CBC · California Building Code

Flammable and combustible liquids—CBC thresholds and control-area triggers

The CBC limits how much flammable/combustible liquid you can store in a control area — use Table 307.1(1) for general occupancies and § 414.2.5/Table 414.2.5.2 for retail/wholesale; sprinkler systems, approved cabinets, and large-area rules in the Fire Code can increase allowable amounts, and exceeding the tables triggers storage rooms, separations, or Hazardous (Group H) classification. file

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Last reviewed: July 5, 2026

What the code requires — 2–4 sentences

The California Building Code (CBC) uses maximum allowable quantities per control area to decide when flammable and combustible liquids must be separated, locked into storage rooms, or cause a hazardous (Group H) occupancy classification. Those control-area limits are set by Table 307.1(1) (general CBC thresholds) and, for retail/wholesale Group M uses, by the CBC’s specific retail control-area table § 414.2.5 (Table 414.2.5.2), which gives gallon limits by liquid class and sprinkler condition. Where the CBC refers to detailed storage/arrangement and sprinkler-density exceptions it cross-references the California Fire Code (CFC) tables and notes that modify the allowable quantities.

Requirements in detail

Basic decision rule (how to use the tables)

  • Step 1 — identify the liquid class (Class IA, IB, IC, II, IIIA, IIIB).
  • Step 2 — identify occupancy/use (are you in a Group M wholesale/retail area covered by § 414.2.5 or a different occupancy covered by Table 307.1(1)?).
  • Step 3 — select the correct column (nonsprinklered, sprinklered per the CBC/CFC density, or sprinklered per alternate CFC tables) and compare your aggregate gallons in the control area to the limit. If the aggregate exceeds the table amount you must either provide a liquid storage room/warehouse, reconfigure control areas (fire barriers), or classify and treat the area as a Group H occupancy per the CBC § 307 series.

Retail / wholesale (Group M) — explicit CBC control-area gallons (Table 414.2.5.2)

The CBC provides explicit per-control-area gallon limits for Group M wholesale/retail uses under § 414.2.5 and Table 414.2.5.2; these values are binding for indoor retail display and storage that is not otherwise exempt and must be stored/displayed in accordance with the Fire Code.

Decision dimension Nonsprinklered (gallons) Sprinklered (CFC design densities/arrangements) Alternate sprinklered (CFC tables 5704.3.6.3(4)–(8) / 5704.3.7.5.1) Code reference
Class IA 30 60 60 § 414.2.5 (Table 414.2.5.2)
Class IB, IC, II, IIIA 1,600 7,500 15,000 § 414.2.5 (Table 414.2.5.2)
Class IIIB 13,200 Unlimited Unlimited § 414.2.5 (Table 414.2.5.2)

Notes:

  • The table columns reflect (left) nonsprinklered limits, (middle) sprinklered limits where a building meets the CBC/CFC minimum sprinkler densities and arrangements, and (right) larger allowances where the sprinkler design follows the alternative CFC tables referenced in the CBC table footnotes.
  • The CBC text specifically ties these retail/wholesale limits to the Fire Code storage/display provisions.

Control-area triggers outside Group M (Table 307.1(1) and § 307.4)

  • The CBC’s Table 307.1(1) is the general CBC location for maximum allowable quantities per control area for combustible liquids and is the starting point for most non-Group M occupancies; exceeding those per-control-area quantities is what typically triggers H-occupancy classification and the separate liquid-storage-room requirements referenced elsewhere in the CBC.
  • Section § 307.4 (CBC) is the H-2 (deflagration) / Hazardous occupancy provision location referenced by the CBC when quantities/uses trigger Group H classification. The files available to me reference § 307.4 as the H-2 rule location but do not contain the full text of § 307.4 in the retrieved excerpt; consult the printed CBC for the exact wording of § 307.4 when making an H-classification determination.

Quantities and permitted increases / modifiers (from CBC/CFC cross-references)

  • Sprinklered increase: maximum allowable quantities may be increased by 100% where the building is equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system per the CBC/CFC note.
  • Storage-cabinet increase: quantities may be increased by 100% where stored in approved storage cabinets per the Fire Code note.
  • Large-area increase: for wholesale/retail areas over 50,000 sq ft, the CFC permits incremental increases (2% per 1,000 sq ft over 50,000 up to a total of 100% increase) under specified conditions — this may affect how many gallons are allowed in a single control area without requiring additional separation.
  • Outdoor control areas: separate, larger allowances (and sometimes unlimited amounts) apply outdoors; the CFC provides specific outdoor dispensing/storage tables and definitions.

