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Article III — EXTENSION OF WATER MAINS

§ 37.83

Oceanside Municipal Code · 2026-09 edition · updated 2026-09-27 · Oceanside

Sec. 37.83.1. - Excess capacity defined.

Excess capacity, for the purposes of this article, is defined to mean only that excess capacity resulting from the construction of pipe lines or facilities larger than those required by existing city standards now or

hereafter adopted.

(Ord. No. 64-9, § 4)

Sec. 37.83.2. - Application—Generally.

Any person may apply to the water director of the city for the installation of water mains and fire hydrants and other appurtenant facilities to be constructed either in a public street, alley or private property; however, nothing herein contained shall be construed to modify any provision of the subdivision article which requires a subdivider to make certain improvements within a subdivision and bear the cost therefor.

(Ord. No. 64-9, § 4; Ord. No. 95-017, § 10, 10-18-95; Ord. No. 21-OR0475-1, § 34, 6-16-2021)

Sec. 37.83.3. - Same—Contents.

The applicant to extent a water main or construct a water line or excess capacity shall file an application with the water utilities director of the water department setting forth, among other things, a statement describing that which the applicant wishes to construct or have constructed, a map showing accurately the proposed route of such utility, the estimated cost of construction of such utility, complete specifications as to the type of pipe and other appurtenances which the applicant desires to construct or have constructed, and applicant shall provide any and all additional information requested by the water utilities director of the water department. In no event shall any utility be constructed unless the standard plans and specifications of the city are observed and complied with.

(Ord. No. 64-9, § 4; Ord. No. 95-017, § 8, 10-18-95)

Sec. 37.83.4. - Determination of adequacy of size and necessity by director; contract…

and city; reimbursement of applicant for additional costs.

The director for the water department shall determine if the size of such proposed water line is adequate to serve the intended use of applicant; further, the principal water engineer of the water department shall determine if there is other property within the city not being served with water which could be served by the proposed water line, and if it appears to the director that it is necessary that the proposed water line and appurtenant facilities should be constructed to a greater capacity that the immediate needs of the applicant so that other property in the city may be supplied water through such line, then the director shall recommend to the city council that an agreement be entered into between applicant and the city providing for the construction of such water line with excess capacity and establishing a reimbursement procedure and schedule for the additional cost incurred by building such water line with such excess capacity.

(Ord. No. 64-9, § 4; Ord. No. 95-017, § 10, 10-18-95; Ord. No. 21-OR0475-1, § 35, 6-16-2021)

Sec. 37.83.5. - Determination of materials to be used and of additional cost of lines.

The size and quality of the materials of the water main, hydrants and other facilities in connection therewith shall be determined by the water utilities director, who shall give due regard to the potential water service development in the territory that can reasonably be served by the extended water line or the water main. The water utilities director shall determine the amount of money necessary to cover the cost of the construction of such water line and shall determine the excess cost as hereinbelow provided, if any, over

and above the cost of a standard size water line and facility sufficient to serve applicant's immediate need and use.

(Ord. No. 64-9, § 4; Ord. No. 95-017, § 8, 10-18-95)

Sec. 37.83.6. - Method of determining excess cost.

In determining the excess cost, the water utilities director shall calculate the number of living units, as such are hereinafter defined, that such proposed water line is capable of serving; he or she shall then deduct the number of living units that a standard size line would serve and the remainder shall constitute the excess capacity. The actual cost of construction, including necessary easement acquisitions, engineering and directly related incidental costs, shall then be divided by the number of living units such line is capable of serving, as determined by the water utilities director for the purpose of determining the prorata cost of the excess capacity.

(Ord. No. 64-9, § 4; Ord. No. 95-017, § 8, 10-18-95; Ord. No. 21-OR0475-1, § 36, 6-16-2021)

Sec. 37.83.7. - Preparation of map of area to be served; presentation of map to council.

When all the foregoing requirements have been met and procedures followed, the water utilities director shall cause to be prepared a map clearly illustrating thereon the property proposed to be served by applicant and the other property within the city which could utilize the excess capacity contained in the water line. This map, together with the recommendation of the water utilities director, shall be presented to the city council for its consideration and should it determine that the city should enter into a reimbursement contract, then the applicant and the water utilities director shall proceed as hereinafter provided.

