Los Angeles Zoning Code — LAMC Chapter 1A Div. 14.2 General Standards & Measurement

the following definitions and standards apply to this Zoning code (chapter 1A).

Building footprint is defined as the area of a lot occupied by a building, measured horizontally. Also referred to as "structure footprint".

A. Definitions & Standards

the following definitions and standards apply to building footprints:

1. Building footprint includes those portions of a lot covered by buildings or structures.

[Figure]

2. Building footprint does not include portions of a lot covered by architectural projections (including roof overhangs, and projecting balcony) that meet both of the following criteria:

   • a. the architectural projection does not include floor area; and

   • b. the architectural projection projects less than five feet from the nearest wall, column, spanning beam, or other structural element carrying gravity loads to the ground.

[Figure]

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Sec. 14.2.1. (Building Footprint) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

Covered area is defined as the measurement of how open an occupiable space is to the sky.

A. Definitions & Standards

the following definitions and standards apply to a covered area:

1. Covered

A space or structure is considered covered if less than 25 percent of its area is open to the sky.

2. Uncovered

A space or structure is considered uncovered if 25 percent of more of its area is open to the sky. Areas containing overhead, non-solid structures, such as lattice and pergolas, may be considered uncovered provided that 25 percent or more of their area is open to the sky.

3. Sheltered

A space or structure is considered sheltered if no portion of its area is open to the sky.

B. Measurement

covered area is a percentage, measured as the cumulative area that is not open to the sky divided by the total area of the subject space or structure.

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Sec. 14.2.2. (Covered Area (%)) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

A. Definitions & Standards

the following definitions and standards apply to distance or walking distance:

1. Distance

Distance is defined as the amount of space between two points.

a. Measurement

• i. When distance is specified as being measured horizontally or vertically between two points, a line shall be projected from each of the points along the same plane until the projected lines can be connected by a perpendicular line. the distance between the two points is measured along the perpendicular line.

• ii. When distance is not specified as being measured horizontally or vertically, it shall be measured in the shortest straight line from one point to another.

2. Walking Distance

Walking distance is the distance measured as the most direct path of travel for a pedestrian.

a. Measurement

Walking distance is measured horizontally along the most direct route of travel on the ground in the following manner:

• i. Starting at the nearest street-facing entrance accessible to the majority of tenants or residents on the subject lot;

• ii. in a straight line to the nearest public sidewalk, walkway, street, or road;

• iii. Along a public sidewalk, walkway, street, or road; and

• iv. in a straight line ending at the nearest pedestrian access point to the destination use.

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Sec. 14.2.3. (Distance) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

Enclosure is defined as the measurement of how closed off an occupiable space is to its surroundings.

A. Definitions & Standards

the following definitions and standards apply to an enclosure:

1. Enclosed

A space is considered to be enclosed when the perimeter of the space has an enclosure of at least 66.7 percent.

2. Unenclosed

A space is considered to be unenclosed when the perimeter of the space has an enclosure of less than 66.7 percent.

3. Perimeter Plane

A perimeter plane is defined as an imaginary vertical plane along the perimeter of a space used to measure the enclosure of a space. A perimeter plane shall be projected for a height of eight feet measured from the floor or ground surface of the space.

4. Solid Area

A solid area is defined as the portions of the perimeter planes that have a permanent structure or component physically obstructing the space from its surroundings. For the purpose of measuring the enclosure of a space, portions of the perimeter plane are considered solid area where a permanent structure or component is located within five feet of the perimeter plane, measured perpendicular to the perimeter plane and away from the subject space.

5. Non-Solid Area

A non-solid area is defined as the portions of the perimeter planes along the perimeter of a space that have no permanent structure or component obstructing the space from its surroundings. For the purpose of measuring the enclosure of a space, portions of the perimeter plane are considered non-solid area where no permanent structure or component is located within five feet of the perimeter plane, measured perpendicular to the perimeter plane and away from the subject space.

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Sec. 14.2.4. (Enclosure) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

6. Solid Perimeter

A solid perimeter is defined as the length of a perimeter of a space that consists of solid area for the entire height of the perimeter plane.

7. Weighted Solid Perimeter

Where perimeter planes consist of a mix of solid area and non-solid area, the weighted solid perimeter for each perimeter plane is the length of the perimeter plane weighted by the percent of the perimeter plane area that is composed of solid area.

B. Measurement

enclosure is measured as a percentage, calculated by dividing the cumulative length of the perimeter of a space that is solid perimeter by the total perimeter of the space.

1. Solid Perimeter Method

For spaces with perimeter planes that do not contain a mixture of solid area and non-solid area for the full height of the perimeter plane, enclosure shall be calculated as the length of the solid portion of the perimeter divided by the total perimeter.

[Figure]

2. Weighted Solid Perimeter Method

For spaces with perimeter planes that contain a mixture of solid area and non-solid area across their height, enclosure shall be calculated as the sum of the weighted solid perimeter of all perimeter planes divided by the total perimeter of the space.

[Figure]

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Sec. 14.2.4. (Enclosure) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

c. Exceptions

1. Safety barriers 45 inches in height or less, measured from finished floor elevation, having an opacity of no more than 40 percent do not count toward solid area or solid perimeter.

2. Safety barriers 45 inches in height or less, measured from finished floor elevation, that are transparent with a minimum visual light transmittance of 60 percent and maximum external reflectance of 20 percent do not count toward solid area or solid perimeter.

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Sec. 14.2.4. (Enclosure) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

A. Horizontal Encroachments

A horizontal encroachment is defined as a structure or assembly that extends horizontally into a space where structures are typically prohibited.

1. Definitions & Standards

the following definitions and standards apply to a horizontal encroachment:

a. Architectural Details

Architectural details are defined as building elements attached to or integrated into the structure of a building, not intended for human occupation. Types of architectural details include, but are not limited to: cornices, belt courses, sills, lintels, pilasters, pediments, or chimneys.

b. Roof Projections

Roof projections are defined as roof elements that overhang or cantilever beyond the building footprint and do not include posts or columns. Types of roof projections include, but are not limited to: eaves, roof overhangs, gutters, awnings, or canopies.

c. Unenclosed Structures: Ground Story

to be eligible as a horizontal encroachment for Unenclosed Structures: Ground Story, an unenclosed structure on the ground story shall have all finished floors and ground surfaces at or below the maximum finished floor elevation of the ground story as specified in the applied Frontage District (Part 3B.) and shall have a total structure height of 15 feet or less, measured from surrounding finished grade. types of eligible unenclosed structures include, but are not limited to: porches, decks, stoops, landing platforms, gazebos, trellises, arbors, pergolas, basketball hoops, or volleyball nets.

d. Unenclosed Structures: Above Ground Story

to be eligible as a horizontal encroachment for Unenclosed Structures: Above Ground Story, an unenclosed structure above the ground story shall have finished floors or ground surfaces above the maximum finished floor elevation of the ground story as specified in the applied Frontage District (Part 3B.) or shall have a total structure height of 15 feet or greater, measured from surrounding finished grade. types of eligible unenclosed structures include, but are not limited to: balconies, upper-story light shelves, or exterior stairways.

e. Enclosed Structures: Projecting

to be eligible as a horizontal encroachment for enclosed Structures: Projecting, a structure shall; project, overhang, or cantilever beyond the building footprint; meet the definition of enclosed; and shall have a cumulative length less than 25 percent of the length of the building. types of eligible enclosed structures include, but are not limited to: bay windows, oriel windows, sleeping porches, overhanging volumes, or enclosed balconies.

