U.S. Income Tax Treaty — Protocol - 2005

Official source: IRS United States Income Tax Treaties (https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-trty/swedenprot05.pdf), retrieved 2026-10-03. U.S. Government work (17 U.S.C. § 105).

---

PROTOCOL AMENDING THE CONVENTION BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

AND THE GOVERNMENT OF SWEDEN FOR THE AVOIDANCE OF DOUBLE TAXATION AND

THE PREVENTION OF FISCAL EVASION

WITH RESPECT TO TAXES ON INCOME

The Government of the United States of America and the Government of Sweden,

desiring to amend the Convention between the Government of the United States of

America and the Government of Sweden for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the

Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, signed at Stockholm on

September 1, 1994 (hereinafter referred to as "the Convention"),

Have agreed as follows:

a) omitting the last sentence of paragraph 4 and substituting the following sentence:

"Notwithstanding the other provisions of this Convention, a former citizen or

long-term resident of the United States may, for the period of ten years following the loss

of such status, be taxed in accordance with the laws of the United States."; and

b) adding a new paragraph as follows:

"6. In the case of an item of income, profit or gain derived by or through a person that

is fiscally transparent under the laws of either Contracting State, such item shall be

considered to be derived by a resident of a State to the extent that the item is treated for

the purposes of the taxation law of such State as the income, profit, or gain of a resident."

subparagraph b) of paragraph 1 and substituting the following:

“ b) in Sweden:

i) the national income tax;

ii) the withholding tax on dividends;

iii) the income tax on non-residents;

iv) the income tax on non-resident artistes and athletes;

v) for the purpose of paragraph 3 of this Article, the national capital

tax;

vi) the excise tax imposed on insurance premiums paid to foreign

insurers; and

vii) the municipal income tax."

substituting the following:

"1. a) For the purposes of this Convention, the term "resident of a Contracting

State" means any person who, under the laws of that State, is liable to tax therein by

reason of his domicile, residence, place of management, place of incorporation, or any

other criterion of a similar nature, and also includes that State and any political

subdivision or local authority thereof. This term, however, does not include any person

who is liable to tax in that State in respect only of income from sources in that State or of

profits attributable to a permanent establishment in that State.

b) A United States citizen or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent

residence in the United States is a resident of the United States, but only if such person

has a substantial presence, permanent home, or habitual abode in the United States. If

such person is also a resident of Sweden under this paragraph, such person will also be

treated as a United States resident under this paragraph and such person's status shall be

determined under paragraph 2.

c) The term "resident of a Contracting State" includes a legal person

organized under the laws of that Contracting State and that is generally exempt from tax

in that State and is established and maintained in that State either:

i) exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, artistic, cultural, or

educational purposes; or

2. However, such dividends may also be taxed in the Contracting State of which the

company paying the dividends is a resident, and according to the laws of that State,

a) 5 percent of the gross amount of the dividends if the beneficial owner is a

company that owns shares representing at least 10 percent of the voting power in

the company paying the dividends;

b) 15 percent of the gross amount of the dividends in all other cases.

This paragraph shall not affect the taxation of the company in respect of the profits out of

which the dividends are paid.

3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2, such dividends shall not be taxed

in the Contracting State of which the company paying the dividends is a resident if the

beneficial owner is:

a) a company that is a resident of the other Contracting State that has

owned, directly or indirectly through one or more residents of either

Contracting State, shares representing 80 percent or more of the voting power

in the company paying the dividends for a 12-month period ending on the

date on which entitlement to the dividends is determined, and:

i) satisfies the conditions of clause i) or ii) of subparagraph c) of

paragraph 2 of Article 17 (Limitation on Benefits);

ii) satisfies the conditions of clauses i) and ii) of subparagraph e)

of paragraph 2 of Article 17, provided that the company satisfies the

conditions described in paragraph 4 of that Article with respect to the

dividends;

iii) is entitled to benefits with respect to the dividends under

paragraph 3 of Article 17; or

iv) has received a determination pursuant to paragraph 6 of

b) a pension fund that is a resident of the other Contracting State,

provided that:

i) such dividends are not derived from the carrying on of a

trade or business by the pension fund or through an associated

enterprise; and

ii) such pension fund does not sell or make a contract to sell the

holding from which such dividend is derived within two months of the

date such pension fund acquired such holding.

For the purposes of determining whether a company is entitled to benefits

with respect to the dividends under paragraph 3 of Article 17, within the

meaning of clause iii) of subparagraph a) of this paragraph, the determination

of whether a person owning shares, directly or indirectly, in the company

claiming the benefits of this Convention is an equivalent beneficiary shall be

made by treating such person as holding the same voting power in the

company paying the dividends as the company claiming the benefits holds in

such company.

