Division 14.2 — GENERAL STANDARDS & MEASUREMENT

The following definitions and standards apply to this Zoning Code (Chapter 1A).

Building footprint is defined as the area of a lot occupied by a building, measured horizontally. Also

referred to as "structure footprint".

A. Definitions & Standards

The following definitions and standards apply to building footprints:

1. Building footprint includes those portions of a lot covered by buildings or structures.

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2. Building footprint does not include portions of a lot covered by architectural projections

(including roof overhangs, and projecting balcony) that meet both of the following criteria:

a. The architectural projection does not include foor areal ; and

b. The architectural projection projects less than five feet from the nearest wall, column,

spanning beam, or other structural element carrying gravity loads to the ground.

<5’ Projection

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Sec. 14.2.1. (Building Footprint) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

Covered area is defined as the measurement of how open an occupiable space is to the sky.

A. Definitions & Standards

The following definitions and standards apply to a covered area:

1. Covered

A space or structure is considered covered if less than 25 percent of its area is open to the sky.

2. Uncovered

A space or structure is considered uncovered if 25 percent of more of its area is open to the

sky. Areas containing overhead, non-solid structures, such as lattice and pergolas, may be

considered uncovered provided that 25 percent or more of their area is open to the sky.

3. Sheltered

A space or structure is considered sheltered if no portion of its area is open to the sky.

B. Measurement

Covered area is a percentage, measured as the cumulative area that is not open to the sky divided

by the total area of the subject space or structure.

Sec. 14.2.2. (Covered Area (%)) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

A. Definitions & Standards

The following definitions and standards apply to distance or walking distance:

1. Distance

Distance is defined as the amount of space between two points.

a. Measurement

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

i. When distance is specified as being measured horizontally or vertically between two

points, a line shall be projected from each of the points along the same plane until the

projected lines can be connected by a perpendicular line. The distance between the

two points is measured along the perpendicular line.

ii. When distance is not specified as being measured horizontally or vertically, it shall be

measured in the shortest straight line from one point to another.

2. Walking Distance

Walking distance is the distance measured as the most direct path of travel for a pedestrian.

a. Measurement

Walking distance is measured horizontally along the most direct route of travel on the

ground in the following manner:

i. Starting at the nearest street-facing entrance accessible to the majority of tenants or

residents on the subject lot;

ii. In a straight line to the nearest public sidewalk, walkway, street, or road;

iii. Along a public sidewalk, walkway, street, or road; and

iv. In a straight line ending at the nearest pedestrian access point to the destination use.

Sec. 14.2.3. (Distance) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

Enclosure is defined as the measurement of how closed off an occupiable space is to its surroundings.

A. Definitions & Standards

The following definitions and standards apply to an enclosure:

1. Enclosed

A space is considered to be enclosed when the perimeter of the space has an enclosure of at

least 66.7 percent.

2. Unenclosed

A space is considered to be unenclosed when the perimeter of the space has an enclosure of

less than 66.7 percent.

3. Perimeter Plane

A perimeter plane is defined as an imaginary vertical plane along the perimeter of a space used

to measure the enclosure of a space. A perimeter plane shall be projected for a height of eight feet measured from the floor or ground surface of the space.

4. Solid Area

A solid area is defined as the portions of the perimeter planes that have a permanent structure

or component physically obstructing the space from its surroundings. For the purpose of

measuring the enclosure of a space, portions of the perimeter plane are considered solid area where a permanent structure or component is located within five feet of the perimeter plane,

measured perpendicular to the perimeter plane and away from the subject space.

5. Non-Solid Area

A non-solid area is defined as the portions of the perimeter planes along the perimeter

of a space that have no permanent structure or component obstructing the space from

its surroundings. For the purpose of measuring the enclosure of a space, portions of the

perimeter plane are considered non-solid area where no permanent structure or component is located within five feet of the perimeter plane, measured perpendicular to the perimeter

plane and away from the subject space.

Sec. 14.2.4. (Enclosure) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

6. Solid Perimeter

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

A solid perimeter is defined as the length of a perimeter of a space that consists of solid area

for the entire height of the perimeter plane.

7. Weighted Solid Perimeter

Where perimeter planes consist of a mix of solid area and non-solid area, the weighted solid

perimeter for each perimeter plane is the length of the perimeter plane weighted by the

percent of the perimeter plane area that is composed of solid area.

B. Measurement

Enclosure is measured as a percentage, calculated by dividing the cumulative length of the

perimeter of a space that is solid perimeter by the total perimeter of the space.

1. Solid Perimeter Method

For spaces with perimeter planes that do not contain a mixture of solid area and non-solid

area for the full height of the perimeter plane, enclosure shall be calculated as the length of

the solid portion of the perimeter divided by the total perimeter.

ISOMETRIC

Solid Area

Non Solid Area

C

0% Solid Area

Solid Perimeter

Non-solid Perimeter

PLAN VIEW

100% Solid Area

A

CALCULATION

2. Weighted Solid Perimeter Method

For spaces with perimeter planes that contain a mixture of solid area and non-solid area across

their height, enclosure shall be calculated as the sum of the weighted solid perimeter of all

perimeter planes divided by the total perimeter of the space.

ISOMETRIC

PLAN VIEW

CALCULATION

A

100% Solid Area

C

35% Solid Area

Solid Area

Non Solid Area

Sec. 14.2.4. (Enclosure) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

C. Exceptions

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1. Safety barriers 45 inches in height or less, measured from fnished fi oor elevationl, having an

opacity of no more than 40 percent do not count toward solid area or solid perimeter.

2. Safety barriers 45 inches in height or less, measured from fnished fi oor elevationl, that are

transparent with a minimum visual light transmittance of 60 percent and maximum external reflectance of 20 percent do not count toward solid area or solid perimeter.

Sec. 14.2.4. (Enclosure) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

A. Horizontal Encroachments

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City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

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A horizontal encroachment is defined as a structure or assembly that extends horizontally into a

space where structures are typically prohibited.