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Sec. 14.2.5. (Encroachments) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

f. Mechanical/Electrical Equipment: Ground Mounted

to be eligible as a horizontal encroachment for Mechanical/electrical equipment: Ground Mounted, the weight of the mechanical equipment or electrical equipment including the equipment's related wires, conduits, and pipes shall be primarily supported by the ground. examples of eligible equipment include, but are not limited to: gas meter, water softener, pool equipment, HvAc equipment, gas tank, cistern, wind turbine, or solar panel.

g. Mechanical/Electrical Equipment: Wall Mounted

to be eligible as a horizontal encroachment for Mechanical/electrical equipment: Wall Mounted, the mechanical equipment or electrical equipment including the equipment's related wires, conduits, and pipes shall be attached to and primarily supported by a wall. examples of eligible equipment include, but are not limited to: gas meter, electric meter, electrical panel, water heater, HvAc equipment, or gas tank.

h. Waste Enclosure

Waste enclosure is defined as waste areas and their required screening structures. Examples of waste enclosures include, but are not limited to enclosures for: trash compactors, garbage, recycling, or food waste.

i. Utility Equipment

Utility equipment is defined as equipment related to publicly-operated or utility-operated systems, including their related wires, conduits and pipes. Examples of utility equipment include, but are not limited to: hydrants, transformers, utility cabinets, water utility devices, cable television boxes, Internet boxes, or phone boxes.

j. Underground Structures

Underground structures are defined as covered structures located entirely below finished grade. Examples of underground structures include, but are not limited to: cellars, basements, underground parking structures, stormwater storages, or cisterns.

k. Flatwork

Flatwork is defined as constructed objects 30 inches in height or less, measured from finished grade. Examples of flatwork may include, but are not limited to: pavement, sidewalk, multi-use path, patio, a low deck, or stairs or ramps 30 inches in height or less.

l. Fences, Walls, Hedges, & Screening

Fences, walls, or hedges used for the purposes of screening or any required screening may encroach into any required setback up to the lot line, provided that fences and walls in any frontage yard are allowed by the frontage yard fence & wall standards specified in the applied Frontage District (Part 3B.) .

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Sec. 14.2.5. (Encroachments) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

m. Vegetation

to be eligible as a horizontal encroachment for vegetation, the vegetation shall meet the definition of vegetation. vegetation horizontal encroachments also include planters that meet the requirements of Sec. 4C.6.4.C.2. (Planting Areas) .

n. Outdoor Furniture

Outdoor furniture is defined as permanent or movable furniture not located within an enclosed space. Examples of outdoor furniture may include, but are not limited to: benches, tables, or bike or scooter parking racks.

• i. Outdoor furniture may encroach into any required setback up to the lot line.

o. Signs

For standards on horizontal encroachment of signs see Sec. 4C.11. (Signs) .

2. Measurement

a. Encroachment

Horizontal encroachment is measured as the horizontal distance from the edge of the area where structures are restricted.

b. Distance from Lot Line

For purposes of measuring horizontal encroachment distance from lot line is measured as the horizontal distance from a lot line and toward the interior of the lot along the full perimeter of the lot line.

B. Vertical Encroachments

A vertical encroachment is defined as a structure or assembly that extends vertically into a space where structures are typically prohibited.

1. Definitions & Standards

the following definitions and standards apply to vertical encroachments:

a. General

No vertical encroachments that contribute to floor area are allowed.

b. Mechanical/Electrical Equipment: Roof Mounted

to be eligible as a vertical encroachment for Mechanical/electrical equipment: roof Mounted, mechanical equipment or electrical equipment including the equipment's related wires, conduits, pipes and visual screens shall be supported by a roof. eligible equipment also include the required screening pursuant to Sec. 4C.12.1. (Roof-Mounted Equipment) . examples of eligible equipment include, but are not limited to: HvAc

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Sec. 14.2.5. (Encroachments) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

equipment, cisterns, water tanks, wind turbines, solar panels, solar water heaters, exhaust ducts, smokestacks, wireless masts, communication equipment, satellite dishes, ventilation fans, chimney, flues, vent stacks, or generators.

c. Architectural Elements

Architectural elements are defined as building elements attached to or integrated onto the roof of a building, not intended for human occupation. Examples of architectural elements may include, but are not limited to: skylights, steeples, spires, belfries, cupolas, domes, flagpoles, or lighting.

d. Vertical Circulation

Vertical circulation is defined as enclosed and covered structures used for building circulation and rooftop access. Examples of vertical circulation may include, but are not limited to: elevator rooms and associated equipment, and stair accesses to a roof.

e. Safety Barriers

Safety barriers are defined as vertical barriers that are 45 inches in height or less and required for safety and protection by Chapter IX. (Building Regulations) of this Code to protect occupants from falling from walking surfaces. Examples of safety barriers may include, but are not limited to: parapets, railings, or banisters.

f. Unenclosed Structures

to be eligible as a vertical encroachment for Unenclosed Structures, structures shall meet the definition of unenclosed, be attached to or integrated onto the roof of a building, and be intended for human shelter or activity. examples of eligible unenclosed structures may include, but are not limited to: shade structures, cabanas, pergolas, rooftop bars, outdoor dining, permanent seating, beehives, sports courts, or cooking facilities.

g. Flatwork

Flatwork is defined as constructed objects 30 inches in height or less. Examples of flatwork may include, but are not limited to: decking, walkways, patios, or planters.

h. Vegetation

to be eligible as a vertical encroachment for vegetation, the vegetation shall meet the definition of vegetation. vegetation vertical encroachments also include planters that meet the requirements of Sec. 4C.6.4.C.2. (Planting Areas) .

i. Signs

For standards on vertical encroachment of signs see Sec. 4C.11. (Signs) .

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Sec. 14.2.5. (Encroachments) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

2. Measurement

a. Encroachment

i. Height in Feet

For any Form District (Part 2B.) with a maximum height in feet standard, vertical encroachment is measured as the vertical distance from the maximum allowed height in feet to the topmost point of the encroaching object.

ii. Height in Stories Only

For Form Districts (Part 2B.) where height is regulated only in stories, vertical encroachment is measured as the vertical distance from the top of the roof structure to the topmost point of the encroaching object.

b. Setback from Roof Edge

For the purposes of measuring vertical encroachment, setback from roof edge is measured as the horizontal distance from the outermost edge of the roof structure and inward along the full perimeter of the roof structure.

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Sec. 14.2.5. (Encroachments) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

Facing is defined as the exterior portions of a structure that are exposed to a specified object or site element.

A. Standards

1. Measurement

For the purposes of measuring facing the following standards apply:

• a. Where the exterior portions of a structure are specified as exposed to a linear (or one dimensional) site element, those exterior portions are considered to be facing where they are visible from a building elevation projected parallel to the specified object or site element, such as a lot line. For example see Subsection B. (Lot Line-Facing Facade) below. to determine facing for building elevations projected along curved or complex lot lines or other linear site elements, see Sec. 14.2.14. (Irregular Lot lines) .

• b. Where the exterior portions of a structure are specified as exposed to an area or an object/ site element (such as a building or structure) all portions of a subject structure visible from any of the four building elevations projected parallel to each side of and oriented away from the smallest rectangle that circumscribes the footprint of the object or site element, are considered to be facing the specified object or site element. Building elevations projected that include no visible portions of the structure do not need to be included. See Subsection C. (Pedestrian Amenity & Public Amenity-Facing Facade) below, for an example.

2. Exceptions

Portions of a structure that would otherwise be considered to be facing a specified object or site element which are located more than 50 feet from the specified object or site element, are not included, provided they are less than 50 percent of the total width of the specified object or site element measured parallel to the building elevations required in Subsection A. (Standards) above.

B. Lot Line-Facing Facade

The portions of any frontage applicable facade pursuant to Sec. 3A.2.2.B.3. (Frontage Applicable Facades) having no permanent structure (not including fences or walls) located between the building facade and a common lot line.