Exceptions & special cases

  • Retail/wholesale consumer-product exemptions: certain consumer products (medicines, cosmetics, alcoholic beverages in small individual containers) may be exempt or unlimited in retail displays when packaged in small, original containers — see the CBC/CFC exemptions and packaging-size thresholds.
  • Specialty equipment/processes: closed piping systems, approved machinery listings, or cleaning operations using high-flash-point solvents may have different (or unlimited) quantity allowances when conditions in the Fire Code are met. These exceptions are handled in the Fire Code cross-references the CBC uses.
  • When quantities exceed the table limits: the CFC (and the CBC where cross-referenced) requires liquid storage rooms, liquid storage warehouses, or H-occupancy classification with the attendant construction, separation and protection requirements (e.g., one-hour fire barriers, sprinklers, and liquid-tight floors).
  • Where my retrieved excerpts didn’t include the full text: Table 307.1(1) and § 307.4 were referenced in the files but their full tables/text were not present in the excerpts I received; consult the CBC volume for the exact Table 307.1(1) numeric limits and the complete wording of § 307.4 before final design decisions. file

Common mistakes

  • Using the wrong table: applying Table 414.2.5.2 (Group M retail/wholesale) to non-Group M occupancies, or vice versa; always confirm the occupancy classification first.
  • Forgetting sprinkler or storage-cabinet increases: designers often forget the 100% increases permitted with sprinklers or approved cabinets (applied per the table footnotes) and thus over-design control areas.
  • Mixing classes without conversion: when different liquid classes are present, you must use the correct method (sum of ratios or separate control areas per the code/Fire Code method); don’t simply add gallons of unlike classes without following the code’s combining rules. The CBC/CFC cross-reference approach governs combinations.
  • Assuming “unlimited” means no protection: Class IIIB “unlimited” in some sprinklered columns still requires compliance with storage arrangement, aisle width, height limits and sprinkler design noted in the Fire Code tables.

Worked example — concrete scenario

Scenario: A 10,000 ft² retail hardware store (Group M) that is not sprinklered wants to display/store 2,000 gallons of Class II lubricants in one sales area.

Step 1 — Identify applicable CBC provision: Group M retail wholesale control-area limits are in § 414.2.5 (Table 414.2.5.2).

Step 2 — Read the nonsprinklered limit for Class II (from Table 414.2.5.2): 1,600 gallons per control area. Your proposed 2,000 gallons exceeds that nonsprinklered per-control-area limit.

Step 3 — Options to comply:

  • Provide additional control-area separation (create two or more control areas separated by 1-hour fire barriers) so each control area contains ≤ 1,600 gallons; or
  • Install an approved automatic sprinkler system meeting the CBC/CFC required densities and arrangements and then rely on the sprinklered allowance (which increases the allowable quantity — sprinklered limits for Class IB/IC/II/IIIA are substantially higher per the table); or
  • Move the excess quantity to a dedicated liquid storage room/warehouse designed per the CBC/CFC rooms-for-quantities-exceeding-limits requirements.

Precise numeric consequence: Without sprinklering or re-separating, the 2,000 gallons would exceed the 1,600-gallon control-area limit and therefore trigger the need for either added separation, sprinkler retrofit, or classification/rooms per the code.

Related provisions

  • § 307.4 — Hazardous (H-2) occupancy classification and related triggers (note: full text not present in retrieved excerpt; see CBC for exact wording).
  • Table 307.1(1) — General CBC table for maximum allowable quantities per control area (referenced throughout CBC special-use sections).
  • § 414.2.5 — Special detailed requirements and Table 414.2.5.2 for Group M wholesale/retail control-area quantities.
  • CBC references to Fire Code Chapters/tables used by CBC (e.g., CFC Table 5704.3.4.1 / 5704 series for storage arrangements and sprinkler-density effects).
  • CBC provisions that cross-reference Table 307.1(1) for fabrication/Group H-5 areas (e.g., § 415.11.1.1 referencing Table 307.1(1)).

Code references

Grounded in the retrieved California Building Code — click a citation to read the verbatim passage:

  • CBC § 903.3.1.1. Medium relevance — show source text

    Hazard categories are as specified in the_California Fire Code_.
    b. Maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 100 percent in buildings that are sprinklered in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. Where Note c also applies, the increase
    for both notes shall be applied accumulatively.
    c. Maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 100 percent where stored in approved storage cabinets, in accordance with the_California Fire Code_. Where Note b also
    applies, the increase for both notes shall be applied accumulatively.
    d. See Table 414.2.2 for design and number of control areas.
    e. Allowable quantities for other hazardous material categories shall be in accordance with Section 307.
    f. Maximum quantities shall be increased 100 percent in outdoor control areas.
    g. Maximum amounts shall be increased to 2,250 pounds where individual packages are in the original sealed containers from the manufacturer or packager and do not exceed
    10 pounds each.
    h. Maximum amounts shall be increased to 4,500 pounds where individual packages are in the original sealed containers from the manufacturer or packager and do not exceed
    10 pounds each.
    i. The permitted quantities shall not be limited in a building equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.
    j. Quantities are unlimited in an outdoor control area.
    k. Maximum allowable quantities of consumer products shall be increased to 10,000 pounds where individual packages are in the original, sealed containers from the manufac-
    turer and the toxic classification is exclusively based on the LC threshold and no other hazardous materials classifications apply.|

    [F] 414.2.5.2 Flammable and combustible liquids. In Group M occupancy wholesale and retail sales uses, indoor storage of flammable and combustible liquids shall not exceed the maximum allowable quantities per control area as indicated in Table 414.2.5.2, provided that the materials are displayed and stored in accordance with the California Fire Code .