(Ord. No. 64-9, § 4; Ord. No. 95-017, § 8, 10-18-95)

Sec. 37.83.8. - Easements to be provided; title insurance policy; construction cost to…

If a contract is entered into between applicant and the city, applicant shall provide easements in the event the water line or facilities lie outside public property, and shall provide a title insurance policy showing that grantor has the valid title to grant such an easement. Such easements shall be subject to the approval of the city attorney for legal adequacy and shall be subject to the approval of the city engineer and director of the water utilities department in all other respects. If applicant desires that such water main be extended or such water line and facilities be constructed by the city and the director of the water department recommends that the city construct such facilities which recommendation is approved by the city council of the city, then, in that event, applicant shall deposit with the water department such sum of money as the water director shall determine to be necessary to order to construct the improvements specified in the contract.

(Ord. No. 64-9, § 4; Ord. No. 95-017, § 12, 10-18-95)

Sec. 37.83.9. - Preparation of plans and specifications when work done by city.

Upon approval by the city council, the city engineer shall cause plans and specifications to be prepared, if the work is to be done by either city forces or pursuant to a call for bids by the city.

(Ord. No. 64-9, § 4)

Sec. 37.83.10. - Preparation of map showing area which can be served; computation of…

basis of living units.

The water utilities director shall cause a map to be prepared showing thereon the property other than that of the applicant, that can be served by such water line and shall show thereon the excess capacity of such water line which can serve property belonging to other than the applicant. Such excess capacity shall be computed on the basis of living units, and a living unit, for the purpose of reimbursement contracts relating to either water or sewer is defined to be a living quarter whether located in a single house or in an apartment house or other permanent place of abode, where one single family or individual resides, or each five (5) living rooms in a hotel, motel, or in a rooming house, or each trailer space in a trailer camp or a trailer park.

(Ord. No. 64-9, § 4; Ord. No. 95-017, § 8, 10-18-95)

Sec. 37.83.11. - Reimbursement of cost of construction of line having excess capacity.

The number of living units capable of being served by standard size facility shall be deducted from the capacity of the water line, and the remainder shall represent the excess for which the applicant may seek reimbursement.

(Ord. No. 64-26, § 1)

Sec. 37.83.12. - Determination of excess capacity; amount of recovery on construction…

The water utilities director shall consider not only the excess size of the line to be constructed, but also any other lines through which the water service must flow as well as the existing size of appurtenant facilities and shall make a determination as to the number of excess "living unit" capacities remaining. His determination shall be final and not subject to appeal. The determined excess capacity shall be multiplied by the prorata cost and the result shall be the amount the applicant is entitled to recover subject to the following conditions.

(Ord. No. 64-9, § 4; Ord. No. 95-017, § 8, 10-18-95)

Sec. 37.83.13. - City to charge individual connectors and make reimbursements from…

The city shall have no responsibility other than to charge, on a living unit basis, each connector to such water line a prorata amount equal to cost of the line divided by the number of living units its capacity has been determined to be by the water utilities director, as hereinabove provided, and to mail to the applicant, within thirty (30) days of receipt thereof, such funds. Any right to reimbursement hereunder, or pursuant to contract, shall expire twenty-five (25) years after the line or facility has been accepted by the city; provided, however, payment shall only be made to the applicant, or designee, at such address as shall have been filed with both the water utilities director and the city clerk by the applicant for such purpose.

(Ord. No. 64-9, § 4; Ord. No. 88-46, § 1, 12-14-88; Ord. No. 95-017, § 8, 10-18-95)

Sec. 37.83.14. - Same—Nonliability of city for failure to collect charges or make…

In no event shall the city be liable or in any way responsible for failure to collect such connecting fees or for failure to pay any money to applicant.

(Ord. No. 64-9, § 4)

Sec. 37.83.15. - Same—Time limit for recovery.

Any funds mailed to applicant or designee which are returned, or which the check, voucher or other payment remains uncashed for one year after such mailing, shall revert to the general fund and shall not be recoverable by applicant.