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Sec. 14.2.6. (Facing) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

1. Measurement

• a. All facades visible from a building elevation projected parallel to the lot line are considered lot line-facing. Fences and walls shall not be considered as affecting visibility.

[Figure]

• b. to measure lot line-facing facade for building elevations along curved or complex lot lines, see Sec. 14.2.14. (Irregular Lot lines) .

2. Exceptions

• a. Portions of a facade that would otherwise be considered to be lot line-facing that meet the following conditions are exempt from any requirements of lot line-facing facades:

  • i. Facades set back 50 feet greater than the facade nearest to the lot line, provided they are less than 50 percent of the total building width.

• ii. Facades that are located entirely above the sixth story and are stepped-back more than 25 feet from the exterior perimeter of the story below.

• b. Portions of a frontage applicable facade, pursuant to Sec. 3A.2.2.B.2. Frontage Applicable Portions of a Lot , having an allowable fence or wall, per the applied Frontage District (Part 3B.) , located between the building facade and a street lot line or special lot line are still considered lot line-facing facades. Fences and walls shall not be considered as affecting visibility for purposes of determining if a facade is lot line-facing.

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Sec. 14.2.6. (Facing) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

c. Pedestrian Amenity & Public Amenity-Facing Facade

The portions of any frontage applicable facade pursuant to Sec. 3A.2.2.B.3. (Frontage Applicable Facade) having no permanent structure (not including fences or walls) located between the building facade and a pedestrian amenity space or public amenity space.

1. Measurement

• a. All portions of a facade visible from the required building elevations below are considered pedestrian amenity facing or public amenity facing. Fences and walls shall not be considered as affecting visibility.

[Figure]

• i. A building elevation from the pedestrian amenity space or public amenity space projected parallel to the frontage lot line; and

• ii. A building elevation from the pedestrian amenity space or public amenity space projected perpendicular to the frontage lot line.

• b. For purposes of measuring pedestrian amenity & public amenity-facing facade for building elevations along curved or complex frontage lot lines, see Sec. 14.2.14. (Irregular Lot lines) .

2. Exceptions

Portions of a facade that would otherwise be considered to be pedestrian amenity-facing facade or public amenity-facing facade that meet the following conditions are exempt from any requirements of pedestrian amenity & public amenity-facing facades:

• a. Facades set back 50 feet greater than the facade nearest to the lot line, provided they are less than 50 percent of the total width of the pedestrian amenity space or public amenity space.

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Sec. 14.2.6. (Facing) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

• b. Facades that are located entirely above the sixth story and are stepped-back more than 25 feet from the exterior perimeter of the story below.

D. Street-Facing Facade

Street-facing facade is defined as the portions of any frontage applicable facade, pursuant to Sec. 3A.2.2.B.3. (Frontage Applicable Facades), having no permanent structure (not including fences or walls) located between the building facade and a street lot line or special lot line.

1. Measurement

• a. All facades visible from a building elevation projected parallel to the street lot line or special lot line are considered street-facing. Fences and walls shall not be considered as affecting visibility.

[Figure]

• b. For purposes of measuring street-facing facade, for building elevations along curved or complex frontage lot lines, see Sec. 14.2.14. (Irregular Lot lines) .

2. Exceptions

Portions of a facade that would otherwise be considered to be street-facing that meet the following conditions are exempt from any requirements of street-facing facades:

• a. Facades more than 50 feet from the build-to zone, provided they are less than 50 percent of the total building width.

• b. Facades that are located entirely above the sixth story and are stepped-back more than 25 feet from the exterior perimeter of the story below.

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Sec. 14.2.6. (Facing) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

Floor area is defined as the cumulative amount of interior floor space on a lot, within a room, or within a covered and enclosed space.

A. Measurement

1. General

• a. Floor area is calculated as the sum of all interior floor space for each story of a building.

• b. the following areas are included in the calculation of floor area:

  • i. All areas within the exterior walls of a building; or

  • ii. All areas within the exterior walls of any structure that is both enclosed and covered.

c. Exceptions

the following areas and structures shall not be considered in determining floor area:

• i. exterior walls;

• ii. Bicycle parking areas;

• iii. All interior floor space dedicated to automobile parking, except as specified in Paragraph 2. (Density Districts 1L & 2L) and Paragraph 3. (Development Standards District 5) , below;

• iv. Spaces with ceiling heights less than seven feet measured from finished floor, including floored attic space;

• v. Basements including underground parking and cellars, with the exception of storage, indoor: self-service use areas;

• vi. Stairways and elevator shafts;

• vii. Areas dedicated to housing mechanical equipment or machinery utilized for the operation of on-site buildings, provided that the equipment does not serve any off-site buildings;

• viii. Waste enclosures dedicated to waste receptacles that are integral or incidental to the operation of on-site buildings, provided that the waste receptacles do not serve any off-site buildings; and

• ix. Outdoor dining areas that have not been subject of a wage claim under Chapter XVIII. (Employee Wages and Protections), Article 8. (Los Angeles Office of Wage Standards Ordinance) of this code.

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Sec. 14.2.7. (Floor Area) Last amended by Ord. 189,007, Eff. 08/20/2026

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

2. Density Districts 1L & 2L

in a lot with an applied Density District (Part 6B.) of 1l or 2l, the following rules apply:

• a. Any floor or portion of a floor with a ceiling height greater than 14 feet counts as twice the square footage of that area.

• b. Up to 400 square feet of a detached garage is exempt from the calculation of floor area, provided the structure is:

  • i. Separated from the primary structure a minimum of 10 feet; and

  • ii. located a minimum of 40 feet from a primary street lot line.

• c. Up to 200 square feet of an attached garage is exempt from the calculation of floor area.

• d. No more than 400 square feet of garage floor area per lot shall be exempt.

• e. Detached accessory buildings that do not exceed 18 feet in height and 200 square feet in floor area are exempt from the calculation of floor area, provided that the total combined area exempted of all the detached accessory buildings on a lot does not exceed 400 square feet in floor area.

3. Development Standards District 5

in a lot with an applied Development Standards District 5 (Sec. 4B.2.2.) , the following rules apply:

• a. All covered, above-grade parking areas located on a lot zoned with Development Standards District 5 (Sec. 4B.2.2.) are included in the calculation of floor area.

• b. Active spaces with a minimum depth of 30 feet measured from the street-facing facade and located on the ground story are exempt from the calculation of floor area.

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Sec. 14.2.7. (Floor Area) Last amended by Ord. 189,007, Eff. 08/20/2026

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

Frequency is defined as the rate at which something occurs or is repeated over a given distance

A. Measurement

1. Spacing frequency is a ratio measured as the number of required occurrences of an object over a specified distance (displayed as occurrences: distance or occurrences per distance).

   • a. Occurrences of an object are measured as the total quantity of a required object located within the specified distance.

   • b. Specified distance is measured horizontally.

2. to calculate the number of required objects over a provided distance, divide the required occurrence of an object by the specified distance in the frequency ratio, then multiply this quotient by the applicable distance.

3. When calculating the number of required objects results in the requirement of a fractional occurrence, any fraction greater than 0.5 shall be rounded up to the nearest whole occurrence and any fraction of 0.5 or less may be may be rounded down to the nearest whole occurrence so long as at least one occurrence is provided.

4. Frequency standards do not preclude irregular spacing.

[Figure]

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Sec. 14.2.8. (Frequency) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

Grade plane elevation is defined as a reference plane, representing the average elevation of the existing ground level adjoining a building and its exterior walls, from which the height of a building or structure shall be measured.