    [F] TABLE 414.2.5.2—MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY OF FLAMMABLE AND
    COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS IN WHOLESALE AND RETAIL SALES OCCUPANCIES PER CONTROL AREAa    		 Col2 Col3 Col4
    TYPE OF LIQUID MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA (gallons) MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA (gallons) MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA (gallons)
    TYPE OF LIQUID Sprinklered in accordance with
    Note b densities and arrangements    		 Sprinklered in accordance with Tables
    5704.3.6.3(4) through 5704.3.6.3(8) and
    5704.3.7.5.1 of theCalifornia Fire Code    		 Nonsprinklered
    Class IA 60 60 30
    Class IB, IC, II and IIIA 7,500c 15,000c 1,600
    Class IIIB Unlimited Unlimited 13,200
    For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m2, 1 gallon = 3.785 L, 1 gallon per minute per square foot = 40.75 L/min/m2.
    a.
  • CBC § 0.21 Medium relevance — show source text

    For uncartoned commodities on shelves 6 feet or less in height where the ceiling height does not exceed 18 feet, quantities are those permitted with a minimum sprin-
    kler design density of Ordinary Hazard Group 2.
    2. For cartoned, palletized or racked commodities where storage is 4 feet 6 inches or less in height and where the ceiling height does not exceed 18 feet, quantities are
    those permitted with a minimum sprinkler design density of 0.21 gallon per minute per square foot over the most remote 1,500-square-foot area.
    c. Where wholesale and retail sales or storage areas exceed 50,000 square feet in area, the maximum allowable quantities are allowed to be increased by 2 percent for each
    1,000 square feet of area in excess of 50,000 square feet, up to not more than 100 percent of the table amounts. A control area separation is not required. The cumulative
    amounts, including amounts attained by having an additional control area, shall not exceed 30,000 gallons.|

    2025 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE 4-39

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON OCCUPANCY AND USE

    [F] 414.2.5.3 Aerosol products, aerosol cooking spray products or plastic aerosol 3 products. The maximum quantity of aerosol products, aerosol cooking spray products or plastic aerosol 3 products in Group M occupancy retail display areas, storage areas adjacent to retail display areas and retail storage areas shall be in accordance with the California Fire Code .

    [F] 414.2.5.4 Flammable gas. The aggregate quantity of Category 1B flammable gas having a burning velocity of 3.9 inches per second (10 cm/s) or less stored and displayed within a single control area of a Group M occupancy or stored in a single control area of a Group S occupancy is allowed to exceed the maximum allowable quantities per control area specified in Table 307.1(1) without classifying the building or use as a Group H occupancy, provided that the materials are stored and displayed in accordance with the California Fire Code and quantities do not exceed the amounts specified in Table 414.2.5.4.

    [F] TABLE 414.2.5.4—MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY OF LOW BURNING VELOCITY
    CATEGORY 1B FLAMMABLE GAS IN GROUP M AND S OCCUPANCIES PER CONTROL AREAa    		 Col2 Col3
    CATEGORY 1B
    (Low BV)d    		 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA
    CATEGORY 1B
    (Low BV)d    		 Sprinkleredb Nonsprinklered
    Gaseous 390,000 cu ft 195,000 cu ft
    Liquefied 40,000 lbc 20,000 lb
    For SI: 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m2, 1 cubic foot = 0.028 m3, 1 inch per second = 2.54 cm/s.
    a. Control areas shall be separated from each other by not less than a 1-hour fire barrier.
    b.
  • CBC § 5705.3.6.2.3 Medium relevance — show source text

    5705.3.6.2.3 Solvent quantity limits. Solvent quantities shall be limited as follows:

    1. Machines without remote solvent reservoirs shall be limited to quantities set forth in Section 5705.3.5.

    2. Machines with remote solvent reservoirs using Class I liquids shall be limited to quantities set forth in Section 5705.3.5.

    3. Machines with remote solvent reservoirs using Class II liquids shall be limited to 35 gallons (132 L) per machine. The total quantities shall not exceed an aggregate of 240 gallons (908 L) per control area in buildings not equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system and an aggregate of 480 gallons (1817 L) per control area in buildings equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

    4. Machines with remote solvent reservoirs using Class IIIA liquids shall be limited to 80 gallons (303 L) per machine.

    5705.3.6.2.4 Immersion soaking of parts. Work areas of machines with remote solvent reservoirs shall not be used for immersion soaking of parts.

    5705.3.6.2.5 Separation. Multiple machines shall be separated from each other by a distance of not less than 30 feet (9144 mm) or by a fire barrier with a minimum 1-hour fire-resistance rating.

    5705.3.6.2.6 Ventilation. Machines shall be located in areas adequately ventilated to prevent accumulation of vapors.

    5705.3.6.2.7 Installation. Machines shall be installed in accordance with their listings.

    5705.3.7 Rooms or buildings for quantities exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area. Where required by Section 5705.3.5.3 or 5705.3.6.1, rooms or buildings used for the use, dispensing or mixing of flammable and combustible liquids in quantities exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area shall be in accordance with Sections 5705.3.7.1 through 5705.3.7.6.3.

    5705.3.7.1 Construction, location and fire protection. Rooms or buildings classified in accordance with the California Build- ing Code as Group H-2 or H-3 occupancies based on use, dispensing or mixing of flammable or combustible liquids shall be constructed in accordance with the California Building Code .

    5705.3.7.2 Basements. In rooms or buildings classified in accordance with the California Building Code as Group H-2 or H-3, dispensing or mixing of flammable or combustible liquids shall not be conducted in basements.

    5705.3.7.3 Fire protection. Rooms or buildings classified in accordance with the California Building Code as Group H-2 or H-3 occupancies shall be equipped with an approved automatic fire-extinguishing system in accordance with Chapter 9.