1. Definitions & Standards

The following definitions and standards apply to a horizontal encroachment:

a. Architectural Details

Architectural details are defined as building elements attached to or integrated into the

structure of a building, not intended for human occupation. Types of architectural details

include, but are not limited to: cornices, belt courses, sills, lintels, pilasters, pediments, or

chimneys.

b. Roof Projections

Roof projections are defined as roof elements that overhang or cantilever beyond the

building footprint and do not include posts or columns. Types of roof projections include,

but are not limited to: eaves, roof overhangs, gutters, awnings, or canopies.

c. Unenclosed Structures: Ground Story

To be eligible as a horizontal encroachment for Unenclosed Structures: Ground Story, an unenclosed structure on the ground story shall have all finished floors and ground surfaces at or below the maximum fnished fi oor elevationl of the ground story as specified in the

applied Frontage District (Part 3B.) and shall have a total structure height of 15 feet or

less, measured from surrounding finished grade. Types of eligible unenclosed structures

include, but are not limited to: porches, decks, stoops, landing platforms, gazebos, trellises,

arbors, pergolas, basketball hoops, or volleyball nets.

d. Unenclosed Structures: Above Ground Story

To be eligible as a horizontal encroachment for Unenclosed Structures: Above Ground Story, an unenclosed structure above the ground story shall have finished floors or ground surfaces above the maximum fnished fi oor elevationl of the ground story as specified in

the applied Frontage District (Part 3B.) or shall have a total structure height of 15 feet or

greater, measured from surrounding finished grade. Types of eligible unenclosed structures

include, but are not limited to: balconies, upper-story light shelves, or exterior stairways.

e. Enclosed Structures: Projecting

To be eligible as a horizontal encroachment for Enclosed Structures: Projecting, a structure shall; project, overhang, or cantilever beyond the building footprint; meet the definition

of enclosed; and shall have a cumulative length less than 25 percent of the length of the

building. Types of eligible enclosed structures include, but are not limited to: bay windows,

oriel windows, sleeping porches, overhanging volumes, or enclosed balconies.

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Sec. 14.2.5. (Encroachments) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

f. Mechanical/Electrical Equipment: Ground Mounted

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City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

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To be eligible as a horizontal encroachment for Mechanical/Electrical Equipment: Ground

Mounted, the weight of the mechanical equipment or electrical equipment including the

equipment's related wires, conduits, and pipes shall be primarily supported by the ground.

Examples of eligible equipment include, but are not limited to: gas meter, water softener,

pool equipment, HVAC equipment, gas tank, cistern, wind turbine, or solar panel.

g. Mechanical/Electrical Equipment: Wall Mounted

To be eligible as a horizontal encroachment for Mechanical/Electrical Equipment: Wall

Mounted, the mechanical equipment or electrical equipment including the equipment's

related wires, conduits, and pipes shall be attached to and primarily supported by a wall.

Examples of eligible equipment include, but are not limited to: gas meter, electric meter,

electrical panel, water heater, HVAC equipment, or gas tank.

h. Waste Enclosure

Waste enclosure is defined as waste areas and their required screening structures.

Examples of waste enclosures include, but are not limited to enclosures for: trash

compactors, garbage, recycling, or food waste.

i. Utility Equipment

Utility equipment is defined as equipment related to publicly-operated or utility-operated

systems, including their related wires, conduits and pipes. Examples of utility equipment

include, but are not limited to: hydrants, transformers, utility cabinets, water utility devices,

cable television boxes, Internet boxes, or phone boxes.

j. Underground Structures

Underground structures are defined as covered structures located entirely below fnished i

grade. Examples of underground structures include, but are not limited to: cellars,

basements, underground parking structures, stormwater storages, or cisterns.

k. Flatwork

Flatwork is defined as constructed objects 30 inches in height or less, measured from finished grade. Examples of flatwork may include, but are not limited to: pavement,

sidewalk, multi-use path, patio, a low deck, or stairs or ramps 30 inches in height or less.

l. Fences, Walls, Hedges, & Screening

Fences, walls, or hedges used for the purposes of screening or any required screening may

encroach into any required setback up to the lot line, provided that fences and walls in any frontage yard are allowed by the frontage yard fence & wall standards specified in the

applied Frontage District (Part 3B.) .

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Sec. 14.2.5. (Encroachments) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

m. Vegetation

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City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

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To be eligible as a horizontal encroachment for Vegetation, the vegetation shall meet the definition of vegetation. Vegetation horizontal encroachments also include planters that

meet the requirements of Sec. 4C.6.4.C.2. (Planting Areas) .

n. Outdoor Furniture

Outdoor furniture is defined as permanent or movable furniture not located within an

enclosed space. Examples of outdoor furniture may include, but are not limited to:

benches, tables, or bike or scooter parking racks.

i. Outdoor furniture may encroach into any required setback up to the lot line.

o. Signs

For standards on horizontal encroachment of signs see Sec. 4C.11. (Signs) .

2. Measurement

a. Encroachment

Horizontal encroachment is measured as the horizontal distance from the edge of the area

where structures are restricted.

b. Distance from Lot Line

For purposes of measuring horizontal encroachment distance from lot line is measured

as the horizontal distance from a lot line and toward the interior of the lot along the full

perimeter of the lot line.

B. Vertical Encroachments

A vertical encroachment is defined as a structure or assembly that extends vertically into a space

where structures are typically prohibited.

1. Definitions & Standards

The following definitions and standards apply to vertical encroachments:

a. General

No vertical encroachments that contribute to foor areal are allowed.

b. Mechanical/Electrical Equipment: Roof Mounted

To be eligible as a vertical encroachment for Mechanical/Electrical Equipment: Roof

Mounted, mechanical equipment or electrical equipment including the equipment's

related wires, conduits, pipes and visual screens shall be supported by a roof. Eligible

equipment also include the required screening pursuant to Sec. 4C.12.1. (Roof-Mounted

Equipment) . Examples of eligible equipment include, but are not limited to: HVAC

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Sec. 14.2.5. (Encroachments) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

equipment, cisterns, water tanks, wind turbines, solar panels, solar water heaters, exhaust

ducts, smokestacks, wireless masts, communication equipment, satellite dishes, ventilation fans, chimney, flues, vent stacks, or generators.

c. Architectural Elements

Architectural elements are defined as building elements attached to or integrated onto the

roof of a building, not intended for human occupation. Examples of architectural elements

may include, but are not limited to: skylights, steeples, spires, belfries, cupolas, domes, flagpoles, or lighting.

d. Vertical Circulation

Vertical circulation is defined as enclosed and covered structures used for building

circulation and rooftop access. Examples of vertical circulation may include, but are not

limited to: elevator rooms and associated equipment, and stair accesses to a roof.

