.8.63.4.18.6 SC-45 System Time Synchronization:

New subsection added.

(1) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000920-AU-000410.

(2) Added new SRG requirement SRG-APP-000925-AU-000420.

(28) Exhibit 10.8.63-1 Security Requirements Checklists:

Updated URL.
Updated IRM 10.8.50 title.

(29) Exhibit 10.8.63-2 Terms and Acronyms:

Added the following Acronyms: ACL, API, BGP, BIOS, CAC, CAVP, CHMOD, CMVP, CIO, CIP, CISA, CLI, CNSSI, COTS, CRUD, CSW, DLP, DNS, EDR, ELM, ESSID, FBI, FTP, GMT, GPS, HTTP, HVA, IDS, InTC, IP, IPS, IPv4, IPv6, IRS, ISO, LDAP, MAC, MITM, NARA, NDR, NFS, NRT, NTA, OAuth, OS, RDP, S3, SA&A, SELinux, SMB, SNI, SOAR, SOC, SRM, SSL, SSO, UEFI, URL, UTC, VMS, VNet, VPC, W3C, WAF, and Wi-Fi.

Removed the following Acronyms no longer in the IRM: ISSO.

Added the following terms: AppArmor, De-NAT IP Address, External System Service Provider, NSA-Approved Cryptography, Runas, Sudo, and Zulu Time.

Revised the following terms: Application, Cybersecurity, FIPS, FISMA, and PKI.

Removed the following terms no longer in the IRM: Outsourcing Provider.

(30) Exhibit 10.8.63-3 Related Resources:

Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Memoranda relocated to Other Publications area.

Corrected reference to IRM 1.15.6.

Added IRM 10.5.1, Privacy Policy.

Added IRM 10.8.24, Cloud Computing Security Policy.

Added FIPS 180-4, Secure Has Standard (SHS).

Removed NIST SP 800-37 Revision 2.

Added FIPS 201-3, Personal Identity Verification (PIV) of Federal Employees and Contractors.

Removed NIST SP 800-53A Revision 5.

Removed NIST SP 800-53B.

Added NIST SP 800-63-3, Digital Identity Guidelines.

Added NIST SP 800-70 Revision 4, National Checklist Program for IT Products: Guidelines for Checklist Users and Developers.

Added NIST SP 800-92, Guide to Computer Security Log Management.

Added NIST SP 800-161 Revision 1, Cybersecurity Supply Chain Risk Management Practices for Systems and Organizations.

Added NIST SP 800-171 Revision 3, Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information in Nonfederal Systems and Organizations.

Added NIST IR 4734, Foundations of a Security Policy for Use of the National Research and Educational Network.

Replaced DISA Central Log Server SRG Version 2 Release 2 with Version 3 Release 3.

Removed duplicate STIG and checklist language.

Removed Center for Internet Security Publications due to the publications aren't used for this IRM.

Added Other Publications area.

Added CNSSI 4009, Committee on National Security Systems (CNSS) Glossary.

Added NARA, Universal Requirements for Electronic Systems.

Added Title 44 U.S. Code Section 3551, Purposes.

(31) Exhibit 10.8.63-5 Logging Requirements – Technical Details:

Network Device Infrastructure - Proxies and Web Content Filters: Added Source and Destination attributes.

Table a) Criticality = 0, Log Category = Operating System Windows Infrastructure and Operating Systems: Added "System Configuration" to Required Data column.

Table a) Criticality = 0, Log Category = Operating System Windows Infrastructure and Operating Systems: Added "Registry Access" to Required Data column.

(32) Editorial changes (including grammar, spelling and minor clarifications) were made throughout the IRM.

Exceptions & meaning →

Effect on Other Documents¶

Audience¶

Effective Date¶

Program Scope and Objectives (SPDER)¶

Overview: This IRM lays the foundation to implement and manage security controls and guidance for the use of centralized log servers within the IRS.

This IRM is subordinate to IRM 10.8.1, Security Policy and augments the existing requirements identified within IRM 10.8.1, as they relate to IRS centralized logging server security for on-premises systems, including on-premises cloud deployments.

This IRM is subordinate to IRM 10.8.24, Cloud Computing Security Policy, and augments the existing requirements identified within IRM 10.8.24, as they relate to IRS centralized log server security for off-premises cloud deployments.

Program Purpose: Develop and publish security policies to protect the IRS against potential security threats, risks, and vulnerabilities to ensure compliance with federal mandates and legislation.

Audience: The provisions within this IRM apply to:

All offices, business units, operating units, and functional units within the IRS.

IRS personnel and organizations having contractual arrangements with the IRS, including employees, contractors, vendors and external system service providers, which use or operate systems that store, process, or transmit IRS information or connect to an IRS network or system.

All systems regardless of their National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) impact-level (i.e., Low, Moderate, High), unless a requirement indicates differently.

Policy Owner: Chief Information Officer (CIO)

Program Owner: Cybersecurity, Cybersecurity Threat Response and Remediation

Program Goals: To protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of IRS information and information systems.

Exceptions & meaning →

Background¶

The centralization of event logging allows security personnel to rapidly visualize data from many sources to spot trends and complex attacks on enterprise assets. This IRM supports this goal by providing the technical security policies and requirements for applying security concepts to security information and event management servers (SIEMs), syslog servers, network management systems (NMSs), and other event-based aggregation and monitoring applications that are part of the events logging, notification, monitoring, and analysis functions in the enterprise.

The scope of this IRM includes applications that leverage aggregated audit logs collected from firewalls, routers, servers, applications, and databases to visualize, monitor, notify, and alert based on identified thresholds.

Throughout this IRM, log, audit, and events records are used interchangeably and are understood to have similar meaning. Auditable events are those activities that can be tracked that provide information regarding system resource usage. These events are captured as part of the configuration of the operating systems or network management function of the hosts and devices on the network. In a typical hierarchy, all auditable records are sent to a syslog server that is configured on the host or device. The syslog daemon receives logs directed at it and aggregates the records.

IRM 10.8.63 is part of the IRM 10.8 Information Technology (IT) Security series for IRS IT Cybersecurity.

Exceptions & meaning →

Authority¶

All IRS systems and applications are required to comply with executive orders (EOs), Office of Management and Budget (OMB), Federal Information Security Modernization Act of 2014 (FISMA), NIST, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Department of the Treasury, and IRS guidelines as they apply.

Exceptions & meaning →

Roles and Responsibilities¶

The IRS must implement security roles in accordance with federal laws and IT security guidelines (e.g., FISMA, NIST, OMB) that are appropriate for their specific operations and missions. The roles and responsibilities are defined in IRM 10.8.2 , IT Security Roles and Responsibilities.

Supplemental roles and responsibilities specific to the implementation of application servers (if any) are located in IRM 10.8.63.3, IT Roles and Responsibilities, subsection of this IRM.

Exceptions & meaning →

Program Management and Review¶

The IRS security policy program establishes a framework of controls to ensure the inclusion of security into the IRS IT environment. This framework of security controls is provided through the issuance of security policies via the IRM 10.8 series and the development of technology specific security requirements checklists. Stakeholders are notified when revisions to the security policies and security requirements checklists are made.

It is the policy of the IRS to:

Establish and manage an information security program within its organizations. This IRM provides uniform policies and guidance to be used by each organization.

Protect all IT resources belonging to, or used by, the IRS at a level commensurate with the risk and magnitude of harm that could result from loss, misuse, or unauthorized access to that IT resource.