    5705.3.7.4 Doors. Interior doors to rooms or portions of such buildings shall be self-closing fire doors in accordance with the California Building Code .

    5705.3.7.5 Open systems. Use, dispensing and mixing of flammable and combustible liquids in open systems shall be in accordance with Sections 5705.3.7.5.1 through 5705.3.7.5.3.

  • CBC § 5701.1 Medium relevance — show source text

    These liquids are used for fuel, lubricants, cleaners, solvents, medicine and even drinking. The danger associated with flammable and combustible liquids is that the vapors from these liquids, when combined with air in their flammable range, will burn or explode at temperatures near normal living and working environments. The regulations herein are intended to prevent the flammable and combustible liquids from being ignited and provide mitigating requirements for when a fire does occur.

    SECTION 5701—GENERAL

    5701.1 Scope and application. Prevention, control and mitigation of dangerous conditions related to storage, use, dispensing, mixing and handling of flammable and combustible liquids shall be in accordance with Chapter 50 and this chapter.

    [California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Division 1, §3.15] Flammable and Combustible Liquids.

    Flammable and combustible liquids shall not be placed, stored or handled in any occupancy within the scope of California Code of Regu- lations, Title 19, Division 1 regulations, except as provided in the California Fire Code.

    5701.2 Nonapplicability. This chapter shall not apply to liquids as otherwise provided in other laws or regulations or chapters of this code, including:

    1. Specific provisions for flammable liquids in motor fuel-dispensing facilities, repair garages, airports and marinas in Chapter

    3. Medicines, foodstuffs, cosmetics and commercial or institutional products containing not more than 50 percent by volume of water-miscible liquids and with the remainder of the solution not being flammable, provided that such materials are packaged in individual containers not exceeding 1.3 gallons (5 L).

    4. Quantities of alcoholic beverages in retail or wholesale sales or storage occupancies, provided that the liquids are packaged in individual containers not exceeding 1.3 gallons (5 L).

    5. Storage and use of fuel oil in tanks and containers connected to oil-burning equipment. Such storage and use shall be in accordance with Section 605. For abandonment of fuel oil tanks, this chapter applies.

    6. Refrigeration systems (see Section 608).

    7. Storage and display of aerosol products complying with Chapter 51.

    8. Storage and use of liquids that do not have a fire point when tested in accordance with ASTM D92.

    9. Liquids with a flash point greater than 95°F (35°C) in a water-miscible solution or dispersion with a water and inert (noncombustible) solids content of more than 80 percent by weight, which do not sustain combustion.

    10. Liquids without flash points that can be flammable under some conditions, such as certain halogenated hydrocarbons and mixtures containing halogenated hydrocarbons.

    11. The storage of beer, distilled spirits and wines in barrels and casks.

    12. Commercial cooking oil storage tank systems located within a building and designed and installed in accordance with Section 607 and NFPA 30.

    13. Application and release of pesticide and agricultural products and materials intended for use in weed abatement, erosion control, soil amendment or similar applications where applied in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and label directions.

    14. The off-site transportation of flammable or combustible liquids where in accordance with Department of Transportation (DOTn) regulation.

    5701.3 Referenced documents. The applicable requirements of Chapter 50, other chapters of this code, the California Building Code and the California Mechanical Code pertaining to flammable liquids shall apply.

  • CBC § 5704.3.3.10 Medium relevance — show source text

    ** Storage of empty or idle combustible pallets inside an unprotected liquid storage area shall be limited to a maximum pile size of 2,500 square feet (232 m [2] ) and to a maximum storage height of 6 feet (1829 mm). Storage of empty or idle combustible pallets inside a protected liquid storage area shall comply with NFPA 13. Pallet storage shall be separated from liquid storage by aisles that are not less than 8 feet (2438 mm) wide. 5704.3.3.10 Containers in piles. Containers in piles shall be stacked in such a manner as to provide stability and to prevent excessive stress on container walls. Portable tanks stored more than one tier high shall be designed to nest securely, without dunnage. Material-handling equipment shall be suitable to handle containers and tanks safely at the upper tier level. 5704.3.4 Quantity limits for storage. Liquid storage quantity limitations shall comply with Sections 5704.3.4.1 through 5704.3.4.4. 5704.3.4.1 Maximum allowable quantity per control area. For occupancies other than Group M wholesale and retail sales uses, indoor storage of flammable and combustible liquids shall not exceed the maximum allowable quantities per control area indicated in Table 5003.1.1(1) and shall not exceed the additional limitations set forth in this section. For Group M occupancy wholesale and retail sales uses, indoor storage of flammable and combustible liquids shall not exceed the maximum allowable quantities per control area indicated in Table 5704.3.4.1. Storage of hazardous production material flammable and combustible liquids in Group H-5 occupancies shall be in accordance with Chapter 27.