e. Safety Barriers

Safety barriers are defined as vertical barriers that are 45 inches in height or less and

required for safety and protection by Chapter IX. (Building Regulations) of this Code to

protect occupants from falling from walking surfaces. Examples of safety barriers may

include, but are not limited to: parapets, railings, or banisters.

f. Unenclosed Structures

To be eligible as a vertical encroachment for Unenclosed Structures, structures shall meet the definition of unenclosed, be attached to or integrated onto the roof of a building, and

be intended for human shelter or activity. Examples of eligible unenclosed structures may

include, but are not limited to: shade structures, cabanas, pergolas, rooftop bars, outdoor

dining, permanent seating, beehives, sports courts, or cooking facilities.

g. Flatwork

Flatwork is defined as constructed objects 30 inches in height or less. Examples of flatwork

may include, but are not limited to: decking, walkways, patios, or planters.

h. Vegetation

To be eligible as a vertical encroachment for Vegetation, the vegetation shall meet the definition of vegetation. Vegetation vertical encroachments also include planters that meet

the requirements of Sec. 4C.6.4.C.2. (Planting Areas) .

i. Signs

For standards on vertical encroachment of signs see Sec. 4C.11. (Signs) .

Sec. 14.2.5. (Encroachments) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

2. Measurement

a. Encroachment

i. Height in Feet

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

For any Form District (Part 2B.) with a maximum height in feet standard, vertical

encroachment is measured as the vertical distance from the maximum allowed height

in feet to the topmost point of the encroaching object.

ii. Height in Stories Only

For Form Districts (Part 2B.) where height is regulated only in stories, vertical

encroachment is measured as the vertical distance from the top of the roof structure

to the topmost point of the encroaching object.

b. Setback from Roof Edge

For the purposes of measuring vertical encroachment, setback from roof edge is measured

as the horizontal distance from the outermost edge of the roof structure and inward along

the full perimeter of the roof structure.

Sec. 14.2.5. (Encroachments) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

Facing is defined as the exterior portions of a structure that are exposed to a specified object or site

element.

A. Standards

1. Measurement

For the purposes of measuring facing the following standards apply:

a. Where the exterior portions of a structure are specified as exposed to a linear (or one

dimensional) site element, those exterior portions are considered to be facing where they are visible from a building elevation projected parallel to the specified object or site

element, such as a lot line. For example see Subsection B. (Lot Line-Facing Facade) below.

To determine facing for building elevations projected along curved or complex lot lines or

other linear site elements, see Sec. 14.2.14. (Irregular Lot lines) .

b. Where the exterior portions of a structure are specified as exposed to an area or an object/

site element (such as a building or structure) all portions of a subject structure visible from

any of the four building elevations projected parallel to each side of and oriented away

from the smallest rectangle that circumscribes the footprint of the object or site element, are considered to be facing the specified object or site element. Building elevations

projected that include no visible portions of the structure do not need to be included.

See Subsection C. (Pedestrian Amenity & Public Amenity-Facing Facade) below, for an

example.

2. Exceptions

Portions of a structure that would otherwise be considered to be facing a specified object or site element which are located more than 50 feet from the specified object or site element, are not included, provided they are less than 50 percent of the total width of the specified

object or site element measured parallel to the building elevations required in Subsection A.

(Standards) above.

B. Lot Line-Facing Facade

The portions of any frontage applicable facade pursuant to Sec. 3A.2.2.B.3. (Frontage Applicable

Facades) having no permanent structure (not including fences or walls) located between the

building facade and a common lot line.

Sec. 14.2.6. (Facing) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

1. Measurement

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

a. All facades visible from a building elevation projected parallel to the lot line are considered

lot line-facing. Fences and walls shall not be considered as affecting visibility.

b. To measure lot line-facing facade for building elevations along curved or complex lot lines,

see Sec. 14.2.14. (Irregular Lot lines) .

2. Exceptions

a. Portions of a facade that would otherwise be considered to be lot line-facing that meet

the following conditions are exempt from any requirements of lot line-facing facades:

i. Facades set back 50 feet greater than the facade nearest to the lot line, provided they

are less than 50 percent of the total building width.

ii. Facades that are located entirely above the sixth story and are stepped-back more

than 25 feet from the exterior perimeter of the story below.

b. Portions of a frontage applicable facade, pursuant to Sec. 3A.2.2.B.2. Frontage Applicable

Portions of a Lot, having an allowable fence or wall, per the applied Frontage District (Part

3B.), located between the building facade and a street lot line or special lot line are still considered lot line-facing facades. Fences and walls shall not be considered as affecting

visibility for purposes of determining if a facade is lot line-facing.

Sec. 14.2.6. (Facing) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

C. Pedestrian Amenity & Public Amenity-Facing Facade

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

The portions of any frontage applicable facade pursuant to Sec. 3A.2.2.B.3. (Frontage Applicable

Facade) having no permanent structure (not including fences or walls) located between the

building facade and a pedestrian amenity space or public amenity space.

1. Measurement

a. All portions of a facade visible from the required building elevations below are considered

pedestrian amenity facing or public amenity facing. Fences and walls shall not be considered as affecting visibility.

i. A building elevation from the pedestrian amenity space or public amenity space

projected parallel to the frontage lot line; and

ii. A building elevation from the pedestrian amenity space or public amenity space

projected perpendicular to the frontage lot line.

b. For purposes of measuring pedestrian amenity & public amenity-facing facade for building

elevations along curved or complex frontage lot lines, see Sec. 14.2.14. (Irregular Lot lines) .

2. Exceptions

Portions of a facade that would otherwise be considered to be pedestrian amenity-facing

facade or public amenity-facing facade that meet the following conditions are exempt from

any requirements of pedestrian amenity & public amenity-facing facades:

a. Facades set back 50 feet greater than the facade nearest to the lot line, provided they are

less than 50 percent of the total width of the pedestrian amenity space or public amenity

space.

Sec. 14.2.6. (Facing) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

b. Facades that are located entirely above the sixth story and are stepped-back more than 25

feet from the exterior perimeter of the story below.

D. Street-Facing Facade

Street-facing facade is defined as the portions of any frontage applicable facade, pursuant to Sec.

3A.2.2.B.3. (Frontage Applicable Facades), having no permanent structure (not including fences or

walls) located between the building facade and a street lot line or special lot line.