Protect its information resources and allow the use, access, disposition, and disclosure of information in accordance with applicable laws, policies, federal regulations, OMB guidance, Treasury Directives (TDs), NIST publications, NARA guidance, other regulatory guidance, and best practice methodologies.

Use best practice methodologies (such as Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL), and Lean Six Sigma (LSS)) to document and improve IRS IT process and service efficiency and effectiveness.

Exceptions & meaning →

Program Controls¶

Each IRM in the 10.8 series is assigned an author who reviews the IRM to ensure accuracy. The IRM authors continuously monitor federal guidance (e.g., OMB, CISA, NIST, Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA)) for potential revisions to security policies and security requirements checklists. Revisions to security policies and checklists are reviewed by the security policy team, in collaboration with applicable stakeholders, for potential impact to the IRS operational environment.

Security policy provides a report identifying security policies and security requirements checklists that have recently been revised or are in the revision process.

For systems that store, process, or transmit classified national security information, refer to IRM 10.9.1, Classified National Security Information (CNSI), for additional guidance on protecting classified information.

This IRM establishes the minimum baseline security policy and requirements for all IRS centralized log servers.

To define a security policy baseline for IRS systems, risk impact level and overlay designators may be assigned to a requirement and appear at the end of it in brackets, which will help identify if the requirement applies to a system:

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

When there are sub-parts (e.g., a, b, i, ii) to a primary requirement and a designator is indicated for the primary requirement but not the sub-parts, the designator indicated for the primary applies to the sub-parts as well.

A federal information processing standards (FIPS) 199 security impact-level designator may be assigned to each requirement. This designator indicates that the requirement only applies to systems categorized at that FIPS 199 impact-level, thus establishing a baseline for each level.

Exceptions & meaning →

Example:¶

A requirement with an indicator of “H” indicates the requirement only applies to systems categorized as FIPS 199 impact-level HIGH.

Controls designated as program-level controls are identified with an “O” indicator. The following apply for controls designated as program-level requirements: i. Implemented at the organization level; ii. Not directed at individual systems; iii. Independent of any system impact level; and iv. Not associated with security control baselines.

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

This indicator is in place of the FIPS 199 designators previously defined.

Control identified as part of the privacy control baseline are identified with a “(P)” indicator.

Controls designated as a critical infrastructure protection (CIP) overlay control are identified with a “CIP” indicator. Systems designated as cyber critical infrastructure assets must implement controls identified as CIP overlay controls. i. The critical infrastructure control overlay” must be applied to all components within the designated cyber critical infrastructure asset system’s security boundary.

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

Information systems normally consist of components (servers, routers, batch processing routines, mainframes, etc.) that when combined allow the overall system to perform its intended function. The intent is to increase the trustworthiness and resiliency of the overall system by applying the control overlay to all the components of the designated system, where applicable. It is understood that security controls are applicable only to information system components that provide or support the capability addressed by the controls. Document the implementation accordingly.

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

CIP overlay controls may be tailored as long as the following criteria is met: 1. The authorizing official (AO), in coordination with the system and organizational officials determines that a control in the overlay is not to be implemented (also referred to as “tailoring-out”) on a designated cyber critical infrastructure asset; and 2. The associated documentation for this risk-based decision not to implement must be submitted to the Department Cyber CIP Program Manager and the Departmental CISO for review and approval.

Controls designated as a high value asset (HVA) overlay control are identified with an “HVA” indicator. Systems designated as an HVA must implement security controls identified as HVA overlay controls.

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

The PM and PT family of controls in the CISA government-wide baseline are excluded from the IRM 10.8.24 baseline.

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

The HVA control overlay is defined by CISA.

Controls designated as a critical software (CSW) overlay control are identified with a “CSW” indicator. Software designated as critical software and platforms hosting critical software must implement security controls identified as CSW overlay controls. [NIST: NIST Security Measures for EO-Critical Software Use]

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

Security controls identified as CSW align with the security measures defined by NIST.

Indicator

Applicability

(L)

Applies to systems categorized as FIPS 199 Impact-level LOW.

(M)

Applies to systems categorized as FIPS 199 Impact-level MEDIUM.

(H)

Applies to systems categorized as FIPS 199 Impact-level HIGH.

(CIP)

Overlay - Applies to systems identified as Cyber Critical Infrastructure.

(HVA)

Overlay - Applies to systems identified as Cyber High Value Assets.

(P)

Privacy Baseline Controls

(O)

Program-level Controls (i.e., Program Management (PM))

(CSW)

Overlay - Applies to software identified as Critical Software and systems hosting Critical Software.

In an effort to provide an authoritative source for a requirement, a citation may be provided at the end of a requirement within brackets. If a NIST impact-level baseline (i.e., L, M, H) or control overlay (i.e., CIP, HVA) applies to a requirement, they would be provided at the end of a requirement within brackets also. The citations, baselines, and overlays are broken down into two parts: the first part is a generic identifier, such as NIST, DISA, Baseline, Overlay, etc.; the second part identifies the specific source, baseline or overlay that applies. Below are some examples of how a citation, baseline, and/or overlay may appear for a particular type of source:

Citations

Citation

Example

NIST Control

NIST Control [NIST: SP 800-53, AC-02]

Treasury Control

Treasury Control [Treasury: TD P 85-01, AC-03_T.002]

Treasury Publication

Treasury Publication [Treasury: TD P 15-71]

Federal

Federal [Federal: P.L. 113-283]

U.S. Code

U.S. Code [USC: 44 USC 3551]

Executive Order

Executive Order [EO: 14028]

OMB Memorandum

OMB Memorandum [OMB: M-22-09]

CISA Directive

CISA [CISA: BOD-23-01]

NIST Publication

[NIST: SP 800-40]

DISA STIG/SRG

[DISA: SRG-APP-000516-NDM-000350]

IRS Defined with no business unit source

[IRS: IRS-defined]

IRS Defined with CSIRC as source

[CSIRC: IRS-defined]

Baseline

NIST Baseline

[Baseline: P, L, M, H, O]

Overlay

Control Overlay

[Overlay: CIP, HVA, CSW]

Exceptions & meaning →

Example:¶

How a source, baseline, overlay could appear at the end of a requirement: [NIST: SP 800-53, SA-15 | Baseline: M, H | Overlay: HVA].

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

Citations correlate to a reference listed in Exhibit 10.8.63-3 Exhibit 10.8.63-3, Related Resources.

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

The citation, baseline, and overlay are formatted to be simple enough for manual identification while being distinct enough for automated detection and extraction. This is intended to allow for easy identification and parsing by applications (manual or automated), using distinct patterns.

In the event there is a discrepancy between this IRM and IRM 10.8.1, IRM 10.8.1 has precedence, unless the security requirements in this IRM are more restrictive.

Exceptions & meaning →

Terms and Acronyms¶

Refer to Exhibit 10.8.63-2, Terms and Acronyms, for a list of terms, acronyms, and definitions.

Exceptions & meaning →

Risk Acceptance and Risk-Based Decisions (RBDs)¶

Any exception to this IRM requires the AO to make a risk acceptance decision.

Users must submit risk-based decision (RBD) requests in accordance with Cybersecurity’s Security Risk Management (SRM) risk acceptance process documented in the Request for Risk Acceptance and Risk Based Decision Standard Operating Procedures (SOP).

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

Users can access the RBD documentation in the FISMA Doc Library on the Enterprise FISMA Compliance (EFC) site.

Refer to IRM 10.8.1 for additional guidance on risk acceptance and RBDs.

