§ 45

California Civil Code · 2026-10 edition · updated 2026-10-04 · California

Libel is a false and unprivileged publication by writing, printing, picture, effigy, or other fixed representation to the eye, which exposes any person to hatred, contempt, ridicule, or obloquy, or which causes him to be shunned or avoided, or which has a tendency to injure him in his occupation.

(Enacted 1872.)

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California Civil Code

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