1. Measurement

a. All facades visible from a building elevation projected parallel to the street lot line or

special lot line are considered street-facing. Fences and walls shall not be considered as affecting visibility.

b. For purposes of measuring street-facing facade, for building elevations along curved or

complex frontage lot lines, see Sec. 14.2.14. (Irregular Lot lines) .

2. Exceptions

Portions of a facade that would otherwise be considered to be street-facing that meet the

following conditions are exempt from any requirements of street-facing facades:

a. Facades more than 50 feet from the build-to zone, provided they are less than 50 percent

of the total building width.

b. Facades that are located entirely above the sixth story and are stepped-back more than 25

feet from the exterior perimeter of the story below.

Sec. 14.2.6. (Facing) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

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City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

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Floor area is defined as the cumulative amount of interior floor space on a lot, within a room, or within

a covered and enclosed space.

A. Measurement

1. General

a. Floor area is calculated as the sum of all interior floor space for each story of a building.

b. The following areas are included in the calculation of foor areal :

i. All areas within the exterior walls of a building; or

ii. All areas within the exterior walls of any structure that is both enclosed and covered.

c. Exceptions

The following areas and structures shall not be considered in determining foor areal :

i. Exterior walls;

ii. Bicycle parking areas;

iii. All interior floor space dedicated to automobile parking, except as specified in

Paragraph 2. (House Form Districts) below and Paragraph 3. (Development Standards

District 5) below;

iv. Spaces with ceiling heights less than seven feet measured from finished floor,

including floored attic space;

v. Basements including underground parking and cellars, with the exception of storage,

indoor: self-service use areas;

vi. Stairways and elevator shafts;

vii. Areas dedicated to housing mechanical equipment or machinery utilized for the

operation of on-site buildings, provided that the equipment does not serve any off-site

buildings;

viii. Waste enclosures dedicated to waste receptacles that are integral or incidental to the

operation of on-site buildings, provided that the waste receptacles do not serve any off-site buildings; and

ix. Outdoor dining areas that have not been subject of a wage claim under Chapter XVIII.

(Employee Wages and Protections), Article 8. (Los Angeles Office of Wage Standards

Ordinance) of this Code.

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Sec. 14.2.7. (Floor Area) Last amended by Ord. 188,418 (Resolution), Eff. 06/18/2025

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2. House Form Districts

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City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

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In a lot with an applied House Form District (Div. 2B.3.), the following rules apply:

a. Any floor or portion of a floor with a ceiling height greater than 14 feet counts as twice the

square footage of that area.

b. Up to 400 square feet of a detached garage is exempt from the calculation of foor areal,

provided the structure is:

i. Separated from the primary structure a minimum of 10 feet; and

ii. Located a minimum of 40 feet from a primary street lot line.

c. Up to 200 square feet of an attached garage is exempt from the calculation of foor areal .

d. No more than 400 square feet of garage foor areal per lot shall be exempt.

e. Detached accessory buildings that do not exceed 18 feet in height and 200 square feet in

floor area are exempt from the calculation of foor areal, provided that the total combined

area exempted of all the detached accessory buildings on a lot does not exceed 400 square feet in floor area.

3. Development Standards District 5

In a lot with an applied Development Standards District 5 (Sec. 4B.2.2.), the following rules

apply:

a. All covered, above-grade parking areas located on a lot zoned with Development

Standards District 5 (Sec. 4B.2.2.) are included in the calculation of foor areal .

b. Active spaces with a minimum depth of 30 feet measured from the street-facing facade

and located on the ground story are exempt from the calculation of foor areal .

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Sec. 14.2.7. (Floor Area) Last amended by Ord. 188,418 (Resolution), Eff. 06/18/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

Frequency is defined as the rate at which something occurs or is repeated over a given distance

A. Measurement

1. Spacing frequency is a ratio measured as the number of required occurrences of an object

over a specified distance (displayed as occurrences: distance or occurrences per distance).

a. Occurrences of an object are measured as the total quantity of a required object located

within the specified distance.

b. Specified distance is measured horizontally.

2. To calculate the number of required objects over a provided distance, divide the required

occurrence of an object by the specified distance in the frequency ratio, then multiply this

quotient by the applicable distance.

3. When calculating the number of required objects results in the requirement of a fractional

occurrence, any fraction greater than 0.5 shall be rounded up to the nearest whole occurrence

and any fraction of 0.5 or less may be may be rounded down to the nearest whole occurrence

so long as at least one occurrence is provided.

4. Frequency standards do not preclude irregular spacing.

EXAMPLE FORMULA

(Occurrences)

Frequency: 1 per 30’

(Distance)

(Applicable Distance 75’)

Sec. 14.2.8. (Frequency)

Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

Required Occurance

( 1 )

Applicable Required

x Distance = Occurrences

Applicable Distance (75’)

Specified Distance (75’) (2.5 rounded to 2)

( 30’ )

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

Grade plane elevation is defined as a reference plane, representing the average elevation of the

existing ground level adjoining a building and its exterior walls, from which the height of a building or

structure shall be measured.

A. General

1. Average Grade Elevation

For all buildings and structures that have no applicable building perimeter pursuant to

Subsection B. (Applicable Building Perimeter) below or for lots that contain an average natural

slope of less than 15 percent slope, except lots located within the City's Hillside Area per Sec.

1.5.6. (Hillside Area Map), the grade plane elevation shall be established in accordance with

Subsection E. (Average Grade Method) below.

2. Full Building Method & Building Module Method

For buildings or structures located within the City's Hillside Area, the grade plane elevation

may be established for either an entire building in accordance with Subsection C. (Full Building Method) below or separately for different building modules in accordance with Subsection

D. (Building Module Method) below. Using the Full Building Method, in accordance with Sec.

14.1.9.C. (Full Building Method) or for separate buildings using the Building Module Method in

accordance with Sec. 14.1.9.D. (Building Module Method) .

FULL BUILDING METHOD BUILDING MODULE METHOD

Sec. 14.2.9. (Grade Plane Elevation) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

B. Applicable Building Perimeter

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

1. Only building perimeters located within 50 feet of the lot line that the building perimeter

faces are considered applicable perimeters when calculating grade plane elevation using the

Subsection C. (Full Building Method) below or Subsection D. (Building Module Method) below.