Exceptions & meaning →

IT Roles and Responsibilities¶

This IRM does not contain supplemental roles and responsibilities specific to the implementation of centralized log servers.

Exceptions & meaning →

IT Security Controls¶

The security controls in this IRM supplement the requirements found in IRM 10.8.1 or IRM 10.8.24 (as applicable).

Refer to IRM 10.8.1 or IRM 10.8.24 (as applicable) for security control families and security controls not addressed within this IRM.

It is acceptable to configure settings to be more restrictive than those defined in this IRM.

To configure less restrictive requirements requires a risk-based decision. Refer to IRM 10.8.63.2, Risk Acceptance and Risk-Based Decisions (RBDs), subsection for additional guidance.

Exceptions & meaning →

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≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

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Exceptions & meaning →

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Exceptions & meaning →

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Exceptions & meaning →

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Exceptions & meaning →

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Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

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Exceptions & meaning →

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Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

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Exceptions & meaning →

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Exceptions & meaning →

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Exceptions & meaning →

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Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

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Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

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Exceptions & meaning →

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡¶

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Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡≡ ≡ ≡ ≡

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Exceptions & meaning →

Terms and Acronyms¶

Definition or Description

ACL

Access Control List – A mechanism that implements access control for a system resource by enumerating the system entities that are permitted to access the resource and stating, either implicitly or explicitly, the access modes granted to each entity. [CNSSI: 4009]

Application

A software program hosted by an information system. [CNSSI: 4009]

Audit

Independent review and examination of records and activities to assess the adequacy of system controls and ensure compliance with established policies and operational procedures. [CNSSI: 4009]

Authorizing Official

API

Application Programming Interface

AppArmor

A Linux kernel security module that allows system administrators to restrict the capabilities of individual programs by creating specific security profiles, essentially acting as a sandbox to limit what resources an application can access, thus enhancing system security by preventing unauthorized access to sensitive data and mitigating potential vulnerabilities.

Authenticator

Something the claimant possesses and controls (typically a cryptographic module or password) that is used to authenticate the claimant's identity. In previous editions of SP 800-63, this was referred to as a token. [CNSSI: 4009]

BGP

Border Gateway Protocol

BIOS

Basic Input Output System

CAC

Common Access Card

CAVP

Cryptographic Algorithm Validation Program

CHMOD

The chmod, or change mode, command allows an administrator to set or modify a file's permissions.

CMVP

Cryptographic Module Validation Program

CIO

Chief Information Officer

CIP

Critical Infrastructure Protection

CIS

Center for Internet Security

CISA

Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency

CLI

Command Line Interface

Contractor

Individuals or other legal entities that are, directly or indirectly, awarded government contracts. Contractors conduct business, or reasonably may be expected to conduct business, with the Government as an agent or representative of another contractor.

CNSSI

Committee on National Security Systems Instruction

COTS

Commercial Off the Shelf

CRUD

Create, Read, Update, and Delete

CSIRC

Computer Security Incident Response Center

CSW

Critical Software

Cybersecurity

Prevention of damage to, protection of, and restoration of computers, electronic communications systems, electronic communications services, wire communication, and electronic communication, including information contained therein, to ensure its availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and nonrepudiation. [CNSSI: 4009]

De-NAT IP Address

The process of reversing a network address translation (NAT) operation, essentially taking a public IP address assigned by a NAT device and converting it back to the original private IP address of the internal device that initiated the connection, allowing for identification of the specific device within a network that sent the traffic.

DISA

Defense Information Systems Agency

DLP

Data Loss Prevention

DNS

Domain Name System

Enterprise Architecture

EDR

Endpoint Detection & Response

Event Logging

ELM

Enterprise Log Manager

EMM

Enterprise Mobility Management

Executive Order

ESP

Enterprise Standards Profile

ESSID

Wi-Fi Extended Service Set Identifier

External System Service Provider

A provider of external information system services to an organization through a variety of consumer-producer relationships including but not limited to: joint ventures; business partnerships; outsourcing arrangements (i.e., through contracts, interagency agreements, lines of business arrangements); licensing agreements; and/or supply chain exchanges. [CNSSI: 4009]

FBI

Federal Bureau of Investigation

FIPS

Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) – A standard for adoption and use by Federal departments and agencies that has been developed within the Information Technology Laboratory and published by NIST, a part of the U.S. Department of Commerce. A FIPS covers some topic in information technology to achieve a common level of quality or some level of interoperability. [CNSSI: 4009]

FIPS-validated cryptography

A cryptographic module validated by the Cryptographic Module Validation Program (CMVP) to meet requirements specified in FIPS Publication 140-3 (as amended). As a prerequisite to CMVP validation, the cryptographic module is required to employ a cryptographic algorithm implementation that has successfully passed validation testing by the Cryptographic Algorithm Validation Program (CAVP). See NSA-approved cryptography. [CNSSI: 4009]

FISMA

The Federal Information Security Modernization of 2014 – Directs federal agencies to develop, document, and implement agency-wide programs to provide security for the information and systems that support the agency's operations and assets. This includes the security authorization and accreditation (SA&A) of IT systems that support digital authentication. [CNSSI: 4009]

FTP

File Transfer Protocol

GMT

Greenwich Mean Time

GPS

Global Positioning System

HMAC

Hash Message Authentication Code – A message authentication code that uses a cryptographic key in conjunction with a hash function. [CNSSI: 4009]

HTTP

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

HVA

High Value Asset

IDS

Intrusion Detection System

IMEI

International Mobile Equipment Identity

IMSI

International Mobile Subscriber Identity

InTC

Insider Threat Capability

Internet Protocol

IPS

Intrusion Prevention System

IPv4

Internet Protocol Version 4

IPv6

Internet Protocol Version 6

IRM

Internal Revenue Manual

IRS

Internal Revenue Service

ISO

International Organization for Standardization

KDF

Key Derivation Functions

LDAP

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

Log

A record of the events occurring within an organization’s systems and networks.

MAC

Media Access Control

MDM

Mobile Device Management

MFA

Multifactor Authentication – Authentication using two or more factors to achieve authentication. Factors include something you know (e.g., PIN, password); something you have (e.g., cryptographic identification device, token); or something you are (e.g., biometric). See authenticator. [CNSSI: 4009]

MITM

Man-in-the-Middle

MTD

Mobile Threat Defense

NARA

National Archives and Records Administration

NDR

Network Detection and Response

NFS

Network File System

NIST

National Institute of Standards and Technology

NMS

Network Management System – An application or set of applications that lets network administrators manage a network's independent components inside a bigger network management framework.

NRT

Near Real Time

NSA-Approved Cryptography

Cryptography that consists of an approved algorithm, an implementation that has been approved for the protection of classified information and/or controlled unclassified information in a specific environment, and a supporting key management infrastructure. [CNSSI: 4009]

NTA

Network Traffic Analysis

NTP

Network Time Protocol – Used in networks of all types and sizes for time synchronization of servers, workstations, and other networked equipment. [CNSSI: 4009]

OAuth

Open Authorization

OMB

Office of Management and Budget

Operating System

PCAP

Packet Capture

Personal Identification Number

PIV

Personal Identity Verification – A physical artifact (e.g., identity card, "smart" card) issued to a government individual that contains stored identity credentials (e.g., photograph, cryptographic keys, digitized fingerprint representation) so that the claimed identity of the cardholder can be verified against the stored credentials by another person (human readable and verifiable) or an automated process (computer readable and verifiable). Synonymous with personal identity verification (PIV) card. Note: PIV requirements are defined in FIPS 201-3. [CNSSI: 4009]

PKI

Public Key Infrastructure – The architecture, organization, techniques, practices, and procedures that collectively support the implementation and operation of a certificate-based public key cryptographic system. Framework established to issue, maintain, and revoke public key certificates. [CNSSI: 4009]

RBD

Risk-Based Decision – A decision made by individuals responsible for ensuring security by utilizing a wide variety of information, analysis, assessment and processes. The type of information taken into account when making a risk-based decision may change based on life cycle phase and decision is made taking entire posture of the system into account. Some examples of information taken into account are formal and informal risk assessments, risk analysis, assessments, recommended risk mitigation strategies, and business impact. (This list is not intended to be all inclusive)

RDP

Remote Desktop Protocol

Runas

A Windows command that allows a user to run a program or tool with the privileges of a different user account, essentially letting them execute a program "as" another user, including administrator level access, even if they are currently logged in with a standard user account; similar to the "sudo" command on Linux systems.