4. a) Subparagraph a) of paragraph 2 and subparagraph a) of paragraph 3 shall

not apply in the case of dividends paid by a U.S. Regulated Investment Company

(RIC) or a Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT). In the case of dividends paid by a

RIC, subparagraph b) of paragraph 2 and subparagraph b) of paragraph 3 shall

apply. In the case of dividends paid by a REIT, subparagraph b) of paragraph 2 and

subparagraph b) of paragraph 3 shall apply only if:

i) the beneficial owner of the dividends is an individual or pension fund,

in either case holding an interest of not more than 10 percent in the REIT;

ii) the dividends are paid with respect to a class of shares that is publicly

traded and the beneficial owner of the dividends is a person holding an

interest of not more than 5 percent of any class of the REIT’s shares; or

iii) the beneficial owner of the dividends is a person holding an interest of

not more than 10 percent in the REIT and the REIT is diversified.

b) For purposes of this paragraph, a REIT shall be "diversified" if the value

of no single interest in real property exceeds 10 percent of its total interests in real

property. For the purposes of this provision, foreclosure property shall not be

considered an interest in real property. Where a REIT holds an interest in a

partnership, it shall be treated as owning directly a proportion of

the partnership's interests in real property corresponding to its interest in the

partnership.

5. The term "dividends" as used in this Article means income from shares or other

rights, not being debt-claims, participating in profits, as well as income from other

corporate rights that is subjected to the same taxation treatment as income from shares by

the laws of the State of which the company making the distribution is a resident, and

income from arrangements, including debt obligations, carrying the right to participate in

profits to the extent so characterized under the laws of the Contracting State in which the

income arises as well as, in the case of the United States, contingent interest of a type that

would not qualify as portfolio interest.

6. The provisions of paragraphs 2 and 3 shall not apply if the beneficial owner

of the dividends, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the

other Contracting State, of which the company paying the dividends is a resident,

through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other State

independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein, and the dividends

are attributable to such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such case, the

provisions of Article 7 (Business Profits) or Article 14 (Independent Personal

Services), as the case may be, shall apply.

7. A Contracting State may not impose any tax on dividends paid by a company

which is not a resident of that State, except insofar as:

a) the dividends are paid to a resident of that State; or

b) the dividends are attributable to a permanent establishment or a fixed base

situated in that State.

8. A religious, scientific, literary, educational, or charitable organization that is

resident in Sweden and that has received substantially all of its support from persons

other than citizens or residents of the United States shall be exempt in the United States

from the United States excise taxes imposed with respect to private foundations.

9. A company that is a resident of a Contracting State and that has a permanent

establishment in the other Contracting State, or that is subject to tax in that other

Contracting State on items of income that may be taxed in that other State under Article 6

(Income from Real Property) or under paragraph 1 of Article 13 (Gains), may be subject

in that other Contracting State to a tax in addition to the tax allowable under the other

provisions of this Convention. Such tax, however, may:

a) in the case of the United States be imposed only on:

i) the portion of the business profits of the company attributable to

the permanent establishment, and

ii) the portion of the income referred to in the preceding sentence

that is subject to tax under Article 6 or paragraph 1 of Article 13,

that represents the "dividend equivalent amount" of those profits and

income; the term "dividend equivalent amount" shall, for the purposes of

this subparagraph, have the meaning that it has under the law of the United

States as it may be amended from time to time without changing the

general principle thereof; and

b) in the case of Sweden be imposed only on that portion of the income

described in subparagraph a) that is comparable to the amount that would be

distributed as a dividend by a locally incorporated subsidiary.

10. The tax referred to in subparagraphs a) and b) of paragraph 9 shall not be imposed

at a rate exceeding the rate specified in paragraph 2 a). In any case, it shall not be

imposed on a company that:

a) satisfies the conditions of clause i) or ii) of subparagraph c) of

paragraph 2 of Article 17;

b) satisfies the conditions of clauses i) and ii) of subparagraph e) of

paragraph 2 of Article 17, provided that the company satisfies the conditions

described in paragraph 4 of that Article with respect to an item of income,

profit, or gain described in paragraph 9;

c) is entitled under paragraph 3 of Article 17 to benefits with respect to

an item of income, profit, or gain described in paragraph 9; or

d) has received a determination pursuant to paragraph 6 of Article 17

with respect to this paragraph.