(Ord. No. 64-9, § 4)

Sec. 37.83.16. - Reports on each reimbursement contract to be made semiannually to…

The department maintaining the records respecting reimbursement contracts entered into pursuant to the above provision shall render a semiannual report on each reimbursement contract to the city council on a format to be established by the city manager, the first report to be rendered as of October 1, 1964, and a subsequent report every six (6) months thereafter.

(Ord. No. 64-9, § 6)

Sec. 37.83.17. - Preparation and approval of standards for water mains and sewer lines…

standards now nonexistent.

The city engineer and water utilities director shall prepare in the immediate future standards for water mains and sewer lines throughout the city wherever such standards are not now in existence and approved by the city council by resolution or otherwise, submit the same to the city council for its approval and when approved by resolution, shall be the standard sizes that are referred to in this article.

(Ord. No. 64-9, § 7; Ord. No. 95-017, § 8, 10-18-95)

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▸Contents — Oceanside Municipal Code
Oceanside Municipal Code
  1. Part I — CHARTER
  2. Chapter 1 — GENERAL PROVISIONS
  3. Chapter 2 — ADMINISTRATION
  4. Article I — CITY COUNCIL MEETINGS
  5. Article I.5 — CITY COUNCIL COMPENSATION
  6. Article II — CITY MANAGER
  7. Article III — CITY CLERK
  8. Article IV — OFFICE OF THE CITY TREASURER
  9. Article V — CITY ENGINEER
  10. Article VI — LIBRARY
  11. Article VII — PLANNING COMMISSION
  12. Article VIIA — REDEVELOPMENT PLANNING COMMISSION
  13. Article VIII — USE OF CITY PROPERTY FOR PRIVATE PURPOSES
  14. Article IX — CITY FUNDS
  15. Article X — DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES
  16. Article XI — CONFLICT OF INTEREST CODE
  17. Article XII — MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
  18. Article XIII — SALE OF CITY-OWNED PROPERTY
  19. Article XIV — RECORDS MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
  20. Article XV — BY-DISTRICT ELECTIONS FOR CITY COUNCIL OFFICES
  21. Article XVI — MEASURE X CITIZENS OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE
  22. Article XVII — TERM LIMITS
  23. Article I — IN GENERAL
  24. Article II — ESTABLISHMENTS OF EMERGENCY AMBULANCE SERVICE
  25. Chapter 3B — AIRPORT
  26. Article I — AIRPORT RULES AND REGULATIONS
  27. Article II — AIRPORT APPROACH ZONING
  28. Article I — IN GENERAL
  29. Article II — IMPOUNDMENT GENERALLY
  30. Division 1 — GENERALLY
  31. Division 2 — LICENSES
  32. Division 3 — RABIES CONTROL
  33. Division 4 — VICIOUS DOGS
  34. Chapter 5 — BICYCLES AND MOBILITY DEVICES
  35. Chapter 6 — BUILDING CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONS
  36. Article I — ADMINISTRATIVE CODE
  37. Article II — BUILDING CODE
  38. Article III — PLUMBING CODE
  39. Article IV — MECHANICAL CODE
  40. Article V — HOUSING CODE
  41. Article VI — ELECTRICAL CODE
  42. Article VII — DANGEROUS BUILDINGS CODE
  43. Article VIII — MISCELLANEOUS REGULATIONS
  44. Article IX — FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS
  45. Article X — ENFORCEMENT OF MOBILEHOME PARKS ACT
  46. Article XI — UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDING MITIGATION
  47. Article XII — RESIDENTIAL CODE