Amazon S3

System Administrator

SA&A

Security Authorization and Accreditation

SAMI

Sources and Methods Information

SELinux

Security-Enhanced Linux

SHA

Secure Hash Algorithm – A hash algorithm with the property that it is computationally infeasible 1) to find a message that corresponds to a given message digest, or 2) to find two different messages that produce the same message digest. [CNSSI: 4009]

SIEM

Security Information and Event Management – An application that provides the ability to gather security data from information system components and present that data as actionable information via a single interface.

SMB

Server Message Block

SNI

Server Name Indication

SNMP

Simple Network Management Protocol

SOAR

Security, Orchestration, Automation, and Response

SOC

System on a chip

SOP

Standard Operating Procedures

Special Publications

SRG

Security Requirements Guide

SRM

Security Risk Management

SSL

Secure Sockets Layer

SSO

System Security Officer

STIG

Security Technical Implementation Guide

Sudo

A command-line utility that allows users to run programs with elevated privileges, such as root privileges.

Syslog

A protocol that specifies a general log entry format and a log entry transport mechanism.

TCP

Transmission Control Protocol – A standard that defines how to establish and maintain a network conversation via which application programs can exchange data. TCP works with the Internet Protocol (IP), which defines how computers send packets of data to each other.

TD P

Treasury Directive Publication

UEFI

Unified Extensible Firmware Interface

UEM

Unified Endpoint Management

UNS

User and Network Services

URL

Uniform Resource Locator

UTC

Coordinated Universal Time

Vendor

Commercial suppliers of software or hardware. More specifically, vendors create or manufacture products for government organizations or contractors. [NIST: IR 4734]

VMS

Vulnerability Management Service

VNet

Virtual Network

VPC

Virtual Private Cloud

W3C

World Wide Web Consortium

WAF

Web Application Firewall

Wi-Fi

Wireless Fidelity

Zulu Time

The military name of UTC and GMT

Exceptions & meaning →

Implementation and Centralized Access Requirements¶

The following tables define the requirements necessary to meet each EL level. [OMB: M-21-31]

Table 1: EL1 Basic Requirements

Basic Logging Categories

Ensuring that required logs categorized as criticality level 0 are retained in acceptable formats for specified timeframes, per technical details described in Exhibit 10.8.63-5.

Minimum Logging Data

At a minimum, agencies must ensure that each event log contains the following data, if applicable:

Properly formatted and accurate timestamp (see below for Time Standard requirements)

Status code for the event type

Device identifier (MAC address or other unique identifier)

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

All hosts should be configured to have MAC randomization turned off. Where possible, this configuration should be maintained automatically.

Session/Transaction ID

Autonomous System Number

Source IP (Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4))

Source IP (Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6))

Destination IP (IPv4)

Destination IP (IPv6)

Status Code

Response Time

Additional headers (i.e., HTTP headers)

Where appropriate, the username or userID must be included or both

Where appropriate, the command executed must be included

Where possible, all data must be formatted as key-value-pairs allowing for easy extraction

Where possible, a unique event identifier must be included for event correlation; a unique event identifier must be defined per event type

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

Software developed by agencies or by contractors on behalf of agencies must log unique event identifiers for each event in accordance with these requirements.

Time Standard

Consistent timestamp formats across all event logs are necessary for accurate and efficient event correlation and log analysis. Timestamps must be applied consistently to logs from all computing devices, routers, switches, and servers. Agencies must maintain log timestamps in a format that meets the following requirements, based on both ISO 8601 and RFC 3339: Date and Time on the Internet: Timestamps.

YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.mmmZ (Zulu time, UTC+0) and

YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.mmm+04:00 (UTC+4)

YYYY = four-digit year

MM = two-digit month

DD = two-digit day of the month

T = a set character indicating the start of the time element

hh = two digits of an hour (00 through 23)

mm = two digits of a minute

ss = two digits of a second

mmm = three digits of a millisecond (000 through 999)

+|- = time zone designator (Z or +hh:mm or -hh:mm), the + or – values indicate how far ahead or behind a time zone is from the UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) zone.

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

Software developed by agencies or by contractors on behalf of agencies must log timestamps for each event in accordance with these requirements. If the software does not produce data in this format, federal agencies will transform records to conform to these standards before the data is ingested into the SIEM or stored in bulk storage.

Event Forwarding

Event Forwarding allows administrators to obtain events from remote computers, also called source computers or forwarding computers, and store them on a central server known as the collector computer. Agencies must forward all required logging data, in near real-time and on an automated basis, to centralized systems responsible for SIEM; bulk storage; and other analytical workflows or services. Data must be encrypted in transit between its source and destination. Agencies must ensure the original log can be replayed for future use.

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

The term "near real-time" or "nearly real-time" (NRT) refers to the time delay introduced by automated data processing or network transmission between the occurrence of an event and the use of the processed data, such as for display or feedback and control purposes.

Protecting and Validating Log Information

To ensure data integrity, logging facilities and log information must be protected by cryptographic methods from tampering and unauthorized access. Agencies must protect and monitor the integrity of their logs and systems producing logs by:

Verifying that event logging is enabled and active for system components.

Traps must be put in place to monitor these data streams for disruption.

These traps must be monitored.

Ensuring that only individuals who have a job-related need can view, access, or modify log files.

Documenting views and usage of log files and regularly reviewing or auditing the resulting records.

Confirming that current log files are protected from unauthorized modifications via access control mechanisms, such as virtual or physical segregation.

Ensuring that current log files are promptly backed up to an authorized source, such as a centralized log server or write-once media.

Using integrity-verification mechanisms to detect unauthorized changes to event logging configuration and log files that are no longer being written to or are considered closed.

Conducting integrity checks periodically and upon access against the log hashes throughout their retention period.

When logging stops unexpectedly, audit alerts must be sent in near real-time to any parties responsible for monitoring. The responsible party must promptly investigate the cause of the disruption and take appropriate corrective actions.

Monitoring across the enterprise for unexpected changes to files or configuration items, including changes to:

Credentials

Privileges and security settings

Content

Core attributes and size

Hash values

Configuration values

Passive Domain Name System (DNS)

Federal agencies must implement a domain name system (DNS) logging system that meets the requirements identified in Exhibit 10.8.63-5, including DNS requests made over encrypted DNS connections. Agencies must implement accompanying analytics that allow for rapid identification of the host that sourced each DNS query. This capability must be monitored and triaged. Federal agencies must automate the production of a list of hostnames that are frequently accessed or looked up by legitimate users within their agency, but are not included in general top domain lists identified by CISA or available publicly or via subscription. Agencies should make that list automatically accessible to CISA or submit it to CISA daily via an acceptable automated mechanism.