    TABLE 5704.3.4.1—MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA OF
    FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS IN WHOLESALE AND RETAIL SALES OCCUPANCIESa    		 Col2 Col3 Col4
    TYPE OF LIQUID MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA (gallons) MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA (gallons) MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA (gallons)
    TYPE OF LIQUID Sprinkleredb in accordance with
    footnote densities and arrangements    		 Sprinklered in accordance with
    Tables 5704.3.6.3(4) through 5704.3.6.3(8)
    and Table 5704.3.7.5.1    		 Nonsprinklered
    Class IA 60 60 30
    Class IB, IC, II and IIIA 7,500c 15,000c 1,600
    Class IIIB Unlimited Unlimited 13,200
    For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m2, 1 gallon = 3.785 L, 1 gallon per minute per square foot = 40.75 L/min/m2.
    a. Control areas shall be separated from each other by not less than a 1-hour fire barrier.
    b. To be considered as sprinklered, a building shall be equipped throughout with an_approved_ automatic sprinkler system with a design providing minimum densities as follows:
    1.
  • CBC § 5003.11. Medium relevance — show source text

    The aggregate quantities in storage and use shall not exceed the maximum allowable quantity for storage, including applicable increases.
    c. The aggregate quantity of nonflammable solid and nonflammable or noncombustible liquid hazardous materials allowed in outdoor storage per single property under the
    same ownership or control used for retail or wholesale sales is allowed to exceed the maximum allowable quantity per control area where such storage is in accordance with
    Section 5003.11.
    d. Allowed only where used in approved exhausted gas cabinets, exhausted enclosures or under fume hoods.
    e. The maximum allowable quantity per control area for toxic liquids with vapor pressures in excess of 1 psia at 77°F shall be the maximum allowable quantity per control area
    listed for highly toxic liquids.
    f. Quantities in parentheses indicate quantity units in parentheses at the head of each column.|

    50-10 2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    HAZARDOUS MATERIALS—GENERAL PROVISIONS

    TABLE 5003.1.1(5)—HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EXEMPTIONSa Col2 Col3
    MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION OCCUPANCY OR
    APPLICATION    		 EXEMPTION
    Combustible fiber Baled cotton Densely packed baled cotton shall not be classified as combustible fiber, provided that
    the bales comply with the packing requirements of ISO 8115.
    Corrosive Building materials The quantity of commonly used building materials that are classified as corrosive
    materials is not limited.
    Corrosive Personal and
    household products    		 The quantity of personal and household products that are classified as corrosive materials
    is not limited in retail displays, provided that the products are in original packaging.
    Corrosive Retail and wholesale
    sales occupancies    		 The quantity of medicines, foodstuffs or consumer products, and cosmetics containing
    not more than 50 percent by volume of water-miscible liquids, with the remainder of
    the solutions not being flammable, is not limited.
    To qualify for this allowance, such materials shall be packaged in individual containers
    not exceeding 1.3 gallons.
    Explosives Groups B, F, M and S Storage of special industrial explosive devices is not limited.
    Explosives Groups M and R-3 Storage of black powder, smokeless propellant, and small arms primers is not limited.
    Flammable and combustible
    liquids and gases    		 Aerosols Buildings and structures occupied for the storage of aerosol products, aerosol cooking
    spray products, or plastic aerosol 3 products shall be classified as Group S-1.
    Flammable and combustible
    liquids and gases    		 Alcoholic beverages The quantity of alcoholic beverages in liquor stores and distributors without bulk
    storage is not limited.
    Flammable and combustible
    liquids and gases    		 Alcoholic beverages The quantity of alcoholic beverages in distilling or brewing of beverages is not limited.
    Flammable and combustible
    liquids and gases    		 Alcoholic beverages The storage quantity of beer, distilled spirits and wines in barrels and casks is not limited.
    Flammable and combustible
    liquids and gases    		 Alcoholic beverages The quantity of alcoholic beverages in retail and wholesale sales occupancies is not
    limited.
  • CBC § 57-33 Medium relevance — show source text

    2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE 57-33

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS

    5705.3.7.6.1 Ventilation. Closed systems designed to be opened as part of normal operations shall be provided with ventilation in accordance with Section 5705.3.7.5.1.

    5705.3.7.6.2 Explosion control. Explosion control shall be provided where an explosive environment can occur as a result of the mixing or use process. Explosion control shall be designed in accordance with Section 911.

    Exception: Where process vessels are designed to contain fully the worst-case explosion anticipated within the vessel under process conditions considering the most likely failure.

    5705.3.7.6.3 Spill control and secondary containment. Spill control shall be provided in accordance with Section 5703.4 where flammable or combustible liquids are dispensed into containers exceeding a 1.3-gallon (5 L) capacity or mixed or used in open containers or systems exceeding a 5.3-gallon (20 L) capacity. Spill control and secondary containment shall be provided in accordance with Section 5703.4 where the capacity of an individual container exceeds 55 gallons (208 L) or the aggregate capacity of multiple containers or tanks exceeds 1,000 gallons (3785 L).

    5705.3.8 Use, dispensing and handling outside of buildings. Outside use, dispensing and handling shall be in accordance with Sections 5705.3.8.1 through 5705.3.8.4.

    Dispensing of liquids into motor vehicle fuel tanks at motor fuel-dispensing facilities shall be in accordance with Chapter 23.

    5705.3.8.1 Spill control. Outside use, dispensing and handling areas shall be provided with spill control as set forth in Section 5703.4.

    5705.3.8.2 Location on property. Dispensing activities that exceed the quantities set forth in Table 5705.3.8.2 shall not be conducted within 15 feet (4572 mm) of buildings or combustible materials or within 25 feet (7620 mm) of building openings, lot lines, public streets, public alleys or public ways. Dispensing activities that exceed the quantities set forth in Table 5705.3.8.2 shall not be conducted within 15 feet (4572 mm) of storage of Class I, II or III liquids unless such liquids are stored in tanks that are listed and labeled as 2-hour protected tank assemblies in accordance with UL 2085.