A. General

1. Average Grade Elevation

For all buildings and structures that have no applicable building perimeter pursuant to Subsection B. (Applicable Building Perimeter) below or for lots that contain an average natural slope of less than 15 percent slope, except lots located within the city's Hillside Area per Sec. 1.5.6. (Hillside Area Map) , the grade plane elevation shall be established in accordance with Subsection E. (Average Grade Method) below.

2. Full Building Method & Building Module Method

For buildings or structures located within the city's Hillside Area, the grade plane elevation may be established for either an entire building in accordance with Subsection C. (Full Building Method) below or separately for different building modules in accordance with Subsection D. (Building Module Method) below. Using the Full Building Method, in accordance with Sec. 14.1.9.C. (Full Building Method) or for separate buildings using the Building Module Method in accordance with Sec. 14.1.9.D. (Building Module Method) .

[Figure]

[Figure]

[Figure]

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Sec. 14.2.9. (Grade Plane Elevation) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

B. Applicable Building Perimeter

1. Only building perimeters located within 50 feet of the lot line that the building perimeter faces are considered applicable perimeters when calculating grade plane elevation using the Subsection C. (Full Building Method) below or Subsection D. (Building Module Method) below.

[Figure]

2. Applicable building perimeters associated with the same building and facing the same lot line are considered a singular or part of the same building perimeter even where they are not contiguous.

[Figure]

[Figure]

3. Where a building has no lot line-facing perimeter within 50 feet of a lot line, the grade plane elevation shall be established according to Subsection E. (Average Grade Method) below.

c. Full Building Method

1. When using the full building method, the entirety of each building perimeter shall be governed by a uniform weighted average elevation reference.

2. Where there are multiple buildings, each building shall independently establish its own weighted average elevation.

3. establishing the weighted average elevation using the full building method is determined by following the steps below:

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Sec. 14.2.9. (Grade Plane Elevation) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

a. Step 1

For each applicable building perimeter pursuant to Sec. 14.2.9.B. (Applicable Building Perimeter) , calculate the building perimeter average grade by averaging the highest and lowest elevation of on-site existing grade located within six feet of the subject applicable building perimeter.

[Figure]

b. Step 2

For each applicable building perimeter pursuant to Sec. 14.2.9.B. (Applicable Building Perimeter) , calculate the weighted building perimeter average existing grade by multiplying the building perimeter average existing grade by the width of the applicable building perimeter, measured parallel to the lot line that it faces.

[Figure]

| 14-24

Sec. 14.2.9. (Grade Plane Elevation) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

c. Step 3

Sum the weighted building perimeter average existing grade (for all applicable building perimeters) and divide the sum by the cumulative total length of all applicable building perimeters associated with the building.

PLAN VIEW

[Figure]

D. Building Module Method

1. When using the building module method, a building footprint may be broken up into multiple modules, each possessing its independently established weighted average elevation.

2. Building modules shall be delineated according to the following steps:

   • a. All portions of a building footprint shall be designated to a building module.

   • b. each building module shall not encompass any area external to the building footprint.

   • c. each building module shall have an individual building footprint and shall not overlap with another building module's building footprint.

   • d. All components of a building module area shall be contiguous.

   • e. All building modules shall have at least one building perimeter qualifying as an applicable building perimeter pursuant to Subsection B. (Applicable Building Perimeter) above.

   • f. Building module perimeters internal to a structure shall not include any interior angles greater than 180 degrees.

[Figure]

| 14-25

Sec. 14.2.9. (Grade Plane Elevation) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

• g. Building modules shall not include a building footprint that extends beyond the width of its applicable building perimeter, measured parallel to the lot line that the applicable building perimeter faces.

[Figure]

3. Using the building module method, grade plane elevation shall be established independently for each building module following the steps below:

   • a. Step 1

For each applicable building perimeter pursuant to Subsection B. (Applicable Building Perimeter) above, calculate the building perimeter average grade by averaging the highest and lowest elevations within six feet of the applicable building perimeter of the existing grade.

[Figure]

| 14-26

Sec. 14.2.9. (Grade Plane Elevation) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

b. Step 2

For each applicable building perimeter pursuant to Subsection B. (Applicable Building Perimeter) above, calculate the weighted building perimeter average grade by multiplying the building perimeter average grade by the width of the applicable building perimeter, measured parallel to the lot line that it faces.

[Figure]

c. Step 3

Sum the weighted building perimeter average grade from all applicable building perimeters associated with the building module and divide this sum by the total cumulative length of all applicable perimeters associated with the building module.

PLAN VIEW

[Figure]

| 14-27

Sec. 14.2.9. (Grade Plane Elevation) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

e. Average Grade Method

When using the average grade method the grade plane elevation shall be established by averaging the building footprint elevation measured from the lowest and highest elevation points of the existing grade, within six feet of the exterior wall or lot line, whichever is less.

[Figure]

| 14-28

Sec. 14.2.9. (Grade Plane Elevation) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

Story is defined as the portion of a building or structure included between the upper surface of a floor and the upper surface of the floor next above, except that the topmost story is that portion of a building or structure included between the upper surface of a floor and the upper surface of the ceiling structure above.

A. Ground Story

The story of a building that meets the criteria of either of the Paragraph 1. (Continuous Ground Story (Typical) or Paragraph 2. (Ground Story Modules) below:

1. Continuous Ground Story (Typical)

   • a. A ground story shall be designated for all portions of a building footprint.

   • b. the ground story is the lowest story of a building or structure meeting the following standards:

     • i. the ground story facade shall be exposed a minimum of six feet above finished grade along the full width of each frontage applicable facades pursuant to Sec. 3A.2.2.B.3. (Frontage Applicable Facades) .

     • ii. the ground story structural floor shall be no more than six feet above finished grade for at least 75 percent of its applicable building perimeter pursuant to Sec. 14.2.9.B. (Applicable Building Perimeter) , measured cumulatively.

     • iii. the ground story shall comply with the ground story height and ground floor elevation standards specified by the applied Frontage District (Part 3B.) .

EXAMPLE: A (ELEVATION)

[Figure]

2. Ground Story Modules

Projects with very large buildings and those developed on lots with significant topographic variation may be required to designate a higher or lower story as the ground story for different portions of the building footprint. Where the ground story changes across the building footprint, the ground story shall meet the following standards:

| 14-29

Sec. 14.2.10. (Story) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

• a. A ground story shall be designated for all portions of a building footprint.

• b. the ground story is the lowest story of a building or structure meeting the following standards:

  • i. the ground story shall meet the following standards for a minimum depth of 15 feet measured perpendicular to the specified facades:

    • a) the ground story facade shall be exposed a minimum of six feet above finished grade along the full width of each frontage applicable facade pursuant to Sec. 3A.2.2.B.3. (Frontage Applicable Facades) .

    • b) the ground story finished floor shall be no more than six feet above finished grade for at least 75 percent of its applicable building perimeter pursuant to Sec. 14.2.9.B. (Applicable Building Perimeter) , measured cumulatively.

    • c) the ground story shall comply with the ground story height and ground floor elevation standards specified by the applied Frontage District (Part 3B.) .

[Figure]

EXAMPLE: C (ELEVATION)

[Figure]

| 14-30

Sec. 14.2.10. (Story) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

• ii. For portions of a building footprint located 15 feet or greater from a frontage applicable facade pursuant to Sec. 3A.2.2.B.3. (Frontage Applicable Facades) , the ground story shall be the story of a building or structure having its structural floor surface nearest to the grade plane elevation.