CISA and FBI Access Requirements

Agencies must provide logs and other relevant data to CISA and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) upon request, to the extent consistent with applicable law, including 44 U.S.C. 3553(l). Agencies must provide such data in a format and by means agreed upon by the agency, CISA, or the FBI, and must do so pursuant to timelines specified by CISA or the FBI. Those timelines may require near real-time access to data.

Logging Orchestration, Automation, and Response – Planning

Federal agencies must maintain and manage logs by leveraging the additional logging to develop automated hunt and incident response playbooks. Such playbooks must take advantage of security, orchestration, automation, and response (SOAR) capabilities. Agencies at EL1 stage must start planning on how to best implement SOAR capabilities in their environment. For additional implementation requirements, please see Table 3, EL3 Advanced Requirements, Logging Orchestration, Automation, and Response – Finalizing Implementation.

User Behavior Monitoring – Planning

User behavioral analytics allow for early detection of malicious behavior. This technology leverages machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques to detect anomalous user actions and help combat advanced threats. Agencies at EL1 stage must start planning on how to best implement a user behavior analytics capability in their environment, leveraging the logging requirements, in order to identify potentially malicious or malicious activity. Agencies are expected to finalize their implementation of this capability to achieve EL3 maturity level. For additional implementation requirements, please see Table 3, EL3 Advanced Requirements, User Behavior Monitoring – Finalizing Implementation.

Basic Centralized Access

Logs should be centrally aggregated by an agency component-level enterprise log manager (ELM). Traps for detecting data-stream disruption should be monitored by the component-level SOC. The DNS logging system and accompanying analytics must be monitored and triaged by the component-level SOC.

Table 2: EL2 Intermediate Requirements

EL1 maturity level

All requirements for EL1 must be met.

Intermediate Logging Categories

Required logs categorized as criticality levels 1 and 2 must be retained in acceptable formats for specified timeframes, per technical details described in Exhibit 10.8.63-5.

Publication of Standardized Log Structure

For all software developed by or on behalf of federal agencies that produces logs and is deployed in federal environments, federal agencies must provide a document detailing the structure (schema) for those logs to CISA. Agencies must refer to guidance from CISA in developing this documented schema. Federal agencies must also provide all updates to the schema to CISA no later than one business day after they are finalized. The schema and associated documentation must be published to Data.gov.

Inspection of Encrypted Data

Federal agencies must retain and store in cleartext form the data or metadata from Exhibit 10.8.63-5 that is collected in their environment. If agencies perform full traffic inspection through active proxies, they should log additional available fields as described in Exhibit 10.8.63-5 and can work with CISA to implement these capabilities. If agencies do not perform full traffic inspection, they should log the metadata available to them. In general, agencies are expected to follow zero-trust principles concerning least privilege and reduced attack surface, and relevant guidance from OMB and CISA relating to zero-trust architecture.

Intermediate Centralized Access

Required logs categorized as criticality levels 0 and 1 are accessible and visible for the highest-level security operations at the head of each agency. Required Logs categorized as criticality level 2 are retained, at a minimum, at component level.

Traps for detecting data-stream disruption should be monitored by the component-level and top-level enterprise SOCs. The DNS logging system and accompanying analytics must be monitored and triaged by the component-level and top-level enterprise SOCs. The enterprise SOC must ensure that cross-organizational analytics are established for use across agency components.

Table 3: EL3 Advanced Requirements

EL2 maturity level

All requirements for EL2 must be met.

Advanced Logging Categories

Required logs categorized as criticality level 3 must be retained in acceptable formats for specified timeframes, per technical details described in Exhibit 10.8.63-5.

Logging Orchestration, Automation, and Response – Finalizing Implementation

Agencies must finalize and implement automated hunt and incident response playbooks. Federal agencies must also provide any updates to the playbooks and automation integrations to CISA no later than one business day after they are finalized.

User Behavior Monitoring – Finalizing Implementation

User behavioral analytics must be implemented in order to allow for monitoring – early detection of malicious behavior. This technology leverages Finalizing machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques to detect Implementation anomalous user actions and help combat advanced threats. Agencies must implement a user behavior analytics capability, leveraging the logging requirements, in order to identify potentially malicious or malicious activity. This capability must monitor all user and non-user accounts. This capability must be monitored and triaged by component- and top-level agency Security Operations Centers (SOC). At a minimum, User Behavior Monitoring should be configured to detect and alert on:

Compromised user credentials

Privileged-user compromise

Improper asset access

Compromised system/host/device

Lateral movement of threat actor

Application Container Security, Operations, and Management

Container security and monitoring tools should be integrated with SIEM tools to ensure container-related events are captured by the enterprise. Alternatively, in cases where the uses and privileges of containers are appropriately constrained by the orchestration layer, agencies may rely on SIEM tools present at that layer. In general, federal agencies must ensure that their cyber hunt and incident response teams have appropriate tools and training to identify incidents within a containerized environment (Reference NIST SP 800-190, Application Container Security Guide).

Advanced Centralized Access

Required Logs across all criticality levels must be accessible to the highest-level security operations at the head of each agency.

Exceptions & meaning →

Logging Requirements – Technical Details¶

The following tables provide the technical details for logging requirements. [OMB: M-21-31]

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

Exceptions to the requirements are set below: i. Full packet capture data is required to be stored for only 72 hours. ii. The retention periods prescribed below are minimum values; data may be retained for longer periods if appropriate.

Table 4: Logging Requirements – Technical Details

Term

Description

Log Category

This column describes the various log categories from which logging data can be sourced. The tables in Exhibit 10.8.63-5 are organized by log criticality for ease of use.

Required Data

This column describes the information that agencies must collect within each log category.

Format

This column describes the acceptable formats for the required data. See below for definitions of the various formats that can appear in this column.

Attachment – An attachment is a file sent via email.

Config – A CONFIG file is a configuration file used by various applications. It contains plain-text parameters that define settings or preferences for building or running a program.

Database record – A database record is a set of database fields.

Database query – A database query is a request to access data from a database. Capturing the query allows for playback so that Hunt and IR teams can identify what data was exfiltrated or inserted.

File – A file is a resource for recording data in a storage device.

Log – A log file contains data about an event that occurred in an application or operating system.

Packet capture – Packet capture (PCAP) results from the interception and copying of a data packet that is crossing or moving over a specific computer network.

Script – A script file is a configuration file that lets users run or execute certain actions.

Simple network management protocol (SNMP) – SNMP exposes management data in the form of variables on the managed systems organized in a management information base (MIB), which describe the system status and configuration. These variables can then be remotely queried (and, in some circumstances, manipulated) by managing applications.

Application monitoring dashboard

An application monitoring dashboard provides information about the metrics, usage, and performance of an application. Agencies should use a dashboard suited to the version, type, and deployment method of each application.

Criticality

Each log category has an assigned criticality level based on its relative cybersecurity value. This cybersecurity value relates to the usefulness of the log data for threat detection, with the most useful data assigned a criticality of zero, and the least a criticality of 3.

Active storage

Refers to data that is stored in a manner that facilitates frequent use and ease of access.

Cold data storage

Refers to the storage of data in a manner that minimizes costs while still allowing some level of access and use. Agencies should leverage architectures defined in NIST 800-92, Guide to Computer Security Log Management, to ensure that data stored in this manner is properly secured and audited.