    Exceptions:

    1. The requirements shall not apply to areas where only the following are dispensed: Class III liquids; liquids that are heavier than water; water-miscible liquids; and liquids with viscosities greater than 10,000 centipoise (cp) (10 Pa × s).
    2. Flammable and combustible liquid dispensing in refineries, chemical plants, process facilities, gas and crude oil production facilities and oil-blending and packaging facilities, terminals and bulk plants.
  • CBC § 5705.3.7 Medium relevance — show source text

    5705.3.7 Rooms or buildings for quantities exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area. Where required by Section 5705.3.5.3 or 5705.3.6.1, rooms or buildings used for the use, dispensing or mixing of flammable and combustible liquids in quantities exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area shall be in accordance with Sections 5705.3.7.1 through 5705.3.7.6.3.

    5705.3.7.1 Construction, location and fire protection. Rooms or buildings classified in accordance with the California Build- ing Code as Group H-2 or H-3 occupancies based on use, dispensing or mixing of flammable or combustible liquids shall be constructed in accordance with the California Building Code .

    5705.3.7.2 Basements. In rooms or buildings classified in accordance with the California Building Code as Group H-2 or H-3, dispensing or mixing of flammable or combustible liquids shall not be conducted in basements.

    5705.3.7.3 Fire protection. Rooms or buildings classified in accordance with the California Building Code as Group H-2 or H-3 occupancies shall be equipped with an approved automatic fire-extinguishing system in accordance with Chapter 9.

    5705.3.7.4 Doors. Interior doors to rooms or portions of such buildings shall be self-closing fire doors in accordance with the California Building Code .

    5705.3.7.5 Open systems. Use, dispensing and mixing of flammable and combustible liquids in open systems shall be in accordance with Sections 5705.3.7.5.1 through 5705.3.7.5.3.

    5705.3.7.5.1 Ventilation. Continuous mechanical ventilation shall be provided at a rate of not less than 1 cfm per square foot [0.00508 m [3] /(s × m [2] )] of floor area over the design area. Provisions shall be made for introduction of makeup air in such a manner to include all floor areas or pits where vapors can collect. Local or spot ventilation shall be provided where needed to prevent the accumulation of hazardous vapors. Ventilation system design shall comply with the California Building Code and California Mechanical Code .

    Exception: Where natural ventilation can be shown to be effective for the materials used, dispensed or mixed.

    5705.3.7.5.2 Explosion control. Explosion control shall be provided in accordance with Section 911.

    5705.3.7.5.3 Spill control and secondary containment. Spill control shall be provided in accordance with Section 5703.4 where Class I, II or IIIA liquids are dispensed into containers exceeding a 1.3-gallon (5 L) capacity or mixed or used in open containers or systems exceeding a 5.3-gallon (20 L) capacity. Spill control and secondary containment shall be provided in accordance with Section 5703.4 where the capacity of an individual container exceeds 55 gallons (208 L) or the aggregate capacity of multiple containers or tanks exceeds 100 gallons (378.5 L).

    5705.3.7.6 Closed systems. Use or mixing of flammable or combustible liquids in closed systems shall be in accordance with Sections 5705.3.7.6.1 through 5705.3.7.6.3.

    2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE 57-33

  • CBC § 0.25 Medium relevance — show source text

    including
    photographic|Rolls in polycarbonate plastic cassettes; cartoned|Class IV| |Film rolls, including
    photographic|Photographic paper; sheets; bagged in polyethylene; cartoned|Class III| |Flammable and
    combustible liquids|Glycol in combustible containers (50 percent or greater)|High-hazard| |Flammable and
    combustible liquids|Lacquers, which dry by solvent evaporation, in metal cans or cartons|High-hazard| |Flammable and
    combustible liquids|Lighters; butane; blister-packed; cartoned|High-hazard
    (Group A unexpanded)| |Flammable and
    combustible liquids|Over 20- and up to 50-percent alcohol (such as alcoholic beverages, hair spray); up to 1-gallon
    glass bottles or jars; in racks; cartoned|Class III| |Flammable and
    combustible liquids|Over 20- and up to 50-percent alcohol (such as alcoholic beverages, hair spray); up to 1-gallon
    glass bottles or jars; palletized; cartoned|Class IV| |Flammable and
    combustible liquids|Over 20- and up to 50-percent alcohol (such as alcoholic beverages, hair spray); up to 1-gallon
    plastic bottles or jars; cartoned|Class IV| |Flammable and
    combustible liquids|Up to 20-percent alcohol (such as alcoholic beverages, flavoring extracts); greater than 5-gallon
    plastic containers with wall thickness greater than 0.25 inch|High-hazard
    (Group A unexpanded)| |Flammable and
    combustible liquids|Up to 20-percent alcohol (such as alcoholic beverages, flavoring extracts); metal, glass or
    ceramic containers|Class I| |Flammable and
    combustible liquids|Up to 20-percent alcohol (such as alcoholic beverages, flavoring extracts); plastic containers
    greater than 5 gallons and wall thickness up to1/4 inch|Class II| |Flammable and
    combustible liquids|Up to 20-percent alcohol (such as alcoholic beverages, flavoring extracts); up to 5-gallon plastic
    bottles or jars|Class I| |Flammable and
    combustible liquids|Up to 20-percent alcohol (such as alcoholic beverages, flavoring extracts); wood containers|Class II|