[Figure]

EXAMPLE: C (SECTION)

[Figure]

B. Ground Story Facade

The ground story facade is defined as the facade of the ground story for the full height of the ground story.

c. Ground Floor

The ground floor is defined as the finished floor elevation of the ground story.

| 14-31

Sec. 14.2.10. (Story) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

D. Upper Story

The upper story is defined as any story of a building located above the ground story.

e. Upper Story Facade

The upper story facade is defined as the portions of the exterior building envelope at the perimeter of each upper story for the full height of the story.

F. Attic

Attic is defined as the clear height between the underside of the finished ceiling or exposed framing, whichever is lower, and the finished floor.

1. An attic that includes an occupiable floor area less than 50 percent of the floor area located on the story immediately below is not considered a story.

2. An attic that includes an occupiable floor area greater than or equal to 50 percent of the floor area located on the story immediately below is considered a story and shall comply with all standards applicable to upper story and upper story facades.

G. Basement

Basement is defined as an occupiable portion of a building located below the ground story.

H. Mezzanine

Mezzanine is defined as an intermediate level within a story of a building.

1. A mezzanine is not considered a story provided it meets the following standards:

   • a. the mezzanine floor area shall not be greater than 1/3 of the floor area of the room or enclosed space it is included within.

[Figure]

• b. the perimeter planes of the mezzanine shall consist of non-solid area, with the following exceptions:

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Sec. 14.2.10. (Story) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

• i. those portions of the mezzanine perimeter that are formed by the walls enclosing the larger room or space the mezzanine is included within;

• ii. Safety barriers that meet the standards outlined in Sec. 14.2.4. (Enclosure) .

[Figure]

• c. regardless of enclosure rules in Subparagraph b. , above, within the mezzanine floor area, a maximum of 15 percent of the mezzanine floor area may be enclosed.

[Figure]

2. A mezzanine that does not meet the standards in Paragraph 1. , above, is considered an additional story.

| 14-33

Sec. 14.2.10. (Story) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

A lot is defined as one or more parcels of land identified for the purpose of development and meeting the standards below:

• A. A lot may be composed of one or more contiguous parcels.

• B. All parcels composing a lot shall be owned by the same person or entity.

• C. For the purposes of Article 11. (Division of Land) all parcels composing a lot shall be identified on a final map and recorded with the los Angeles county recorder with a separate and distinct letter or number, or otherwise be on a recorded instrument that meet the requirement of the Subdivision Map Act.

• D. For the purpose of meeting standards associated with the applied zoning districts, a lot composed of multiple parcels grouped together as a single lot through a lot tie affidavit filed and approved with the Department of Building and Safety shall be considered a single lot. When the involved parcels have different and conflicting applied zoning districts, each individual parcel must meet the standards associated with the applied zoning district on each parcel.

• E. A lot does not include portions of a lot required for dedication of land (for example, proposed right-of-way), including dedication of land required by or included as part of the subdivision process, with the following exceptions:

  1. As otherwise stated in Sec. 10.1.8. (Lots Affected by Street Widening) .

  2. in the case of new developments taking place on a lot with an existing, recorded dedication, or on lots with old permits where the building was never constructed, measurements of a lot may be taken from the lot lines that existed prior to the dedication of land, provided that clearance is obtained from the Department of Public Works indicating that the improvements or street widening associated with the recorded dedication have not taken place. if the associated improvements or street widening have already been completed, measurements of a lot do not include the portions of the lot required for dedication of land.

• F. A lot shall include all portions of a lot allocated to city or utility easements.

• G. A lot shall abut the public right-of-way, alley, or a private street contiguously for a minimum of 12 feet.

• H. Access shall be provided from the lot to the public right-of-way through:

  1. An access lane with a minimum width as specified in Div. 4C.2. (Automobile Access) ; or

  2. A pedestrian accessway with a minimum width in accordance with Div. 4C.1. (Pedestrian Access) ; or

  3. A private street with a minimum width as determined by the Advisory Agency

| 14-34

Sec. 14.2.11. (Lot) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

A. General

1. each lot line shall have one of the following designations as determined by the definitions in this Section (Lot Line Determination) , and each lot line shall not have more than one of the following designations:

   • a. Primary street lot line;

   • b. Side street lot line;

   • c. Special lot line;

   • d. rear lot line;

   • e. Side lot line; or

   • f. interior lot line; or

   • g. Alley lot line.

[Figure]

2. in addition to these required de signations, lot lines may also be included into one of the following lot line categories:

• a. Frontage lot line;

• b. Street lot line; and

• c. common lot line.

3. For lot lines with curved or irregular lines which makes the dividing point between two types of lot line designations unclear, see Sec. 14.2.14.B. (Lot Line Determination for Curved Corner Lot Lines) .

| 14-35

Sec. 14.2.12. (Lot Line Determination) Last amended by Ord. 189,007, Eff. 08/20/2026

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

B. Lot Line Categories

1. Frontage Lot Line

A frontage lot line is any lot line that triggers Frontage District (Part 3B.) requirements. Frontage lot lines include all primary street lot lines and side street lot lines.

2. Street Lot Line

A street lot line is any lot line that abuts a street right-of-way. Street lot lines include all primary street lot lines, side street lot lines, and alley lot lines.

3. Common Lot Line

A common lot line is any lot line shared by multiple lots. Common lot lines include all side lot lines, interior lot lines, and rear lot lines and may include special lot lines in Dual Frontage Districts (Div. 3B.8.).

c. Lot Line Designations

1. Primary Street Lot Line

A primary street lot line is a lot line that has been designated as a primary street lot line by following the criteria and standards listed below.

• a. each lot shall have at least one primary street lot line. However, if all street lot lines are mapped as special lot lines, then no primary street lot line is required.

• b. When there is only one street lot line, it shall be designated as the primary street lot line, unless it is mapped as a special lot line.

• c. When there is more than one street lot line, the primary street lot line shall be determined according to Subparagraph d. (Special Scenario Lots Abutting More Than One Street) and Subparagraph e. (Other Lots Abutting More Than One Street) below, except that:

  • i. Any lot line that has been mapped as a special lot line shall be considered a special lot line.

  • ii. if all street lot lines are private streets, the primary street lot line shall be determined pursuant to Sec. 13B.3.1. (Administrative Review) using the established orientation of the block criteria pursuant to Subparagraph f. (Relief) below.

• iii. When the lot crosses the boundary of the city, its primary street lot line shall be determined pursuant to Sec. 13B.3.1. (Administrative Review) using the established orientation of the block criteria pursuant to Subparagraph f. (Relief) below.

| 14-36

Sec. 14.2.12. (Lot Line Determination) Last amended by Ord. 189,007, Eff. 08/20/2026

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

• d. Special Scenario Lots Abutting More Than One Street

in the following special scenarios, there may be more than one primary street lot line:

• i. Any lot lines abutting a street that is mapped as a primary street pursuant to Sec. 1.5.3. (Primary Street Map) , shall always be designated a primary street lot line, even if this results in more than one primary street lot line per lot.

• ii. On a lot with an applied Commercial-Mixed Use District (Div. 5B.5.) , any lot line abutting an avenue or boulevard shall be a primary street lot line, even if this results in more than one primary street lot line per lot.