Criticality = 0

Log Category

Required Data

Format

Criticality

Retention Period

Identity & Credential Management

Account creation

Manage credential type

(PIV or common access card (CAC)) and derived credentials

Cert

MFA

Password

Establish or manage attributes

Organization

Groups/Roles

Manage or track changes in attributes & credentials

Track usage of credentials

Account deletion

Log Script

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Privileged Identity & Credential Management

Provisioning

Manage credential type

(PIV or CAC) and derived credentials

Cert

MFA

Password

Establish or manage attributes

Organization

Groups/Roles

Manage or track changes in attributes & credentials

Track usage of credentials

Deprovisioning

Establish and manage privileges (privilege credentials)

Isolate, monitor, record, audit privilege sessions

Control privileged actions

Commands

Tasks

Track privilege escalation and delegation

Monitor, alert and respond to anomalous behaviors or activities

Log Script

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Email Filtering, Spam, and Phishing

IP and Domain Reputation (as indicated by mail server connection)

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Network Device Infrastructure (For Devices with Multiple Interfaces: Interface MAC -If Correlated to the De-NAT IP Address)

All Devices

DHCP lease information Including:

MAC

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Network Device Infrastructure

DNS - Source IP and Port, Destination IP and Port Date and Time

Content of query, response, and errors – all record types

Zone transfers request and response (audit log)

Zone transfers request and response (content)

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Network Device Infrastructure

Passive DNS Log

Tuple (Rrname, Rrtype, Rdata)

Time_First

Time_Last

Count

Bailiwick

Sensor_Id

Zone_Time_First

Zone_Time_Last

Time_First_Ms

Time_Last_Ms

Origin

Count of questions asked by source IP

Count of questions asked overall

Count of responses by source IP

Query size in bytes

Response size in bytes

TTL per record returned

Request was made via UDP, TCP, or Both

Response was made via UDP, TCP, or Both

Passive DNS source (used to identify which passive DNS source data came from)

Log Database record

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Network Device Infrastructure

DNS, DHCP, and Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi supporting infrastructure logs including security logs at info level

Device authentication logs with user agent

URL browsing logs + HTTP methods (e.g., Post, Get, etc.)

User authentication logs

DHCP lease information including MAC, IP

Roaming logs

Timestamps

Log SNMP

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Network Device Infrastructure

DNS, DHCP, and Wi-Fi

Static network address translation table mapping as well as port forwards

Date and time

Protocol

Port

Inside local and global IP and port

Outside local and global IP and port

Log Database Record Script File Config SNMP

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Network Device Infrastructure (General Logging)

Intrusion Detection System (IDS)/Intrusion Prevention System (IPS)/Network Traffic Analysis (NTA)/Network Detection and Response (NDR)/SIEM Logs

Application programming interface (API) activity logs

Authentication logs

Firewall logs

Web proxy/web application firewall (WAF) logs

Service metrics

Network flow logs

Remote access/VPN logs

System/operating system (OS) logs

DLP logs

DNS query/response logs

Log File Packet Capture

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage 72 Hours Packet Capture

Network Device Infrastructure (For Devices with Multiple Interfaces: Interface MAC -If Correlated to The De-NAT IP Address)

Routers and Switches

Routing tables

Routing changes (logging all CLI commands, border gateway protocol (BGP))

IP addressing schema and implementation

Log File Config

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Network Device Infrastructure (For Devices with Multiple Interfaces: Interface MAC -If Correlated to the De-NAT IP Address)

Load Balancer/Reverse Proxy Access Logs

Connection type

Date and time

Resource ID of the load balancer

Client IP: Port

Target IP: Port

Request processing time

Target processing time

Response processing time

Status code from load balancer

Target status code

Received bytes

Bytessent

Request

User agent

Secure sockets layer (SSL) cipher

SSL protocol

Server name indication (SNI) domain

Matched rule priority

Actions executed

Redirect URL

Error reason

Target IP: Port list

Target status code list

Classification reason request does not comply with RFC 7230

Other implementation specific fields

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Network Device Infrastructure (For Devices with Multiple Interfaces: Interface MAC – If Correlated to the De-NAT IP Address)

Proxies and Web Content Filters Provides NAT, User, and Gateway IP Address to Provide Enhanced Reporting of Malicious Domains and IP Addresses. In the Case of Web, World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Format.

Date and time

Source

Hostname

IP address and port

MAC

Destination

Hostname

IP address and port

MAC

Web URL methods/user agent/decoded headers

URL categories

URL

Permitted, restricted, denied

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Network Device Infrastructure

Proxies and Web Content Filters

Policy updates

Software updates

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Proxies and Web Content Filters • Policy Updates • Software Updates

General Information

Date and time

Event, status, or error codes

Service/Command/Application name

User or system account associated with an event

Device used (e.g., source and destination IPs, terminal session ID, web browser, etc.)

Startup and shutdown of the system

Startup and shutdown of a service

Network connection changes or failures

Changes to, or attempts to change, system security settings and controls

Log-on attempts (success/failure)

The function(s) performed after logging on (e.g., reading or updating a critical file, software installation)

Account changes (e.g., account creation and deletion, account privilege assignment)

Successful/Failed use of privileged accounts

Application authentication attempts (success/failure)

Application account changes (e.g., account creation and deletion, account privilege assignment)

Use of application privileges

Application startup and shutdown

Application failures

Major application configuration changes

Application transactions, for example,

Email servers recording the sender, recipients, subject name, and attachment names for each email

Web servers recording each URL requested and the type of response provided by the server

Business applications recording which financial records were accessed by each user

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Operating Systems Windows Infrastructure and Operating Systems

User and Administrator Access to OS Components and Applications

File and object access

Audit log access (success/failure)

System access and log off (success/failure)

Privilege access and log off (success/failure)

Remote desk protocol (RDP) access and log off (success/failure)

Server message block (SMB) access

Installation or removal of storage volumes or removable media

Resource utilization, process status

System events

Service status changes (start, stop, fail, restart, etc.)

Service failures and restarts

Process creation and termination

Changes to security configuration (success/failure)

Audit log cleared

Changes to accounts

User or group management changes

Scheduled task changes

Transfer of data to external media or remote hosts

Listening network port and IP address

Active network communication with other hosts

Version

Created date

Installed date

Manufacturer

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Operating Systems MACOS (Or Other Apple Desktop and Server Operating Systems)

User and Administrator Access to OS Components and Applications

File and object access

Auditlog access (success/failure)

System access and log off (success/failure)

Privilege access and log off (success/failure)

Remote terminal or equivalent access and log off (success/failure)

Samba/Network File System (NFS)/(S)File Transfer Protocol (FTP) or equivalent access

Installation or removal of applications

Installation or removal of storage volumes or removable media

Resource utilization, process status

System events

Service status changes (start, stop, fail, restart, etc.)

Service failures and restarts

Process creation and termination

Changes to security configuration (success/failure)

Audit log cleared

Changes to accounts

User or group management changes

Scheduled task changes

Transfer of data to external media or remote hosts

Listening network port and IP address

Active network communication with other hosts

System log folder: /Var/Log/*

System log: /Var/Log/System.Log

Mac analytics data: /Var/Log/Diagnosticmessages/*

Wi-Fi log: /Var/Log/Wifi.Log

System application logs: /Library/Logs/* and /Private/Var/Log/*

System reports: /Library/Logs/Diagnosticreports/ *

User application logs: /Users/Name/Library/Logs/*

User reports: /Users/Name/Library/Logs/Diag nosticreports/*

Audit log: /Var/Audit/*

Version

Created date

Installed date

Manufacturer

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Operating Systems – BSD (Linux)

User and Administrator Access to OS Components and Applications

File and object access

Audit log access (success/failure)

System access and log off (success/failure)

Privilege access and log off (success/failure)

Remote terminal or equivalent access and log off (success/failure)

Samba/NFS/(S)FTP or equivalent access

Installation or removal of storage volumes or removable media

Resource utilization, process status

System events

Service status changes (start, stop, fail, restart, etc.)