Street

Applicable Perimeter

2. Applicable building perimeters associated with the same building and facing the same lot

line are considered a singular or part of the same building perimeter even where they are not

Street

Subject Applicable Perimeter

3. Where a building has no lot line-facing perimeter within 50 feet of a lot line, the grade plane

elevation shall be established according to Subsection E. (Average Grade Method) below.

C. Full Building Method

1. When using the full building method, the entirety of each building perimeter shall be governed

by a uniform weighted average elevation reference.

2. Where there are multiple buildings, each building shall independently establish its own

weighted average elevation.

3. Establishing the weighted average elevation using the full building method is determined by

following the steps below:

Sec. 14.2.9. (Grade Plane Elevation) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

a. Step 1

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

For each applicable building perimeter pursuant to Sec. 14.2.9.B. (Applicable Building

Perimeter), calculate the building perimeter average grade by averaging the highest and

lowest elevation of on-site existing grade located within six feet of the subject applicable

b. Step 2

CALCULATION

[High A + Low A] 2 = [Perimeter A ] Avg. Grade

Street

2’ Contour Line Subject Applicable Perimeter

For each applicable building perimeter pursuant to Sec. 14.2.9.B. (Applicable Building

Perimeter), calculate the weighted building perimeter average existing grade by multiplying

the building perimeter average existing grade by the width of the applicable building

CALCULATION

Perimeter A

Perimeter A x Width A = Weighted Avg. Grade

Avg. Grade

Street

2’ Contour Line Subject Applicable Perimeter

Sec. 14.2.9. (Grade Plane Elevation) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

c. Step 3

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

Sum the weighted building perimeter average existing grade (for all applicable building

perimeters) and divide the sum by the cumulative total length of all applicable building

Street

CALCULATION

2’ Contour Line Applicable Perimeter

D. Building Module Method

1. When using the building module method, a building footprint may be broken up into multiple

modules, each possessing its independently established weighted average elevation.

2. Building modules shall be delineated according to the following steps:

a. All portions of a building footprint shall be designated to a building module.

b. Each building module shall not encompass any area external to the building footprint.

c. Each building module shall have an individual building footprint and shall not overlap with

another building module's building footprint.

d. All components of a building module area shall be contiguous.

e. All building modules shall have at least one building perimeter qualifying as an applicable

building perimeter pursuant to Subsection B. (Applicable Building Perimeter) above.

f. Building module perimeters internal to a structure shall not include any interior angles

Street

Subject Applicable Perimeter

Street

Subject Applicable Perimeter

Sec. 14.2.9. (Grade Plane Elevation) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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Street

2’ Contour Line Subject Applicable Perimeter

Sec. 14.2.9. (Grade Plane Elevation) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

b. Step 2

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

For each applicable building perimeter pursuant to Subsection B. (Applicable Building

Perimeter) above, calculate the weighted building perimeter average grade by multiplying

the building perimeter average grade by the width of the applicable building perimeter,

c. Step 3

CALCULATION

Perimeter A

Perimeter A x Width A = Weighted Avg. Grade

Avg. Grade

Street

2’ Contour Line Subject Applicable Perimeter

Sum the weighted building perimeter average grade from all applicable building perimeters

associated with the building module and divide this sum by the total cumulative length of

all applicable perimeters associated with the building module.

Street

2’ Contour Line Applicable Perimeter

CALCULATION

Sec. 14.2.9. (Grade Plane Elevation) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

E. Average Grade Method

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

When using the average grade method the grade plane elevation shall be established by averaging

the building footprint elevation measured from the lowest and highest elevation points of the

existing grade, within six feet of the exterior wall or lot line, whichever is less.

Street

CALCULATION

2’ Contour Line

Sec. 14.2.9. (Grade Plane Elevation) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

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City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

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Story is defined as the portion of a building or structure included between the upper surface of a floor and the upper surface of the floor next above, except that the topmost story is that portion of a building or structure included between the upper surface of a floor and the upper surface of the

ceiling structure above.

A. Ground Story

The story of a building that meets the criteria of either of the Paragraph 1. (Continuous Ground

Story (Typical) or Paragraph 2. (Ground Story Modules) below:

1. Continuous Ground Story (Typical)

a. A ground story shall be designated for all portions of a building footprint.

b. The ground story is the lowest story of a building or structure meeting the following

standards:

i. The ground story facade shall be exposed a minimum of six feet above finished grade

along the full width of each frontage applicable facades pursuant to Sec. 3A.2.2.B.3.

(Frontage Applicable Facades) .

ii. The ground story structural floor shall be no more than six feet above finished grade

for at least 75 percent of its applicable building perimeter pursuant to Sec. 14.2.9.B.

(Applicable Building Perimeter), measured cumulatively.

iii. The ground story shall comply with the ground story height and ground foor elevationl

standards specified by the applied Frontage District (Part 3B.) .

EXAMPLE: A ( ELEVATION)

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Finished Grade

2. Ground Story Modules

Projects with very large buildings and those developed on lots with significant topographic variation may be required to designate a higher or lower story as the ground story for different

portions of the building footprint. Where the ground story changes across the building

footprint, the ground story shall meet the following standards:

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Sec. 14.2.10. (Story) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

a. A ground story shall be designated for all portions of a building footprint.

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City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

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b. The ground story is the lowest story of a building or structure meeting the following

standards:

i. The ground story shall meet the following standards for a minimum depth of 15 feet measured perpendicular to the specified facades:

a) The ground story facade shall be exposed a minimum of six feet above fnished i

grade along the full width of each frontage applicable facade pursuant to Sec.

3A.2.2.B.3. (Frontage Applicable Facades) .

b) The ground story finished floor shall be no more than six feet above finished grade

for at least 75 percent of its applicable building perimeter pursuant to Sec. 14.2.9.B.

(Applicable Building Perimeter), measured cumulatively.

c) The ground story shall comply with the ground story height and ground foor l

elevation standards specified by the applied Frontage District (Part 3B.) .

EXAMPLE: B ( ELEVATION) Module 2 Module 2 Elevations

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EXAMPLE: C ( ELEVATION)

Module 1 Module 2 Elevations Module 1 Module 2 Elevations

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Sec. 14.2.10. (Story) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

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City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

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ii. For portions of a building footprint located 15 feet or greater from a frontage

applicable facade pursuant to Sec. 3A.2.2.B.3. (Frontage Applicable Facades), the ground story shall be the story of a building or structure having its structural floor

surface nearest to the grade plane elevation.