• e. Other Lots Abutting More Than One Street

For lots that abut multiple streets where none of the lot lines are designated as a primary street lot line per the provisions in Subparagraph d. (Special Scenario Lots Abutting More Than One Street) above, the primary street lot line is designated using the following criteria, listed in order of priority:

• i. the shortest lot line abutting a street, with the exception of:

  • a) through lots, in which case the longest lot line abutting a street shall be the primary street lot line;

  • b) lot lines under 20 feet, in which case the next shortest lot line shall be the primary street lot line;

  • c) lots of 30,000 square feet or greater, for which the primary street lot line shall be determined using the subsequent criteria in this Subparagraph e. (Other Lots Abutting More Than One Street) ;

• ii. the lot line abutting the street or streets with the highest street designation;

• iii. the lot line abutting the longest face of the block which the lot touches;

• iv. the lot line parallel to an alley within the block;

• v. the lot line abutting a street that faces a publicly accessible open space;

• vi. the lot line abutting the street that the lot takes its address from, as confirmed by the Bureau of engineering;

f. Relief

rather than designating a primary street lot line pursuant to Subparagraph a. (Primary Street Lot Line) through Subparagraph e. (Other Lots Abutting More Than One Street) above, the primary street lot line may be determined pursuant to Sec. 13B.3.1. (Administrative Review) using the established orientation of the block criteria below:

| 14-37

Sec. 14.2.12. (Lot Line Determination) Last amended by Ord. 189,007, Eff. 08/20/2026

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

• i. the lot line abutting the street the majority of buildings along the block accommodate pedestrian access from;

• ii. the primary street lot line designation of the majority of buildings along the block, either existing or approved;

• iii. the lot line abutting the street the majority of wall signs on the block are oriented toward.

2. Side Street Lot Line

A side street lot line is a lot line separating a lot from a side street right-of-way. Any street lot line not determined to be a primary street lot line is considered a side street lot line.

3. Special Lot Line

A special lot line is any lot line mapped as a special lot line on the Special Lot Line map, pursuant to Sec. 1.5.8. (Special Lot Line Map) and designated within an applied Form District (Part 2B.) or Frontage District (Part 3B.) that specifies standards for a special lot line.

• a. Special lot lines are intended to identify lot lines that face, abut, or otherwise interact with active spaces such as pedestrian paths, open spaces, equine trails, or active pedestrian alleys.

• b. regardless of whether a lot line qualifies as any other lot line designation pursuant to Sec. 14.2.12.C. (Lot Line Designations) , all lot lines that are mapped as a special lot line shall be designated as a special lot line.

4. Rear Lot Line

A rear lot line is a lot line that does not abut a street or alley right-of-way and is opposite and most distant from a primary street lot line, and meets the following criteria:

• a. A lot shall have no more than one lot line designated as a rear lot line.

• b. in the case of a through lot, a lot may have no rear lot line.

• c. Where no lot line is clearly opposite to the primary street lot line, such as triangular lots or gore-shaped lots, the rear lot line is determined based on an imaginary line 10 feet wide, parallel to the primary street lot line that intersects two lot lines at its endpoints.

• d. Where the primary street lot line is not straight, the rear lot line shall be the opposite and most distant lot line that is parallel to an imaginary line connecting the end points of the primary street lot line.

• e. Where there are multiple primary street lot lines, the lot line having the highest portion of its length serving as the rear lot lines of abutting lots is the rear lot line.

| 14-38

Sec. 14.2.12. (Lot Line Determination) Last amended by Ord. 189,007, Eff. 08/20/2026

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

5. Side Lot Line

A side lot line is any lot line not determined to be a primary street lot line, side street lot line, rear lot line, alley lot line, or special lot line.

6. Interior Lot Line

An interior lot line is a common lot line shared by multiple lots within the same unified development and does not share this lot line with a lot outside of the same unified development.

7. Alley Lot Line

An alley lot line is any lot line that abuts an alley right-of-way. Even when a lot line qualifies as a rear lot line, or side lot line, alley right-of-way abutting lot lines shall be designated an alley lot line, except when the lot line qualifies as a special lot line.

| 14-39

Sec. 14.2.12. (Lot Line Determination) Last amended by Ord. 189,007, Eff. 08/20/2026

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

Opacity is defined as the degree to which an object or material is impervious to rays of light or obstructs visibility.

A. Measurement

1. Opacity is measured as a percentage, calculated by dividing the solid portion of the object area by the total area of the object.

2. the total area of the object is measured as the smallest convex polygon containing all elements of the object or assembly.

[Figure]

[Figure]

[Figure]

B. Standards

1. Equivalent Transparency

Where an assembly includes materials or objects that are solid but transparent (including glass), the transparent portion of the solid area may be weighted by multiplying it by the visual light transmittance of the material specified by the manufacturer.

SAMPLE CALCULATION

1 - 0.6 (VT) = 0.4 = 40% (Opacity%)

2. Visual Obstructions

Any permanent visual obstructions within a distance of five feet of the subject object, measured horizontal and perpendicular to the object area, renders otherwise non-solid areas solid for the purpose of measuring opacity.

| 14-40

Sec. 14.2.13. (Opacity (%)) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

A. Parallel or Perpendicular to Irregular Lot Line

Where a lot line is curved, standards measured parallel or perpendicular to that lot line assume the angle of the lot line to be the same as an imaginary straight line connecting the endpoints of the curved lot line segment.

[Figure]

• B. Lot Line Determination For Curved Lot Lines

  1. Street Lot Lines

Where a corner lot has a curved street lot line to which it makes the dividing point between two types of street lot lines unclear for the purposes of Sec. 14.2.12. (Lot Line Determination) , that dividing point shall be identified as the nearest point on the lot perimeter to the intersection of the abutting street centerlines.

[Figure]

| 14-41

Sec. 14.2.14. (Irregular Lot lines) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

2. Common Lot Lines

Where a common lot line is curved to which it makes the dividing point between two types of lot lines unclear for the purposes of Sec. 14.2.12. (Lot Line Determination) , the abutting lot line designation from the abutting lot or lots shall be utilized to assign a designation for the length of the lot line segment in question.

[Figure]

c. Building Setback Determination For Curved Lot Lines

Where a corner lot has a curved street lot line which makes the dividing line between two types of building setbacks unclear for the purposes of Sec. 2C.2.2. (Building Setbacks) , that dividing line shall be identified by the following:

1. taking the dividing point established in Sec. 14.2.14.B.1. (Street Lot Lines) , above, and drawing a line into the lot perpendicular to the lot line at the dividing point for the depth of the building setback.

| 14-42

Sec. 14.2.14. (Irregular Lot lines) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

2. the setbacks shall connect along the dividing line for the depth of the primary street building setback.

[Figure]

3. Where the depth of a primary streetprimary street building setback and side street building setback differ at the dividing line established in Paragraph 1. , above, the side street building setback shall be increased linearly for 25 percent of the side street lot line until it meets the primary street building setback..

| 14-43

Sec. 14.2.14. (Irregular Lot lines) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

D. Parking Setback Determination For Curved Lot Lines

Where a corner lot has a curved street lot line which makes the dividing line between two types of parking setback designations unclear for the purposes of Sec. 3C.2.1. (Parking Setback) , that dividing line shall be the same as established in Subsection C. (Building Setback Determination For Curved Lot Lines) above.

e. Yard Determination For Curved Lot Lines

Where a corner lot has a curved street lot line which makes the dividing line between two types of yard designations unclear for the purposes of Sec. 14.2.6. (Yards) , that dividing line shall be the same as established in Subsection C. (Building Setback Determination For Curved Lot Lines) above.

| 14-44

Sec. 14.2.14. (Irregular Lot lines) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

A. Project

A project is defined as work involving any of the project activities listed in Subsection B. (Project Activities) below. A project may or may not require a building permit, and may or may not be one application in a series of applications (such as demolition followed by new construction). A Community Plan Implementation Overlay or Specific Plan may have its own definition for a project. Typically, more than one project activity will apply to a proposed project (for example, a street-facing addition concealing a portion of an existing building facade includes both new construction and an exterior modification).