11. The term "pension fund" as used in this Article means any person that:

a) is organized under the laws of a Contracting State;

b) is established and maintained in that Contracting State primarily to

administer or provide pensions or other similar remuneration, including social

security payments; and

c) is exempt from tax in that Contracting State with respect to the activities

described in subparagraph b)."

2. Paragraph 5 of Article 24 (Non-Discrimination) shall be omitted and the following

paragraph shall be substituted:

"5. Nothing in this Article shall be construed as preventing imposition of a tax

described in paragraph 9 of Article 10 (Dividends)."

the following Article substituted:

"ARTICLE 17

Limitation on Benefits

1. A resident of a Contracting State shall be entitled to benefits otherwise accorded

to residents of a Contracting State by this Convention only to the extent provided in this

Article.

2. A resident of a Contracting State shall be entitled to all the benefits of this

Convention if the resident is:

a) an individual;

b) a Contracting State or any political subdivision or local authority thereof;

c) a company, if:

i) its principal class of shares (and any disproportionate class of

shares) is regularly traded on one or more recognized stock exchanges,

and either:

A) its principal class of shares is primarily traded on a

recognized stock exchange located in the Contracting State of

which the company is a resident (or, in the case of a

company resident in Sweden, on a recognized stock exchange

located within the European Union or in any other European

Economic Area state or in Switzerland or, in the case of a company

resident in the United States, on a recognized stock exchange

located in another state that is a party to the North American Free

Trade Agreement); or

B) the company’s primary place of management and control

is in the Contracting State of which it is a resident; or

ii) at least 50 percent of the aggregate voting power and value of the

shares (and at least 50 percent of any disproportionate class of shares) in

the company are owned directly or indirectly by five or fewer companies

entitled to benefits under clause i) of this subparagraph, provided that, in

the case of indirect ownership, each intermediate owner is a resident of

either Contracting State;

d) a person described in subparagraph c) of paragraph 1 of Article 4

(Residence), provided that, in the case of a person described in clause ii) of that

subparagraph, either:

i) more than 50 percent of the person’s beneficiaries, members or

participants are individuals resident in either Contracting State; or

ii) the organization sponsoring such person is entitled to the

benefits of this Convention pursuant to this Article; or

e) a person other than an individual, if:

i) on at least half the days of the taxable year at least 50 percent of

each class of shares or other beneficial interests in the person is owned,

directly or indirectly, by residents of the Contracting State of which that

person is a resident that are entitled to the benefits of this Convention

under subparagraph a), subparagraph b), clause i) of subparagraph c), or

subparagraph d) of this paragraph; and

ii) less than 50 percent of the person’s gross income for the taxable

year, as determined in the person's State of residence, is paid or accrued,

directly or indirectly, to persons who are not residents of either

Contracting State entitled to the benefits of this Convention under

subparagraph a), subparagraph b), clause i) of subparagraph c), or

subparagraph d) of this paragraph in the form of payments that are

deductible for purposes of the taxes covered by this Convention in the

person’s State of residence (but not including arm's length payments in the

ordinary course of business for services or tangible property and payments

in respect of financial obligations to a bank that is not related to the

payor).

3. A company that is a resident of a Contracting State shall also be entitled to the

benefits of the Convention if:

a) at least 95 percent of the aggregate voting power and value of its shares

(and at least 50 percent of any disproportionate class of shares) is owned, directly

or indirectly, by seven or fewer persons that are equivalent beneficiaries; and

b) less than 50 percent of the company’s gross income, as determined in the

company's State of residence, for the taxable year is paid or accrued, directly or

indirectly, to persons who are not equivalent beneficiaries, in the form of

payments (but not including arm's length payments in the ordinary course of

business for services or tangible property and payments in respect of financial

obligations to a bank that is not related to the payor), that are deductible for the

purposes of the taxes covered by this Convention in the company's State of

residence.

4. a) A resident of a Contracting State will be entitled to benefits of the

Convention with respect to an item of income derived from the other Contracting

State, regardless of whether the resident is entitled to benefits under paragraph 2

or 3, if the resident is engaged in the active conduct of a trade or business in the

first-mentioned State (other than the business of making or managing investments

for the resident’s own account, unless these activities are banking, insurance, or

securities activities carried on by a bank, insurance company or registered

securities dealer), and the income derived from the other Contracting State is

derived in connection with, or is incidental to, that trade or business.

b) If a resident of a Contracting State or any of its associated enterprises

carries on a trade or business activity in the other Contracting State which gives

rise to an item of income, subparagraph a) of this paragraph shall apply to such

item only if the trade or business activity in the first-mentioned State is substantial

in relation to the trade or business activity in the other State. Whether a trade or

business activity is substantial for purposes of this paragraph will be determined

based on all the facts and circumstances.