  48. Article XIII — GREEN BUILDING CODE
  49. Article XIV — ROOFTOP SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS
  50. Article XV — ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATIONS
  51. Article XVI — UNIFORM SWIMMING POOL, SPA AND HOT TUB CODE
  52. Chapter 6A — ALARM SYSTEMS
  53. Article I — REPAIR, STORAGE OR MAINTENANCE OF MOTOR VEHICLE
  54. Article II — FORTUNETELLING
  55. Article III — CESSPOOL CLEANERS
  56. Article IV — MERCHANDISE COUPONS
  57. Article V — REGISTRATION OF GUESTS IN HOTELS, ROOMING HOUSES, …
  58. Article VI — PEEP SHOW ESTABLISHMENTS
  59. Article VII — MOTION PICTURE AND TELEVISION PRODUCTION
  60. Article VIII — REGULATION OF NEWSRACKS AND NEWS STANDS
  61. Article IX — REGULATION OF PAY TELEPHONES
  62. Article X — TOBACCO PRODUCTS
  63. Article XI — TOBACCO AND DRUG PARAPHERNALIA ESTABLISHMENTS
  64. Article XII — REGULATION AND CONTAINMENT OF SHOPPING CARTS
  65. Article XIII — CANNABIS FACILITIES
  66. Chapter 7B — OBNOXIOUS CONDUCT
  67. Chapter 8 — CARDROOMS
  68. Chapter 9 — CIVIL DEFENSE
  69. Chapter 9A — CABLE SYSTEMS AND OPEN VIDEO SYSTEMS
  70. Article I — GENERAL
  71. Article II — SPECIAL RULES APPLICABLE TO CABLE SYSTEMS
  72. Article III — OPEN VIDEO SYSTEMS
  73. Article IV — MISCELLANEOUS
  74. Chapter 9B — REGULATION OF STATE VIDEO FRANCHISE HOLDERS
  75. Chapter 10 — DANCES AND DANCE HALLS
  76. Chapter 10A — SMOKING
  77. Chapter 11 — FIRE PROTECTION
  78. Article I — FIRE DEPARTMENT
  79. Article II — FIRE PREVENTION
  80. Chapter 1 — Administration is hereby amended by adding to (A) …
  81. Chapter 3 — General Precautions Against Fire is hereby amended…
  82. Chapter 5 — Fire Service Features is hereby amended by adding …
  83. Chapter 9 — Fire Protection Systems is hereby amended by addin…
  84. Chapter 12 — Energy Systems is hereby amended by adding to (A)…
  85. Chapter 61 — Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) is hereby amended…
  86. Article III — ABATEMENT OF CERTAIN VEGETATION AND WASTE MATTER
  87. Chapter 12 — FOOD AND FOOD ESTABLISHMENTS
  88. Article II — REFRIGERATION PLANTS
  89. Article III — PERMITS FOR FOOD-HANDLING ESTABLISHMENTS
  90. Article IV — FOOD HANDLERS
  91. Article V — DESTRUCTION OF SPOILED FOOD
  92. Article VI — FOOD VENDING VEHICLES
  93. Article VII — FOOD VENDING MACHINES
  94. Article VIII — ICE CREAM VENDORS
  95. Chapter 13 — SOLID WASTE AND RECYCLING
  96. Article I — GENERAL PROVISIONS
  97. Article II — DISCARDED MATERIALS COLLECTION SERVICES
  98. Article III — ENFORCEMENT
  99. Article IV — MARINE DEBRIS REDUCTION ORDINANCE
  100. Chapter 14 — HEALTH AND SANITATION
  101. Article II — PROHIBITION OF SMOKING IN COUNCIL CHAMBER
  102. Article III — FEE SCHEDULE: PERMIT PROCEDURE
  103. Article IV — HAZARDOUS WASTES
  104. Article V — LIABILITY FOR COSTS OF RESPONSE TO HAZARDOUS WASTE…
  105. Article VI — MEDICAL WASTE
  106. Chapter 14A — HISTORICAL PRESERVATION
  107. Chapter 14C — INCLUSIONARY HOUSING
  108. Chapter 15 — LICENSES
  109. Article II — LICENSING, MASSAGE TECHNICIANS AND ESTABLISHMENTS
  110. Article III — CONCEALABLE FIREARMS
  111. Article IV — BINGO GAMES
  112. Article V — SIDEWALK VENDORS
  113. Chapter 16 — MINORS
  114. Chapter 16B — MANUFACTURED HOME FAIR PRACTICES
  115. Chapter 16C — MUNICIPAL LOBBYIST REGISTRATION AND REPORTING RE…