B. Project Activities

A project activity describes the type of work composing a project. A project may be composed of one or more project activity. The following are types of project activities for the purposes of this Zoning Code (Chapter 1A):

1. New Construction

New construction is defined as work that includes the construction of a new building or structure on a lot, whether structurally detached or attached from other existing buildings or structures on the lot. New construction includes an addition to or relocation of an existing building or structure, or the relocation of existing floor area, to another location on the lot, or to any other lot. Relocation of existing buildings or structures includes any activity that lifts any portion of the building or structure off of its foundation. New construction does not include ground mounted signs or wall mounted signs.

• a. For ground mounted signs, see Paragraph 4. (Site Modification) below.

• b. For wall mounted signs, see Paragraph 5. (Exterior Modification) below.

2. Major Remodel

Major remodel is defined as work that includes significant removal, disassembly, or replacement of a building or structure or portions of a building or structure that does not add to or change the building footprint and meets the standards below:

• a. Major remodel includes the removal or replacement of any of the following:

  • i. More than 50 percent of the perimeter wall framing; or

  • ii. More than 50 percent of the roof framing; or

  • iii. More than 50 percent of the structural members.

• b. Major remodel may affect the exterior of a building or structure, in which case it would also be considered an exterior modification.

• c. remodeling that does not meet the thresholds within this Paragraph (Major Remodel) or another project activity would be considered maintenance & repair.

| 14-45

Sec. 14.2.15. (Project Activities) Last amended by Ord. 189,007, Eff. 08/20/2026

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

3. Lot Modification

Lot modification is defined as the modification of the lot lines of any existing lot through the Subdivision Map Act and Article 11. (Division of Land), including the division of land as defined in California Government Code, Title 7. (Planning and Land Use), Sec. 66424.

4. Site Modification

Site modification is defined as work including modifications to existing, or the addition of, new horizontal site improvements and landscaping, including trees, fences or walls, street furniture, lighting fixtures, grading, flatwork, ground mounted signs, and parking lot resurfacing or the reconfiguration of existing parking stalls.

• a. Site modifications, such as grading, that expose additional foundation wall or facade areas are considered to be both a site modification and an exterior modification.

• b. Any work whose principal aim is the provision of handicap accessibility for compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act is not considered a site modification.

5. Exterior Modification

Exterior modification is defined as work to the exterior of a building or structure.

a. Facade Modification

Facade modification is an exterior modification that includes a change to a building facade involving a modification of its existing design or outward appearance.

Facade modifications include changes to any of the following:

• i. the facade of a building;

• ii. Wall mounted signs beyond the maintenance & repair required pursuant to Sec. 4C.11.1.C.4. (Maintenance) ;

iii. the amount of exterior foundation wall that is exposed above finished grade;

• iv. An architectural element or architectural feature attached to the facade;

• v. exterior wall finish materials on an applicable facade area in a Character Frontage District (Div. 3B.9.) ; or

• vi. in an Historic Preservation Overlay Zone, facade modification includes change of the exterior paint color.

b. General

Any exterior modification work that does not meet the definition and standards of facade modification.

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Sec. 14.2.15. (Project Activities) Last amended by Ord. 189,007, Eff. 08/20/2026

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

6. Use Modification

Use modification is a change of use or an intensification of use.

a. Change of Use

Change of use is defined as work that includes a change or expansion in the permitted use of any portion of an existing building or lot from one use defined in Part 5D. (Use Definitions) to any other use defined in Part 5D. (Use Definitions). Change of use does not include any temporary uses. For temporary uses, see Paragraph 7. (Temporary Use) below.

b. Intensification of Use

Intensification of use is defined as work that increases the intensity of a use, such as an increase in dwelling units, seating capacity, or the number of people in care.

7. Temporary Use

Temporary use is defined as a use of a building or lot with any use defined in Part 5D. (Use Definitions) that does not exceed 180 days and meets the requirements of Chapter IX. (Building Regulations), Sec. 91.106.1.3. (Temporary Permits) of this Code.

8. Demolition

Demolition is defined as the removal of an entire structure or building.

• a. Unless otherwise specified by State law, this Zoning code (chapter 1A), or an applicable Specific Plan, Supplemental District, or Special Zone, demolition that would result in a vacant lot is permitted.

• b. However, proposed demolition of a structure or building that results in a reduction of compliance of other structures or buildings on the lot with the requirements of this Zoning code (chapter 1A) is required to be accompanied by new construction or another project activity that maintains the level of compliance with the requirements of this Zoning code (chapter 1A) in place prior to the issuance of the demolition permit, except as described in Subparagraph c. below.

• c. regardless of the general rule in Subparagraph a. or b. above, demolition permits may be issued for buildings or structures without accompanying new construction or other project activities when said building or structure has been determined by the Department of Building and Safety to be a present, imminent, extreme and immediate hazard or danger to life or limb, health or safety pursuant to Chapter IX. (Building Regulations), Sec. 91.8905. (Special Provisions for Vacating, Barricading, Removing or Demolishing Buildings or Structures Without Notice) .

| 14-47

Sec. 14.2.15. (Project Activities) Last amended by Ord. 189,007, Eff. 08/20/2026

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

9. Renovation

Renovation is defined as a modification to the interior of any building or structure, including the basement, that does not expand the building or structure. Renovation includes interior remodels or tenant improvements.

10. Maintenance & Repair

Maintenance & repair is defined as work that does not qualify as a site modification, major remodel, exterior modification or new construction, and does not impact the project's ability to meet any applicable zoning requirements. Replacement of deteriorated or damaged parts of a building is considered maintenance & repair; however, in a Character Frontage District, CPIO, Conservation District, or Historic Preservation Overlay Zone, direct replacement may have additional requirements and processes. Maintenance & repair includes repair of site components such as restriping existing parking stripes, resealing parking lots, pothole repair, or replanting plants.

| 14-48

Sec. 14.2.15. (Project Activities) Last amended by Ord. 189,007, Eff. 08/20/2026

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

A. General

1. All portions of a lot between exterior walls of a building and a property line shall be designated as one of the following yard designations, and no portions of a lot shall have more than one of the following designations, as established in Subsection B. (Yard Designations) below:

   • a. Front yard

   • b. Special yard

   • c. Side street yard

   • d. Side yard

   • e. rear yard

2. individual yard designations may fall into one or more yard categories as provided in Subsection C. (Yard Categories) below.

B. Yard Designations

1. Front Yard

A front yard is the area between a primary street lot line and an imaginary line running parallel to the primary street lot line. The imaginary line shall be drawn 15 feet back from the portion of the primary street lot line-facing facade nearest to the primary street lot line, measured perpendicularly to the lot line.

[Figure]

• a. Only yards abutting a primary street lot line shall be designated as front yards.

• b. Portions of a lot that meet the criteria for front yard designation shall not be designated as any other yard, including portions of a lot that meet the criteria for front yard designation but also meet the criteria for any other yard designation.

| 14-49

Sec. 14.2.16. (Yards) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

2. Special Yard

A special yard is the area between a special lot line and an imaginary line running parallel to the special lot line. The imaginary line shall be drawn 15 feet back from the portion of the special lot line-facing facade nearest to the primary street lot line, measured perpendicularly to the lot line.

[Figure]

• a. Special yards include yards abutting a special lot line including but not limited to special river and special alley lot lines.

• b. Portions of a lot that meet the criteria for special yard designation shall not be designated as a side street yard, rear yard, or side yard, including portions of a lot that meet the criteria for special yard designation but also meet the criteria for side street yard, rear yard, or side yard.

• c. Portions of a lot that meet the criteria for special yard designation but also meet the criteria for front yard designation shall be designated as front yard.

| 14-50

Sec. 14.2.16. (Yards) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

3. Side Street Yard

A side street yard is the area between a side street lot line and an imaginary line running parallel to the side street lot line. The imaginary line shall be drawn 15 feet back from the portion of the side street lot line-facing facade nearest to the side street lot line, measured perpendicularly to the lot line.