c) In determining whether a person is “engaged in the active conduct of a

trade or business” in a Contracting State under subparagraph a) of this paragraph,

activities conducted by persons connected to such person shall be deemed to be

conducted by such person. A person shall be connected to another if one

possesses at least 50 percent of the beneficial interest in the other (or, in the case

of a company, at least 50 percent of the aggregate voting power and at least 50

percent of the aggregate value of the shares in the company or of the beneficial

equity interest in the company) or another person possesses, directly or indirectly,

at least 50 percent of the beneficial interest (or, in the case of a company, at least

50 percent of the aggregate voting power and at least 50 percent of the aggregate

value of the shares in the company or of the beneficial equity interest in the

company) in each person. In any case, a person shall be considered to be

connected to another if, based on all the relevant facts and circumstances, one has

control of the other or both are under the control of the same person or persons.

5. Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this Article, where an enterprise of

Sweden derives insurance premiums, interest, or royalties from the United States, and,

pursuant to a tax convention between Sweden and a third state, the income consisting of

such premiums, interest, or royalties is exempt from taxation in Sweden because it is

attributable to a permanent establishment which that enterprise has in that third state, the

tax benefits that would otherwise apply under the other provisions of the Convention will

not apply to such income if the tax that is actually paid with respect to such income in the

third state is less than 60 percent of the tax that would have been payable in Sweden if the

income were earned in Sweden by the enterprise and were not attributable to the

permanent establishment in the third state. Any interest or royalties to which the

provisions of this paragraph apply may be taxed in the United States at a rate that shall

not exceed 15 percent of the gross amount thereof. Any insurance premiums to which the

provisions of this paragraph apply will be subject to tax under the provisions of the

domestic law of the United States, notwithstanding any other provision of the

Convention. The provisions of this paragraph shall not apply if:

a) in the case of interest, as defined in Article 11 (Interest), the income from

the United States is derived in connection with, or is incidental to, the active

conduct of a trade or business carried on by the permanent establishment in the

third state (other than the business of making, managing, or simply holding

investments for the enterprise’s own account, unless these activities are banking,

or securities activities carried on by a bank, or registered securities dealer); or

b) in the case of royalties, as defined in Article 12 (Royalties), the royalties

are received as compensation for the use of, or the right to use, intangible property

produced or developed by the permanent establishment itself.

6. A resident of a Contracting State that is not entitled to benefits pursuant to the

preceding paragraphs of this Article shall, nevertheless, be granted benefits of the

Convention if the competent authority of the other Contracting State determines that the

establishment, acquisition, or maintenance of such person and the conduct of its

operations did not have as one of its principal purposes the obtaining of benefits under

the Convention. The competent authority of the other Contracting State shall consult

with the competent authority of the first-mentioned State before denying the benefits of

the Convention under this paragraph.

7. For the purposes of this Article:

a) the term "principal class of shares" means the ordinary or common shares

of the company, provided that such class of shares represents the majority of the

voting power and value of the company. If no single class of ordinary or common

shares represents the majority of the aggregate voting power and value of the

company, the "principal class of shares" are those classes that in the aggregate

represent a majority of the aggregate voting power and value of the company;

b) the term "disproportionate class of shares" means any class of shares of a

company resident in a Contracting State that entitles the shareholder to

disproportionately higher participation, through dividends, redemption payments,

or otherwise, in the earnings generated in the other Contracting State by particular

assets or activities of the company when compared to its participation in overall

assets or activities of such company;

c) the term "shares" shall include depository receipts thereof;

d) the term "recognized stock exchange" means:

i) the NASDAQ System owned by the National Association of

Securities Dealers, Inc. and any stock exchange registered with the U.S.

Securities and Exchange Commission as a national securities exchange

under the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934;

ii) the Stockholm Stock Exchange (Stockholmsbörsen), the Nordic

Growth Market, and any other stock exchange subject to regulation by the

Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority;

iii) the Irish Stock Exchange and the stock exchanges of Amsterdam,

Brussels, Copenhagen, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Helsinki, London, Madrid,