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EXAMPLE: C ( SECTION)

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The ground story facade is defined as the facade of the ground story for the full height of the

ground story.

C. Ground Floor

The ground floor is defined as the fnished fi oor elevationl of the ground story.

Sec. 14.2.10. (Story) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

D. Upper Story

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City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

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The upper story is defined as any story of a building located above the ground story.

E. Upper Story Facade

The upper story facade is defined as the portions of the exterior building envelope at the perimeter

of each upper story for the full height of the story.

F. Attic

Attic is defined as the clear height between the underside of the finished ceiling or exposed framing, whichever is lower, and the finished floor.

1. An attic that includes an occupiable foor areal less than 50 percent of the foor areal located on

the story immediately below is not considered a story.

2. An attic that includes an occupiable foor areal greater than or equal to 50 percent of the foor l

area located on the story immediately below is considered a story and shall comply with all

standards applicable to upper story and upper story facades.

G. Basement

Basement is defined as an occupiable portion of a building located below the ground story.

H. Mezzanine

Mezzanine is defined as an intermediate level within a story of a building.

1. A mezzanine is not considered a story provided it meets the following standards:

a. The mezzanine foor areal shall not be greater than 1/3 of the foor areal of the room or

enclosed space it is included within.

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b. The perimeter planes of the mezzanine shall consist of non-solid area, with the following

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exceptions:

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

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i. Those portions of the mezzanine perimeter that are formed by the walls enclosing the

larger room or space the mezzanine is included within;

ii. Safety barriers that meet the standards outlined in Sec. 14.2.4. (Enclosure) .

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2. A mezzanine that does not meet the standards in Paragraph 1., above, is considered an

additional story.

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

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City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

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A lot is defined as one or more parcels of land identified for the purpose of development and meeting

the standards below:

A. A lot may be composed of one or more contiguous parcels.

B. All parcels composing a lot shall be owned by the same person or entity.

C. For the purposes of Article 11. (Division of Land) all parcels composing a lot shall be identified on a

fnal mapi and recorded with the Los Angeles County Recorder with a separate and distinct letter or

number, or otherwise be on a recorded instrument that meet the requirement of the Subdivision

Map Act.

D. For the purpose of meeting standards associated with the applied zoning districts, a lot composed

of multiple parcels grouped together as a single lot through a lot tie affidavit filed and approved

with the Department of Building and Safety shall be considered a single lot. When the involved parcels have different and conflicting applied zoning districts, each individual parcel must meet the

standards associated with the applied zoning district on each parcel.

E. A lot does not include portions of a lot required for dedication of land (for example, proposed

right-of-way), including dedication of land required by or included as part of the subdivision

process, with the following exceptions:

1. As otherwise stated in Sec. 10.1.8. (Lots Affected by Street Widening) .

2. In the case of new developments taking place on a lot with an existing, recorded dedication, or

on lots with old permits where the building was never constructed, measurements of a lot may

be taken from the lot lines that existed prior to the dedication of land, provided that clearance

is obtained from the Department of Public Works indicating that the improvements or street

widening associated with the recorded dedication have not taken place. If the associated

improvements or street widening have already been completed, measurements of a lot do not

include the portions of the lot required for dedication of land.

F. A lot shall include all portions of a lot allocated to City or utility easements.

G. A lot shall abut the public right-of-way, alley, or a private street contiguously for a minimum of 12

feet.

H. Access shall be provided from the lot to the public right-of-way through:

1. An access lane with a minimum width as specified in Div. 4C.2. (Automobile Access) ; or

2. A pedestrian accessway with a minimum width in accordance with Div. 4C.1. (Pedestrian

Access) ; or

3. A private street with a minimum width as determined by the Advisory Agency

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

A. General

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

1. Each lot line shall have one of the following designations as determined by the definitions in

this Section (Lot Line Determination), and each lot line shall not have more than one of the

following designations:

a. Primary street lot line;

b. Side street lot line;

c. Special lot line;

d. Rear lot line;

e. Side lot line; or

f. Alley lot line.

a. Frontage lot line;

b. Street lot line; and

c. Common lot line.

3. For lot lines with curved or irregular lines which makes the dividing point between two types of

lot line designations unclear, see Sec. 14.2.14.B. (Lot Line Determination for Curved Corner Lot

Lines) .

Sec. 14.2.12. (Lot Line Determination) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

B. Lot Line Categories

1. Frontage Lot Line

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

A frontage lot line is any lot line that triggers Frontage District (Part 3B.) requirements. Frontage

lot lines include all primary street lot lines and side street lot lines.

2. Street Lot Line

A street lot line is any lot line that abuts a street right-of-way. Street lot lines include all primary

street lot lines, side street lot lines, and alley lot lines.

3. Common Lot Line

A common lot line is any lot line shared by multiple lots. Common lot lines include all side lot

lines and rear lot lines and may include special lot lines in Dual Frontage Districts (Div. 3B.8.).

C. Lot Line Designations

1. Primary Street Lot Line

A primary street lot line is a lot line that has been designated as a primary street lot line by

following the criteria and standards listed below.

a. Each lot shall have at least one primary street lot line. However, if all street lot lines are

mapped as special lot lines, then no primary street lot line is required.

b. When there is only one street lot line, it shall be designated as the primary street lot line,

unless it is mapped as a special lot line.

c. When there is more than one street lot line, the primary street lot line shall be determined

according to Subparagraph d. (Special Scenario Lots Abutting More Than One Street) and

Subparagraph e. (Other Lots Abutting More Than One Street) below, except that:

i. Any lot line that has been mapped as a special lot line shall be considered a special lot

line.

ii. If all street lot lines are private streets, the primary street lot line shall be determined

pursuant to Sec. 13B.3.1. (Administrative Review) using the established orientation of

the block criteria pursuant to Subparagraph f. (Relief) below.

iii. When the lot crosses the boundary of the City, its primary street lot line shall be

determined pursuant to Sec. 13B.3.1. (Administrative Review) using the established

orientation of the block criteria pursuant to Subparagraph f. (Relief) below.

Sec. 14.2.12. (Lot Line Determination) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

d. Special Scenario Lots Abutting More Than One Street

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

In the following special scenarios, there may be more than one primary street lot line:

i. Any lot lines abutting a street that is mapped as a primary street pursuant to Sec. 1.5.3.