    2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE 32-5

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    HIGH-PILED COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE

    TABLE 3203.8—EXAMPLES OF COMMODITY CLASSIFICATION—continued Col2 Col3
    PRODUCT
    CATEGORY    		 PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION
    Flammable and
    combustible liquids—
    continued    		 Lubricating or hydraulic fluid in plastic containers High-hazard
    Flammable and
    combustible liquids—
    continued    		 Nail polish; up to 2-ounce glass bottles or jars; cartoned Class IV
    Flammable and
    combustible liquids—
    continued    		 Nail polish; up to 2-ounce plastic bottles or jars; cartoned High-hazard
    (Group A unexpanded)
    Flammable solids Except solid combustible metals High-hazard
    Food products, frozen In nonwaxed or nonplastic packaging Class I
    Food products, frozen In plastic trays Class III
    Food products,
  • CBC § 5704.3.4.3 Medium relevance — show source text

    5704.3.4.3 Quantities exceeding limits for control areas. Quantities exceeding those allowed in control areas set forth in Section 5704.3.4.1 shall be in liquid storage rooms or liquid storage warehouses in accordance with Sections 5704.3.7 and 5704.3.8.

    5704.3.4.4 Liquids for maintenance and operation of equipment. In all occupancies, quantities of flammable and combustible liquids in excess of 10 gallons (38 L) used for maintenance purposes and the operation of equipment shall be stored in liquid storage cabinets in accordance with Section 5704.3.2. Quantities not exceeding 10 gallons (38 L) are allowed to be stored outside of a cabinet where in approved containers located in private garages or other approved locations.

    5704.3.5 Storage in control areas. Storage of flammable and combustible liquids in control areas shall be in accordance with Sections 5704.3.5.1 through 5704.3.5.4.

    5704.3.5.1 Basement storage. Class I liquids shall be allowed to be stored in basements in amounts not exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area for use-open systems in Table 5003.1.1(1), provided that fire protection systems are provided in accordance with Chapter 9. Class II and IIIA liquids shall be allowed to be stored in basements, provided that automatic suppression and other fire protection are provided in accordance with Chapter 9.

    5704.3.5.2 Storage pile heights. Containers having less than a 30-gallon (114 L) capacity that contain Class I or II liquids shall not be stacked more than 3 feet (914.4 mm) or two containers high, whichever is greater, unless stacked on fixed shelving or otherwise satisfactorily secured. Containers of Class I or II liquids having a capacity of 30 gallons (114 L) or more shall not be stored more than one container high. Containers shall be stored in an upright position.

    5704.3.5.3 Storage distance from ceilings and roofs. Piles of containers or portable tanks shall not be stored closer than 3 feet (914 mm) to the nearest beam, chord, girder or other obstruction, and shall be 3 feet (914 mm) below sprinkler deflectors or discharge orifices of water spray or other overhead fire protection system.

    5704.3.5.4 Combustible materials. In areas that are not open to the public, Class I, II and IIIA liquids shall not be stored in the same pile or rack section as ordinary combustible commodities unless such materials are packaged together as kits.

    5704.3.6 Wholesale and retail sales uses. Flammable and combustible liquids in Group M occupancy wholesale and retail sales uses shall be in accordance with Sections 5704.3.6.1 through 5704.3.6.5, or Sections 10.10.2, 12.3.6, 16.4.1 through 16.4.3, 16.5.1 through 16.5.2.12, Figures 16.4.1(a) through 16.4.1(c) and Tables 16.5.2.1 through 16.5.2.12, of NFPA 30.

    5704.3.6.1 Container type. Containers for Class I liquids shall be metal.

  • CBC § 5705.5.1 Medium relevance — show source text

    5705.5.1 Corridor installations. In addition to the provisions of Section 5705.5, where dispensers containing alcohol-based hand rubs are located in corridors or rooms and areas open to the corridor, they shall be in accordance with all of the following:

    1. Level 2 and 3 aerosol containers shall not be allowed in corridors.

    2. The maximum capacity of each Class I or II liquid dispenser shall be 41 ounces (1.21 L) and the maximum capacity of each Level 1 aerosol dispenser shall be 18 ounces (0.51 kg).

    2025 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE 57-35

    on Jul 18, 2025 11:14 AM (CDT) THEREUNDER.

    �

    FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS

    1. The maximum quantity allowed in a corridor within a control area shall be 10 gallons (37.85 L) of Class I or II liquids or 1135 ounces (32.2 kg) of Level 1 aerosols, or a combination of Class I or II liquids and Level 1 aerosols not to exceed, in total, the equivalent of 10 gallons (37.85 L) or 1,135 ounces (32.2 kg) such that the sum of the ratios of the liquid and aerosol quantities divided by the allowable quantity of liquids and aerosols, respectively, shall not exceed one.
    2. Projections into a corridor shall be in accordance with Section 1003.3.3.

    SECTION 5706—SPECIAL OPERATIONS

    5706.1 General. This section shall cover the provisions for special operations that include, but are not limited to, storage, use, dispensing, mixing or handling of flammable and combustible liquids. The following special operations shall be in accordance with Sections 5701, 5703, 5704 and 5705, except as provided in Section 5706.