Milan, Oslo, Paris, Reykjavik, Riga, Tallinn, Toronto, Vienna, Vilnius and

Zurich; and

iv) any other stock exchanges agreed upon by the competent

authorities of the Contracting States;

e) a class of shares is considered to be regularly traded on one or more

recognized stock exchanges in a taxable year if the aggregate number of shares of

that class traded on such stock exchange or exchanges during the preceding

taxable year is at least 6 percent of the average number of shares outstanding in

that class during that preceding taxable year;

f) a company’s primary place of management and control will be in the

Contracting State of which it is a resident only if executive officers and senior

management employees exercise day-to-day responsibility for more of the

strategic, financial, and operational policy decision making for the company

(including its direct and indirect subsidiaries) in that State than in any other state,

and the staffs conduct more of the day-to-day activities necessary for preparing

and making those decisions in that State than in any other state;

g) the term "equivalent beneficiary" means a resident of a member state of

the European Union or of any other European Economic Area state or of a party

to the North American Free Trade Agreement, or of Switzerland, but only if that

resident:

i) A) would be entitled to all the benefits of a comprehensive

tax convention between any member state of the European Union

or any other European Economic Area state or any party to the

North American Free Trade Agreement, or Switzerland, and the

State from which the benefits of this Convention are claimed under

provisions analogous to subparagraph a), subparagraph b), clause i)

of subparagraph c) or subparagraph d) of paragraph 2, provided

that if such convention does not contain a comprehensive

limitation on benefits provision, the resident would be entitled to

the benefits of this Convention by reason of subparagraph a),

subparagraph b), clause i) of subparagraph c), or subparagraph d)

of paragraph 2 if such person were a resident of one of the

Contracting States under Article 4 (Residence); and

B) with respect to insurance premiums and to income referred

to in Article 10 (Dividends), 11 (Interest), or 12 (Royalties), would

be entitled under such convention to a rate of tax with respect to

the item of income for which benefits are being claimed under this

Convention that is at least as low as the rate applicable under this

Convention; or

ii) is a resident of a Contracting State that is entitled to the benefits of

this Convention by reason of subparagraph a), subparagraph b), clause i)

of subparagraph c), or subparagraph d) of paragraph 2;

h) with respect to dividends, interest, or royalties arising in Sweden

and beneficially owned by a company that is a resident of the United States, a

company that is a resident of a member state of the European Union will be

treated as satisfying the requirements of subparagraph g) i) B) for purposes of

determining whether such United States resident is entitled to benefits under this

paragraph if a payment of dividends, interest, or royalties arising in Sweden and

paid directly to such resident of a member state of the European Union would

have been exempt from tax pursuant to any directive of the European Union,

notwithstanding that the tax convention between Sweden and that other member

state of the European Union would provide for a higher rate of tax with respect to

such payment than the rate of tax applicable to such United States company under

paragraph:

"4. Notwithstanding paragraph 2, Sweden shall not tax a pension, paid by the U.S.

Government to Swedish citizens and residents (and those beneficiaries entitled to

survivors benefits), if the relevant individual was hired prior to 1978 by the U.S.

Government to work for the United States embassy in Stockholm or the United States

consulate general in Gothenburg and was covered under the United States Civil Service

Retirement pension plan."

a) adding the words "or former citizen or former long-term resident" after the words

"United States citizen" both in the chapeau to paragraph 3 and at the very end of

subparagraph a) of paragraph 3; and

b) adding the words "or former citizenship or former long-term residency" after the

word "citizenship" in clause (i) of subparagraph a) of paragraph 4.

1. This Protocol shall be subject to ratification in accordance with the applicable

procedures of each Contracting State. Each Contracting State shall notify the other

through the diplomatic channel, accompanied by an instrument of ratification, when it has

completed the required procedures.

2. This Protocol shall enter into force on the 30th day after the later of the

notifications, accompanied by an instrument of ratification, referred to in paragraph 1,

and its provisions shall have effect:

a) in the case of the United States:

i) in respect of taxes withheld at source, for amounts paid or

credited on or after the first day of the second month next

following the date on which the Protocol enters into force;

ii) in respect of other taxes, for taxable years beginning on or

after the first day of January next following the date on which the

Protocol enters into force;

b) in the case of Sweden:

i) in respect of the taxes on income covered by Article VI, for

income derived on or after January 1, 1996;

ii) in respect of taxes withheld at source, for amounts paid or

credited on or after the first day of the second month next

following the date on which the Protocol enters into force;

iii) in respect of other taxes, for taxable years beginning on

or after the first day of January next following the date on which

the Protocol enters into force.

3. This Protocol shall remain in effect as long as the Convention remains in force.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, duly authorized thereto by their respective

Governments, have signed this Protocol.

DONE in duplicate at Washington on the day of September, 2005, in the English

language.

FOR THE GOVERMENT OF THE FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF UNITED STATES OF AMERICA SWEDEN