  116. Chapter 17 — NUISANCE ABATEMENT
  117. Article I — REAL PROPERTY NUISANCE ABATEMENT
  118. Article II — WEED ABATEMENT
  119. Article III — VEHICLE ABATEMENT
  120. Article IV — DISTURBANCE ABATEMENT
  121. Chapter 18 — MUNICIPAL PIER
  122. Chapter 19 — OCEANSIDE BEACH
  123. Chapter 19A — OCEANSIDE BEACHES; CONSTRUCTION OF SEAWALLS, REV…
  124. Article I — DECLARATION OF PURPOSE
  125. Article II — DEFINITIONS
  126. Article III — PERMITS
  127. Article IV — APPLICABLE STANDARDS
  128. Article V — REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE
  129. Article VI — EMERGENCY WORK
  130. Article VII — PENALTIES—CONSTITUTIONALITY
  131. Chapter 20 — OFFENSES—MISCELLANEOUS
  132. Article I — PUBLIC PEACE, SAFETY AND WELFARE
  133. Article II — PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PROPERTY
  134. Article III — NUISANCES
  135. Article IV — ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES
  136. Article V — ILLEGAL STREET RACING
  137. Article VI — RESPONSIBLE ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE SALES AND SERVICE …
  138. Article VII — SYNTHETIC DRUGS AND MISLABELED/MISBRANDED PRODUC…
  139. Chapter 21 — PARKS AND RECREATION
  140. Article II — PARKS AND RECREATION DEPARTMENT
  141. Article III — SKATEBOARD PARKS
  142. Chapter 22 — PAWNBROKERS AND SECONDHAND DEALERS
  143. Chapter 23 — PERSONNEL SYSTEM
  144. Article I — IN GENERAL
  145. Article II — PERSONNEL DIRECTOR
  146. Article III — COMPETITIVE SERVICE
  147. Article IV — SUSPENSION, DISCHARGE, REDUCTION IN PERSONNEL, ETC.
  148. Article V — DETERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT STATUS
  149. Chapter 24 — SHORT-TERM RENTALS
  150. Chapter 24A — OCEANSIDE TOURISM MARKETING DISTRICT
  151. Chapter 25 — POLICE DEPARTMENT
  152. Chapter 26 — POOLROOMS AND SHOOTING GALLERIES
  153. Chapter 28A — PURCHASES AND SALES
  154. Chapter 29 — SEWERS AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL
  155. Article II — SEWER CONNECTIONS
  156. Article III — SERVICE CHARGES
  157. Article IV — EXTENSION OF SEWER MAINS
  158. Article V — ENLARGEMENT OF MAINS BEYOND MINIMUM CAPACITY REQUI…
  159. Article VI — RESERVED
  160. Article VII — SEWER ASSESSMENT DISTRICTS
  161. Article VIII — SEPTIC TANKS, CESSPOOLS, ETC.
  162. Division 2 — PERMITS
  163. Division 3 — INSPECTIONS
  164. Division 4 — CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN STANDARDS
  165. Division 5 — CONDEMNATION OF BUILDINGS
  166. Article IX — REGULATION OF COMMERCIAL KITCHEN GREASE DISPOSAL
  167. Article X — REGULATION OF DISCHARGE INTO CITY SEWER SYSTEM
  168. Chapter 29A — SMALL CRAFT HARBOR
  169. Article II — SANITATION AND REFUSE
  170. Article III — COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES
  171. Article IV — UNSEAWORTHY, SUNK OR ABANDONED VESSELS
  172. Article V — MISCELLANEOUS VEHICULAR AND PEDESTRIAN REGULATIONS
  173. Chapter 30 — SOLICITORS, PEDDLERS, HAWKERS, ITINERANT MERCHANT…
  174. Article I — SOLICITATION IN GENERAL
  175. Article II — MISCELLANEOUS SOLICITATIONS
  176. Article III — AGGRESSIVE SOLICITATIONS
  177. Article IV — CHARITABLE SOLICITATIONS
  178. Chapter 30A — SPECIAL EVENT PERMITS
  179. Chapter 30B — SPECIAL OPERATIONS PERMIT: USE OF PUBLIC RECREAT…
  180. Chapter 31 — STREETS AND SIDEWALKS