Service failures and restarts

Process creation and termination

Changes to security configuration (success/failure)

Audit log cleared

Changes to accounts

User or group management changes

Scheduled task changes

Transfer of data to external media or remote hosts

Listening network port and IP address

Active network communication with other hosts

Warning logs

Violation logs

/Var/Log/Messages

/Var/Log/Dmesg

/Var/Log/Syslog

/Var/Log/Daemon.Log

/Var/Log/Cron

/Var/Log/Kern.Log

/Var/Log/Boot.Log

/Var/Log/Auth.Log

/Var/Log/Secure

/Var/Log/Faillog

/Var/Log/Btmp

/Var/Log/Wtmp or /Var/Log/Utmp

/Var/Log/Mail.Log or /Var/Log/Maillog

/Var/Log/Xorg.X.Log

/Var/Log/Dpkg.Log

/Var/Log/Yum.Log

Version

Created date

Installed date

Manufacturer

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Cloud Environments (General Events)

Nearly all successful attacks on cloud services result from customer misconfigurations. With that in mind, the logging and monitoring focus should be on:

Any activity on breakglass account(s) (which should never have to be used)

Conditional access policy changes

Changes to environment policies (e.g., Azure subscription, AWS services, Google solutions, etc.) in management logs

Privileged role changes

Virtual network (VNet) changes

Deletions of delete locks

Changes to logging policies

Privileged identity management (PIM) and identity protection changes

Changes to alert rules (audit the auditor)

Key vault/key management changes

Storage file access logs, file, file hashes

Baseline deviations for prod app tiers

Baseline deviations for prod data tiers

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Cloud Environments (General Logging)

IDS/IPS/NTA/NDR/SIEM logs

API activity logs

Authentication logs

Firewall logs

Web proxy/WAF logs

Service metrics

Billing data

Flow Logs

Remote access/VPN logs

System/OS logs

DLP logs

DNS query/response logs

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Cloud AWS

AWS CloudTrail

Amazon CloudWatch logs

AWS Config

Amazon S3 access logs

Amazon virtual private cloud (VPC) flow logs

AWS WAF logs

AWS Shield

AWS GuardDuty

AWS Security Hub

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Cloud Azure

Azure active directory logs

Activity logs

Unified audit logs (with advanced audit features)

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Cloud GCP

Access transparency audit log

Adminaudit log

Data Studio audit log

Drive audit log

Email audit log

Groups audit log

LDAP audit log

Devices audit log

Sail audit log

Token audit log

User accounts audit log

OAuth token audit log

Security reports

Usage logs

Storage logs

Data access logs

Admin read

Data read

Data write

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Criticality = 1

Log Category

Required Data

Format

Criticality

Retention Period

System Configuration and Performance

Configuration – Scripts or database changes used to configure systems, services on a system, or applications

Database record Script

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

System Configuration and Performance

Endpoint Detection & Response (EDR)

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

System Configuration and Performance

Configuration Changes

Management action (success/failure)

Admin login (success/failure)

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Authentication and Authorization

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

These requirements are general requirements that apply to systems and applications that are not specified in this document.

Administrative

Authentication logons (success/failure)

Authentication logoffs

Privilege elevation (success/failure)

Security related system alerts and failures

User and group

Additions

Deletions

Modification to permissions

Unauthorized access attempts to critical systems and file

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Authentication and Authorization

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

These requirements are general requirements that apply to systems and applications that are not specified in this document.

Authorization All Privileged Operations Including:

“sudo” or runas

Enabling CLI access

System administrative commands

PowerShell execution commands

PowerShell script block logging

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Email Filtering, Spam, and Phishing

Content Filtering Policy Updates

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Anti-Virus and Behavior-Based Malware Protection

Date and time source hostname

Port

Destination hostname

Port

Description of malicious code or action and severity

Identity or (hash) identifier of the file(s)

Description of the action taken (clean, quarantine, delete)

Signature updates

Log Email attachments

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Anti-Virus and Behavior-Based Malware Protection

Indication of the Host that Connected to a Specific URL

Date and time

IP and domain reputation

URL

Categorization

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Network Device Infrastructure

All Devices

Hash of the binary / binaries running on the device

Hash of configs

Firmware

Version

Created date

Installed date

Manufacturer

Script File

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Network Device Infrastructure (for Devices with Multiple Interfaces: Interface MAC -If Correlated to the De-NAT IP Address)

Firewalls All events from firewall. At the very least, if access control lists (ACLs) are enabled and the device is filtering traffic:

Action permit, teardowns, closes, denies, and drops

Interface

Source

Hostname

IP address and port

MAC

Destination

Hostname

IP address and port

MAC

Protocol type

Rule name and number triggers

URL if applicable, associated user and user agent

Date and time

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Network Device Infrastructure (For Devices with Multiple Interfaces: Interface MAC -if Correlated to the De-NAT IP Address)

All Devices: IDs/IPs Alerts and Events

Date and time

Source

Hostname

IP address and port

MAC

Destination

Hostname

IP address and port

MAC

Signature triggered and associated details including:

Signature

Anomaly

Rate threshold

Device name

Type of event and category

In the case of Fortinet network IPs, attack context

(Web/Device) User agent if available

Wi-Fi channel

Wi-Fi extended service set identifier (ESSID)

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Network Device Infrastructure (For Devices with Multiple Interfaces: Interface MAC -if Correlated to the De-NAT IP Address)

VPN Gateway – All Events At the very least, for Accepts, Teardowns, Closes, Denies, and Drops:

Date and time

Source

Hostname

IP address and port

MAC

Destination

Hostname

IP address and port

MAC

Source IP address and port, MAC (inside tunnel)

Destination IP address and port, MAC (inside tunnel)

Authentication information (success/fail with username and device with user agent)

Change in status of connections/tunnel status

VPN certificate status validation

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

PKI Infrastructure

All Events Related to:

Generation

Revocation

Access

Update

Expiry

Recover

Authentication success

Authentication fail

LDAP logs

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Vulnerability Assessments

Date and time

Hostname, IP address, and OS active assessment version

Open ports

Installed applications

Version of installed applications

Vulnerabilities listed in installed applications

Source of vulnerability and severity

Log

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

Logs are kept for ALL assessments, even if there are 0 vulnerabilities identified during the assessment.

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Database Level

Addition of new users, especially privileged users

Query being executed

Query, status (response), and traceback

Method

Comments or variables

Multiple embedded queries

Database alerts or failures

Time to execute query

Attempts to elevate privileges (success/failure)

Changes to the database structure

Changes to user roles or database permissions

Database administrator actions

Database logons (success/failure)

Failed logons

Use of executable commands

CLI commands against the database

Database configuration and version

Access to sensitive information within the databases such as keys, passwords, privacy related data

Log Database query

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Application Level

Web Applications

URL

Headers

HTTP methods - Request with body of data

This data must be evaluated to ensure proper protections are in place to encrypt the data at rest and in transit. Tools must be accredited to handle sensitive data and proper oversight controls must be implemented to look for signs of inappropriate data usage.