(Primary Street Map), shall always be designated a primary street lot line, even if this

results in more than one primary street lot line per lot.

ii. On a lot with an applied Commercial-Mixed Use District (Div. 5B.5.), any lot line

abutting an avenue or boulevard shall be a primary street lot line, even if this results in

more than one primary street lot line per lot.

e. Other Lots Abutting More Than One Street

For lots that abut multiple streets where none of the lot lines are designated as a primary

street lot line per the provisions in Subparagraph d. (Special Scenario Lots Abutting More

Than One Street) above, the primary street lot line is designated using the following

criteria, listed in order of priority:

i. The shortest lot line abutting a street, with the exception of:

a) Through lots, in which case the longest lot line abutting a street shall be the

primary street lot line;

b) Lot lines under 20 feet, in which case the next shortest lot line shall be the primary

street lot line;

c) Lots of 30,000 square feet or greater, for which the primary street lot line shall

be determined using the subsequent criteria in this Subparagraph e. (Other Lots

Abutting More Than One Street) ;

ii. The lot line abutting the street or streets with the highest street designation;

iii. The lot line abutting the longest face of the block which the lot touches;

iv. The lot line parallel to an alley within the block;

v. The lot line abutting a street that faces a publicly accessible open space;

vi. The lot line abutting the street that the lot takes its address from, as confirmed by the

Bureau of Engineering;

f. Relief

Rather than designating a primary street lot line pursuant to Subparagraph a. (Primary

Street Lot Line) through Subparagraph e. (Other Lots Abutting More Than One

Street) above, the primary street lot line may be determined pursuant to Sec. 13B.3.1.

(Administrative Review) using the established orientation of the block criteria below:

Sec. 14.2.12. (Lot Line Determination) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

i. The lot line abutting the street the majority of buildings along the block accommodate

pedestrian access from;

ii. The primary street lot line designation of the majority of buildings along the block,

either existing or approved;

iii. The lot line abutting the street the majority of wall signs on the block are oriented

toward.

2. Side Street Lot Line

A side street lot line is a lot line separating a lot from a side street right-of-way. Any street lot

line not determined to be a primary street lot line is considered a side street lot line.

3. Special Lot Line

A special lot line is any lot line mapped as a special lot line on the Special Lot Line map,

pursuant to Sec. 1.5.8. (Special Lot Line Map) and designated within an applied Form District (Part 2B.) or Frontage District (Part 3B.) that specifies standards for a special lot line.

a. Special lot lines are intended to identify lot lines that face, abut, or otherwise interact with

active spaces such as pedestrian paths, open spaces, equine trails, or active pedestrian

alleys.

b. Regardless of whether a lot line qualifies as any other lot line designation pursuant to Sec.

14.2.12.C. (Lot Line Designations), all lot lines that are mapped as a special lot line shall be

designated as a special lot line.

4. Rear Lot Line

A rear lot line is a lot line that does not abut a street or alley right-of-way and is opposite and

most distant from a primary street lot line, and meets the following criteria:

a. A lot shall have no more than one lot line designated as a rear lot line.

b. In the case of a through lot, a lot may have no rear lot line.

c. Where no lot line is clearly opposite to the primary street lot line, such as triangular lots or

gore-shaped lots, the rear lot line is determined based on an imaginary line 10 feet wide,

parallel to the primary street lot line that intersects two lot lines at its endpoints.

d. Where the primary street lot line is not straight, the rear lot line shall be the opposite and

most distant lot line that is parallel to an imaginary line connecting the end points of the

primary street lot line.

e. Where there are multiple primary street lot lines, the lot line having the highest portion of

its length serving as the rear lot lines of abutting lots is the rear lot line.

Sec. 14.2.12. (Lot Line Determination) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

5. Side Lot Line

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

A side lot line is any lot line not determined to be a primary street lot line, side street lot line,

rear lot line, alley lot line, or special lot line.

6. Alley Lot Line

An alley lot line is any lot line that abuts an alley right-of-way. Even when a lot line qualifies as

a rear lot line, or side lot line, alley right-of-way abutting lot lines shall be designated an alley lot line, except when the lot line qualifies as a special lot line.

Sec. 14.2.12. (Lot Line Determination) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

Opacity is defined as the degree to which an object or material is impervious to rays of light or

obstructs visibility.

A. Measurement

1. Opacity is measured as a percentage, calculated by dividing the solid portion of the object area

by the total area of the object.

2. The total area of the object is measured as the smallest convex polygon containing all

elements of the object or assembly.

Solid Area

FORMULA

Solid Area = Opacity (%)

Object Area

Object Area

B. Standards

1. Equivalent Transparency

Where an assembly includes materials or objects that are solid but transparent (including

glass), the transparent portion of the solid area may be weighted by multiplying it by the visual light transmittance of the material specified by the manufacturer.

SAMPLE CALCULATION

1 - 0.6 (VT) = 0.4 = 40% (Opacity%)

2. Visual Obstructions

Any permanent visual obstructions within a distance of five feet of the subject object,

measured horizontal and perpendicular to the object area, renders otherwise non-solid areas

solid for the purpose of measuring opacity.

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

A. Parallel or Perpendicular to Irregular Lot Line

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

Where a lot line is curved, standards measured parallel or perpendicular to that lot line assume the

angle of the lot line to be the same as an imaginary straight line connecting the endpoints of the

B. Lot Line Determination For Curved Lot Lines

1. Street Lot Lines

Where a corner lot has a curved street lot line to which it makes the dividing point between

two types of street lot lines unclear for the purposes of Sec. 14.2.12. (Lot Line Determination), that dividing point shall be identified as the nearest point on the lot perimeter to the

Sec. 14.2.14. (Irregular Lot lines) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

2. Common Lot Lines

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

Where a common lot line is curved to which it makes the dividing point between two types of

lot lines unclear for the purposes of Sec. 14.2.12. (Lot Line Determination), the abutting lot line

designation from the abutting lot or lots shall be utilized to assign a designation for the length

C. Building Setback Determination For Curved Lot Lines

Where a corner lot has a curved street lot line which makes the dividing line between two types

of building setbacks unclear for the purposes of Sec. 2C.2.2. (Building Setbacks), that dividing line shall be identified by the following:

1. Taking the dividing point established in Sec. 14.2.14.B.1. (Street Lot Lines), above, and drawing a

line into the lot perpendicular to the lot line at the dividing point for the depth of the building

setback.