  181. Article I.1 — PARKWAYS
  182. Article II — EXCAVATIONS GENERALLY
  183. Article IIA — EXCAVATIONS ON PRIVATE PROPERTY
  184. Article IIB — ENCROACHMENTS ON PUBLIC RIGHT-OF-WAY
  185. Article III — UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES GENERALLY
  186. Division 1 — OBSTRUCTIONS
  187. Division 2 — REPAIRS
  188. Article V — DRIVEWAYS
  189. Article VI — POLES, WIRES, ETC.
  190. Article VII — OVERHANGING AWNINGS
  191. Article VIII — RESERVED
  192. Article IX — HOUSE NUMBERS
  193. Chapter 31A — STREET TREES AND OTHER VEGETATION
  194. Chapter 31B — SWAP MEETS
  195. Chapter 32A — RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT CONTROL
  196. Article I — PROCEDURES
  197. Chapter 32C — PUBLIC FACILITY FEE REQUIREMENTS
  198. Chapter 32D — PARKS IMPACT FEE
  199. Chapter 32E — SCHOOL FACILITIES MITIGATION
  200. Chapter 34 — TAXATION
  201. Article I — TRANSFER OF CITY TAX FUNCTION TO COUNTY
  202. Article II — SALES AND USE TAX
  203. Division 1 — IN GENERAL
  204. Division 2 — TEMPORARY ONE-HALF CENT SALES TAX
  205. Article III — TRANSIENT OCCUPANCY TAX
  206. Article IV — REAL PROPERTY TRANSFER TAX
  207. Article V — CANNABIS BUSINESS TAX
  208. Chapter 35 — TAXICABS AND OTHER VEHICLES FOR HIRE
  209. Article II — CERTIFICATE TO OPERATE
  210. Article III — LICENSES
  211. Article IV — OPERATING REGULATIONS
  212. Article V — DRIVERS
  213. Article VI — SPECIFICATIONS AND EQUIPMENT
  214. Article VII — FARES
  215. Chapter 36 — TRAMPOLINE CENTERS
  216. Chapter 36A — TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
  217. Article II — BUS LOADING ZONES
  218. Chapter 36B — UNDERGROUND UTILITIES
  219. Chapter 37 — WATER
  220. Article II — WATER RATES AND COLLECTION THEREOF
  221. Division 2 — METERS
  222. ▸Article III — EXTENSION OF WATER MAINS
  223. Article IV — WATER SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT FEES
  224. Article V — WATER CONSERVATION PROGRAM
  225. Article VI — EXTERNAL WATER PROVIDER CHARGES
  226. Article VII — WATER EFFICIENT LANDSCAPE REGULATIONS
  227. Article VIII — RECYCLED WATER
  228. Article IX — CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL AND BACKFLOW PREVENTION
  229. Chapter 38 — NOISE CONTROL
  230. Article III — SOUND LEVEL LIMITS
  231. Article IV — PROHIBITED NOISES
  232. Article V — EXEMPTIONS
  233. Article VI — ENFORCEMENT
  234. Chapter 39 — LIGHT POLLUTION REGULATIONS
  235. Chapter 40 — URBAN RUNOFF AND DISCHARGE CONTROL
  236. Article I — DEFINITIONS
  237. Article II — TRAFFIC ADMINISTRATION
  238. Article III — ENFORCEMENT AND OBEDIENCE TO TRAFFIC REGULATIONS
  239. Article IV — TRAFFIC-CONTROL DEVICES
  240. Article V — TURNING MOVEMENTS
  241. Article VI — ONE-WAY STREETS AND ALLEYS
  242. Article VII — STOP AND YIELD REQUIREMENTS
  243. Article VIII — MISCELLANEOUS DRIVING RULES
  244. Article IX — PEDESTRIANS' REGULATIONS
  245. Article X — STOPPING, STANDING AND GENERAL PARKING REGULATIONS
  246. Article XI — SPECIAL PARKING ZONES
  247. Article XII — RESTRICTED USE OF CERTAIN STREETS
  248. Article XIII — PAID, OFF-STREET, AND BEACH AREA PARKING AREAS
  249. Article XIV — SPECIAL SPEED ZONES
  250. Article XV — SCHOOL CROSSING REGULATIONS
  251. Article XVII — REMOVAL OF KEYS FROM UNATTENDED VEHICLES

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