HTTP response with body of data

Log Log and packet capture (PCAP) of plaintext HTTP request and response with data

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Application Level

Web Applications

Database queries

Response codes

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Application Level

Web Applications Crashes

Processes

Applications

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Application Level

Web Applications & Middleware

Configuration

Version

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Virtualization System

User authentication

Logon (success and failure)

Attempts to obtain privileged access (success and failure)

User and administrator/root access and actions of components and applications

File and object access

Audit log access (success and failure)

System access (failure)

System performance and operational characteristics

Resource utilization, process status

System events

Service status changes (e.g., started, stopped)

System configuration

Changes to security configuration (success/failure)

Changes to hypervisor

Changes to vulnerability management service (VMS)

Changes made within VMS

Audit log cleared

Creation and deployment of VMS

Migration of VMS (e.g., source and target systems, time, authorization)

Creation and deletion of system-level objects

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Mobile (Smartphones and Tablets) EMM (UEM) / MTD Server Logs

EMM (UEM)/Mobile Threat Defense (MTD) Alerts

Date and time

Alert type

Failure of cryptographic protocols

Failure of device cryptographic capabilities (e.g., trusted boot process)

Certificate validation failure (defined in mobile device management (MDM) server protection profile)

Alerts from agent to server defined MDM agent protection profile

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Mobile (Smartphones and Tablets) EMM (UEM) / MTD Agent Logs

General:

Date and time

Device name

Device manufacturer and model

Serial #

Phone #

International mobile equipment identity (IMEI), international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI), OS version, OS build

Firmware version

Device IP address, device root/jailbreak status and reasons

Developer mode enabled

Battery/Power information

Hardware info (processor, memory, storage)

Last time device synched with enterprise

Application manifest (installed apps, app version, version history and installation timestamps), installation and data storage location

Application permissions

Application hash (e.g., SHA256)

Running apps and processes

Enrollment policies

Policies successfully/unsuccessfully applied

Authentication policies (password/PIN/biometric, etc.)

Certificates end related information (validity period, revocation, etc.)

Device encryption configuration

Android enterprise settings

System integrity status

Allowed/Disallowed networks

Currently connected network

Proxy/Tunnel and per app VPN info

Telephony info (some of this is covered by carrier data)

Captive portals

Wi-Fi SSID

Network MACaddress

Bluetooth

Event type and ID

Event date/timestamp

Success or failure of various services

User authentication (success or failure)

Event actor and ID (e.g., admin, system, device)

Event change type (create, read, update, and delete (CRUD))

Agent activation status

Threat detection of a variety of vulnerabilities

Phishing protection status

Tampering of agent, app, or system

Privilege escalation

Man in the middle (MITM) activities

Remediation actions taken

Last time device synched with enterprise

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Container - Supply Chain

Log container image sources

Log changes/deltas between image source versions

Log vulnerability scan of container images, even if no vulnerabilities are discovered

Log where containers are deployed and which system they support

Log Manual log entry

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Criticality = 2

Log Category

Required Data

Format

Criticality

Retention Period

System Configuration and Performance

System Status

Resource utilization

Performance

Log Database record Script

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Email Filtering, Spam, and Phishing

Raw and Metadata-Filtering Events

Date and time

Sent from sender

Recipient

Subject

Email headers

Rule Triggered – Log of policies along with actual values including but not limited to:

DNS records

Phish campaign identifier

Domain URL

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

Federal agencies must submit all phishing attempts to CISA by forwarding the phishing as an attachment to federal.phishing.report@us-cert.gov. Federal agencies must ensure that all contractors that operate infrastructure on their behalf implement this requirement.

Log Email attachments

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Data Loss Prevention

Date and time

Source hostname

Port

Destination Hostname

Port

Description of malicious code or action and severity

Identity or identifier of the file(s)

Description of the action taken (clean, quarantine, delete)

Signature updates

Log Email attachments

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Network Traffic

Full Packet Capture Data

Decrypted plaintext

Cleartext

Packet capture

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Application Level

Commercial Off the Shelf (COTS) and Custom Applications

User authentication (success/failure)

User and administrator application use:

File and object access

Audit log access (success/failure)

System access (failure)

Application transactions (web page this, email sent/received, file transfers competed)

Transaction logs

System performance and operational characteristics

Resource utilization

Process status

Errors (input validation, dis-allowed operations)

System Events

Service status changes (e.g., started, stopped)

Application configuration and version

Log Application monitoring dashboard

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Application Level

General – Non-COTS

User authentication (success/failure)

User access of application components

File and object access

Audit log access (success/failure)

System access (failure)

Application transactions

Transaction logs

System performance and operational characteristics

Resource utilization

Errors (input validation, disallowed operations) and exit codes

Process status

Service status changes (e.g., started, stopped)

Application configuration and version, middleware configuration and version

Usage information, if applicable

User request and response events, if applicable

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Container - Image

Vulnerability scan log

Hash of the binary

Hash of the executables

Container-aware network monitoring

Container-aware process monitoring

Container aware malware detection

Filesystem changes log

Data monitoring

Read and/or writes to well-known directories (e.g., /ETC, /USR/BIN, USR/SBIN)

Creating symlink

Changes in file/resource ownership or mode changes (CHMOD)

Access control log

Runtime vulnerability scan log scan for malware log

Digital signature verification

Unexpected network connections or socket mutations

Spawned processes using things like

Executing shell and/or SSH binaries

Log File Script

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Container - Engine (Management/Orchestration)

Audit log

Account access log

Account permission changes

Configuration log

Resource allocation and consumption

Registration changes

Log Application monitoring dashboard

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Container - OS

User and administrator access to OS components and applications

File and object access

Audit log access (success/failure)

System access and log off (success/failure)

Privilege access and log off (success/failure)

RDP access and log off (success/failure)

SMB access

System performance and operational characteristics

Resource utilization process status

System events

Service status changes (start, stop, fail, restart)

Service failures and restarts

Process creation and termination

System configuration

Changes to security configuration (success/failure)

Audit log cleared

Changes to accounts user or group management changes

Scheduled task changes

File acess

Transfer of data to external media

Powershell execution commands

WMI events

Registry acess

Command-Line Interface (CLI)

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Criticality = 3

Log Category

Required Data

Format

Criticality

Retention Period

System Configuration and Performance

Software Updates

User agent

Log Database record Script

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Email Filtering, Spam, and Phishing

Spam Dictionary Modifications

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Mainframes

Syslog & Syslogd data

Log4j data

Sysout data resource measurement facility (RMF) data

System management facility (SMF)

Exceptions & meaning →

Note:¶

See DISA’s zOS Mainframe STIG for log configuration guidance

Output from integrated intrusion detection services

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

Container -Cluster/Pod Events

Container user and service logs

Container and application API audit logs

Container management access logs

Changes to container resources across containers and container management environment

Log

12 months active storage 18 months cold data storage

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Exceptions & meaning →

10.8.63 Central Log Server Security Policy¶

Manual Transmittal¶

Purpose¶

Material Changes¶

Effect on Other Documents¶

Audience¶

Effective Date¶

Program Scope and Objectives (SPDER)¶

Background¶

Authority¶

Roles and Responsibilities¶

Program Management and Review¶

Program Controls¶

Note:¶

Example:¶

Note:¶

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Example:¶

Note:¶

Note:¶

Terms and Acronyms¶

Related Resources¶

Risk Acceptance and Risk-Based Decisions (RBDs)¶

Note:¶

IT Roles and Responsibilities¶

IT Security Controls¶

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