    1. Storage and dispensing of flammable and combustible liquids on farms and construction sites.

    2. Well drilling and operating.

    3. Bulk plants or terminals.

    4. Bulk transfer and process transfer operations utilizing tank vehicles and tank cars.

    5. Tank vehicles and tank vehicle operation.

    6. Refineries.

    7. Vapor recovery and vapor-processing systems.

    5706.2 Storage and dispensing of flammable and combustible liquids on farms and construction sites. Permanent and temporary storage and dispensing of Class I and II liquids for private use on farms and rural areas and at construction sites, earth-moving projects, gravel pits or borrow pits shall be in accordance with Sections 5706.2.1 through 5706.2.8.1.

    Exception: Storage and use of fuel oil and containers connected with oil-burning equipment regulated by Section 605 and the California Mechanical Code .

    5706.2.1 Combustibles and open flames near tanks. Storage areas shall be kept free from weeds and extraneous combustible material. Open flames and smoking are prohibited in flammable or combustible liquid storage areas.

    5706.2.2 Marking of tanks and containers. Tanks and containers for the storage of liquids above ground shall be conspicuously marked with the name of the product that they contain and the words: “FLAMMABLE—KEEP FIRE AND FLAME AWAY.” Tanks shall bear the additional marking: “KEEP 50 FEET FROM BUILDINGS.”

    5706.2.3 Containers for storage and use. Metal containers used for storage of Class I or II liquids shall be in accordance with DOTn requirements or shall be of an approved design.

  • CBC § 903.2.5 Medium relevance — show source text

    903.2.5

    Ventilation 414.3, 415.9.1.7, 415.11.1.6, 415.11.1.8.1, 415.11.3.2, 415.11.6.8, 415.11.7.4, 415.11.8, 415.11.11, 1202.6 Weather protection 414.6.1 Hazardous Occupancy (Group H), (see Hazardous Materials) 307, 414, 415 Alarms and detection 415.11.2, 415.11.4, 415.11.6.9, 415.11.8, 415.3, 415.5, 907.2.5, 908.1, 908.2 Area 503, 505, 506, 507, 508 Dispersing 414.5, 414.6, 415.6 Gas detection systems 415.11.7 Group provisions H-1 (detonation) 307.3, 415.6.2, 415.7, 415.6.4.1, 415.7.1 H-2 (deflagration) 307.4, 415.8, 415.9 H-3 (physical hazard) 415.10, 307.5, 415.8 H-4 (health hazard) 307.6, 415.10 H-5 (semiconductor) 307.7, 415.11 Height 415.7, 415.8.1, 415.9.1.1, 426.1.1, 503, 504, 505, 506 Incidental uses 509

    Interior finishes 416.2.1, 416.3.1, Table 803.13, 804 Live load Table 1607.1

    Location on property 414.6.1.2, 415.6 Low hazard 306.3, 311.3 Means of egress Corridors 415.11.2 One means of egress Table 1006.3.4(1), Table 1006.3.4(2) Panic hardware 1006.2.2.2, 1006.2.2.3, 1006.2.2.4, 1010.2.8 Stairway, exit access 1019 Travel distance 1006.3, 1006.2.1, Table 1017.2

    Mixed occupancies 508.3, 508.4 Accessory 508.2 Moderate hazard 306.2, 311.2 Multiple hazards 306.2, 311.2 Occupancy exceptions 307.1 Plumbing fixtures Chapter 29 Risk category Table 1604.5 Separation from other occupancies 415.6.1, 508.1, 508.2.4, 508.3.3, 508.4 Smoke and heat removal 910.2 Special provisions based on materials Combustible liquids Table 307.1(1), 307.4, 307.5, 414.2.5, 414.5.3,

    415.9.2

    Corrosives 307.6, Table 414.2.5.1, 414.3, 415.10.3, Table 415.11.1.1 Explosives 307.3, 307.3.1, Table 415.6.5

Frequently asked questions

How do I know whether to use Table 307.1(1) or § 414.2.5 (Table 414.2.5.2)?

Use § 414.2.5/Table 414.2.5.2 when you are in a Group M wholesale or retail sales occupancy; otherwise start with Table 307.1(1) for the general CBC control-area limits. file

Can I double the allowed gallons by adding sprinklers?

Yes — the code and table footnotes allow up to a 100% increase in many cases when the building is equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system meeting the design densities referenced in the CBC/CFC. Confirm the exact application and footnotes in the code text.

What if I store multiple classes of liquids in the same area?

You must follow the CBC/CFC combination rules (usually a sum-of-ratios or separate control-area approach) rather than simply adding gallons. The retail table and Fire Code provisions explain how mixed classes are handled.

If a table value is “Unlimited,” does that mean no other requirements apply?

No — “Unlimited” means the per-control-area gallon cap in that column isn’t the limiting factor, but storage arrangement, sprinkler design, aisle widths, storage heights and other Fire Code/CBC requirements still apply. file

Where the CBC refers to § 307.4, can I rely on the excerpt text provided here?

The excerpts I was provided reference § 307.4 but do not contain its full wording. For any H-occupancy classification or detailed construction requirements invoked by § 307.4, consult the full CBC text for the exact requirements.

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