[Figure]

• a. Only yards abutting a side street lot line shall be designated as side street yards.

• b. Portions of a lot that meet the criteria for side street yard designation shall not be designated as a rear yard or side yard, including portions of a lot that meet the criteria for side street yard designation but also meet the criteria for rear yard or side yard.

• c. Portions of a lot that meet the criteria for side street yard designation but also meet the criteria for front yard designation shall be designated as front yard.

• d. Portions of a lot that meet the criteria for side street yard designation but also meet the criteria for special yard shall be designated as special yard.

• e. Portions of a lot that meets all three criteria for side street yard designation, special yard designation, and front yard designation shall be designated as a front yard.

| 14-51

Sec. 14.2.16. (Yards) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

4. Rear Yard

A rear yard is the portion of a lot between a rear lot line and a principal structure. When there is more than one principal structure located on the same lot, rear yard includes the portions of a lot between the rear lot line and the principal structure that is located closest to the primary street lot line.

• a. Portions of a lot that meet the criteria for rear yard designation shall not be designated as a side yard.

• b. Portions of a lot that meet the criteria for rear yard designation but also meet the criteria for side street yard shall be designated as side street yard.

• c. Portions of a lot that meets all three criteria for rear yard designation, side street yard designation, and special yard designation shall be designated as a special yard.

[Figure]

5. Side Yard

A side yard is the portions of a lot between a side lot line and a principal structure. All portions of a lot that do not meet the yard designation criteria for any other yard shall be designated as a side yard.

[Figure]

| 14-52

Sec. 14.2.16. (Yards) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

6. All Yards Graphic Illustration

the following illustration provides an example distribution of yard designations for three different lots.

[Figure]

c. Yard Categories

1. Frontage Yard

Frontage yard is a category of yards referring to all yards that abut a frontage lot line including:

• a. Front yards;

• b. Side street yards; and

• c. Special yards.

2. Street Yard

Street yard is a category of yards referring to all yards that abut a street right-of-way including:

• a. Front yards; and

• b. Side street yards.

| 14-53

Sec. 14.2.16. (Yards) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

A public access easement is an easement, established between a lot owner or owners and the City of Los Angeles, as found on the Public Access Easement Map (Sec. 1.5.11.), affecting a lot or lots for the purpose of ensuring public access to the portions of the lot covered by the easement.

A. Standards

1. Public access easements affecting a lot shall be considered a part of the whole lot for the purposes of any standard or calculation which pertains to lot area or lot dimensions, unless stated otherwise as a condition of the easement.

2. No structures may be constructed within a public access easement.

3. When determining yard area, the yard area shall be measured from the interior edge of the easement rather than lot line.

B. Measurements

1. Building Setback

Buildings or structures to be constructed on a lot affected by a mapped public access easement shall measure the nearest required yard setback from the interior edge of the public access easement.

2. Lot Amenity Space

All portions of the public access easement area on a lot or lots may be calculated as part of the lot amenity space. When the public access easement is counted as lot amenity space, an accessway from the development on the lot must be ensured to the easement area. the required accessway must meet the minimum standards as established in Sec. 4C.1.1.C.2.A.i. (Linked) .

3. Build-to depth

Where a lot includes a public access easement that abuts the frontage lot line, the build-to depth shall be measured to the front yard setback. the front yard setback is measured from the interior edge of the easement as established in Paragraph 1. (Building Setback) above.

4. Pedestrian Amenity Allowance

Where a lot includes a public access easement that abuts the frontage lot line, the pedestrian amenity shall be measured to the front yard setback. the front yard setback is measured from the interior edge of the easement as established in Paragraph 1. (Building Setback) above.

| 14-54

Sec. 14.2.17. (Public Access Easements) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

5. Parking Setback

Where a lot includes a public access easement that abuts the frontage lot line, the parking setback shall be measured to the front yard setback. the front yard setback is measured from the interior edge of the easement as established in Subsection A. (Standards) above.

6. Frontage Planting Area

Area within the public access easement shall not be used to meet planting area required by a frontage planting area, frontage screen, or transition screen.

7. Frontage Yard Fence & Wall

Where a lot includes a public access easement, fences and walls allowed by the applied Frontage District (Part 3B.) may be constructed and maintained on the interior edge of the public access easement, but shall not be constructed within the easement area nor on any lot line or portion of a lot line affected by the easement unless provided in the easement. A fence or wall shall not be constructed in a manner which obstructs public access to the easement area.

8. Frontage Screens and Transition Screens

Where a lot includes a public access easement, any required frontage screens and transition screens may be constructed and maintained on the interior edge of the public access easement, but shall not be constructed within the easement area nor on any lot line or portion of a lot line affected by the easement unless provided in the easement. A frontage screen or transition screen shall not be constructed in a manner which obstructs public access to the easement area.

| 14-55

Sec. 14.2.17. (Public Access Easements) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

A. Average Natural Slope

Average natural slope is defined as the average of the ungraded slopes at selected contours within a given parcel of land divided by its area as computed from either the City Engineer’s topographic maps or a topographic map prepared by a registered civil engineer or land surveyor and meets all the following standards:

1. regardless of which map is used, calculations cannot be derived or interpolated from a map that originally had contour intervals of greater than 25 feet for subdivisions or greater than five feet for parcel maps.

2. Average natural slope shall be computed by the following formula:

Where:

S = average natural slope in percent.

c = contour interval in feet, at no greater than 25-foot intervals for subdivisions or fivefoot intervals for parcel maps, resulting in at least five contour lines.

l = total accumulated length of all contours of interval “c” in feet.

A = the area being considered in square feet.

3. Average natural slopes may be computed only by the entire subdivision or parcel map area. the calculation “l” (contour lengths) and “A” (area in square feet) can be computed by 500foot grid increments, as shown on the city engineer’s topographic maps. the “l” for each grid increment shall be added to the “l” for every other grid increment and the “A” for each grid increment shall be added to the “A” for every other grid increment to determine the “l” and the “A” for the entire subdivision or parcel map, prior to calculating the average natural slope for that subdivision or parcel map.

4. in any matter where the average natural slope is used to calculate density pursuant to Sec. 11.1.3. (Subdivision Design Standards) or Sec. 11.4.1.D. (Slope Density) , the subdivision file shall contain copies of all maps and all calculations so that the figures can be verified. All maps and all calculations are required to be submitted at the time of the filing of a subdivision application or the application is deemed incomplete.

| 14-56

Sec. 14.2.18. (Slope) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

Maximum allowable residential density is defined as the greatest number of dwelling units allowed on a project site as defined in California Government Code Sec. 65915(o)(6).

A. Measurement

1. Pursuant to Government Code Sec. 65915(o)(6) , a project site shall calculate its maximum allowable residential density, before the application of a density bonus granted through participation in an incentive program, using the maximum number of dwelling units allowed under a project site’s applied Zoning Districts, Specific Plan, Special Zone, or General Plan land use designation.

2. if a range is permitted, the maximum number of dwelling units allowed by the specific zoning range, Specific Plan, Special Zone, or General Plan land Use designation shall be applicable when determining a site’s density prior to the application of a density bonus granted through participation in an incentive program. Dwelling units added using an incentive program contained in a Specific Plan, Zoning District, Special Zone, or other city program granting development bonuses, shall not count toward the calculation of maximum allowable residential density.

3. When calculating a lot’s maximum allowable residential density, any number resulting in a fraction shall be rounded up to the next whole number.

| 14-57

Sec. 14.2.19. (Maximum Allowable Residential Density) Last amended by Ord. 188,478 (Resolution), Eff. 06/18/2025

General Rules | Article 14 Div. 14.3. (Glossary)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A