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City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

D. Parking Setback Determination For Curved Lot Lines

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

Where a corner lot has a curved street lot line which makes the dividing line between two types

of parking setback designations unclear for the purposes of Sec. 3C.2.1. (Parking Setback), that

dividing line shall be the same as established in Subsection C. (Building Setback Determination For

Curved Lot Lines) above.

E. Yard Determination For Curved Lot Lines

Where a corner lot has a curved street lot line which makes the dividing line between two types

of yard designations unclear for the purposes of Sec. 14.2.6. (Yards), that dividing line shall be the

same as established in Subsection C. (Building Setback Determination For Curved Lot Lines) above.

Sec. 14.2.14. (Irregular Lot lines) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

A. Project

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A project is defined as work involving any of the project activities listed in Subsection B. (Project

Activities) below. A project may or may not require a building permit, and may or may not be

one application in a series of applications (such as demolition followed by new construction). A Community Plan Implementation Overlay or Specifc Plani may have its own definition for a

project. Typically, more than one project activity will apply to a proposed project (for example,

a street-facing addition concealing a portion of an existing building facade includes both new

construction and an exterior modifcationi ).

B. Project Activities

A project activity describes the type of work composing a project. A project may be composed of

one or more project activity. The following are types of project activities for the purposes of this

Zoning Code (Chapter 1A):

1. New Construction

New construction is defined as work that includes the construction of a new building or

structure on a lot, whether structurally detached or attached from other existing buildings or

structures on the lot. New construction includes an addition to or relocation of an existing

building or structure, or the relocation of existing foor areal , to another location on the lot, or

to any other lot. Relocation of existing buildings or structures includes any activity that lifts any portion of the building or structure off of its foundation. New construction does not include

ground mounted signs or wall mounted signs.

a. For ground mounted signs, see Paragraph 4. (Site Modification) below.

b. For wall mounted signs, see Paragraph 5. (Exterior Modification) below.

2. Major Remodel

Major remodel is defined as work that includes significant removal, disassembly, or

replacement of a building or structure or portions of a building or structure that does not add

to or change the building footprint and meets the standards below:

a. Major remodel includes the removal or replacement of any of the following:

i. More than 50 percent of the perimeter wall framing; or

ii. More than 50 percent of the roof framing; or

iii. More than 50 percent of the structural members.

b. Major remodel may affect the exterior of a building or structure, in which case it would

also be considered an exterior modifcationi .

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

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City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

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c. Remodeling that does not meet the thresholds within this Paragraph (Major Remodel) or

another project activity would be considered maintenance & repair.

3. Lot Modification

Lot modification is defined as the modification of the lot lines of any existing lot through the Subdivision Map Act and Article 11. (Division of Land), including the division of land as defined

in California Government Code, Title 7. (Planning and Land Use), Sec. 66424.

4. Site Modification

Site modification is defined as work including modifications to existing, or the addition of, new

horizontal site improvements and landscaping, including trees, fences or walls, street furniture, lighting fixtures, grading, fatworkl , ground mounted signs, and parking lot resurfacing or the reconfiguration of existing parking stalls.

a. Site modifcationi s, such as grading, that expose additional foundation wall or facade areas

are considered to be both a site modifcationi and an exterior modifcationi .

b. Any work whose principal aim is the provision of handicap accessibility for compliance

with the Americans with Disabilities Act is not considered a site modifcationi .

5. Exterior Modification

Exterior modification is defined as work to the exterior of a building or structure.

a. Facade Modification

Facade modification is an exterior modifcationi that includes a change to a building facade involving a modification of its existing design or outward appearance.

Facade modifcationi s include changes to any of the following:

i. The facade of a building;

ii. Wall mounted signs beyond the maintenance & repair required pursuant to Sec.

4C.11.1.C.4. (Maintenance) ;

iii. The amount of exterior foundation wall that is exposed above finished grade;

iv. An architectural element or architectural feature attached to the facade;

v. Exterior wall finish materials on an applicable facade area in a Character Frontage

District (Div. 3B.9.) ; or

vi. In an Historic Preservation Overlay Zone, facade modifcationi includes change of the

exterior paint color.

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Sec. 14.2.15. (Project Activities) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

b. General

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Any exterior modifcationi work that does not meet the definition and standards of facade

modifcationi .

6. Use Modification

Use modification is a change of use or an intensifcation of usei .

a. Change of Use

Change of use is defined as work that includes a change or expansion in the permitted use of any portion of an existing building or lot from one use defined in Part 5D. (Use Definitions) to any other use defined in Part 5D. (Use Definitions). Change of use does not

include any temporary uses. For temporary uses, see Paragraph 7. (Temporary Use) below.

b. Intensification of Use

Intensification of use is defined as work that increases the intensity of a use, such as an

increase in dwelling units, seating capacity, or the number of people in care.

7. Temporary Use

Temporary use is defined as a use of a building or lot with any use defined in Part 5D. (Use Definitions) that does not exceed 180 days and meets the requirements of Chapter IX.

(Building Regulations), Sec. 91.106.1.3. (Temporary Permits) of this Code.

8. Demolition

Demolition is defined as the removal of an entire structure or building.

a. Proposed demolition of a structure or building that results in a reduction of compliance

of other structures or buildings on the lot with the requirements of this Zoning Code

(Chapter 1A) is required to be accompanied by new construction or another project

activity that maintains the level of compliance with the requirements of this Zoning Code

(Chapter 1A) in place prior to the issuance of the demolition permit, except as described in

Subparagraph b. below.

b. Regardless of the general rule in Subparagraph a. above, demolition permits may be issued

for buildings or structures without accompanying new construction or other project

activities when said building or structure has been determined by the Department of

Building and Safety to be a present, imminent, extreme and immediate hazard or danger

to life or limb, health or safety pursuant to Chapter IX. (Building Regulations), Sec. 91.8905.

(Special Provisions for Vacating, Barricading, Removing or Demolishing Buildings or

Structures Without Notice) .

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

9. Renovation

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City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

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Renovation is defined as a modification to the interior of any building or structure, including

the basement, that does not expand the building or structure. Renovation includes interior

remodels or tenant improvements.

10. Maintenance & Repair

Maintenance & repair is defined as work that does not qualify as a site modifcationi , major

remodel, exterior modifcationi or new construction, and does not impact the project's ability

to meet any applicable zoning requirements. Replacement of deteriorated or damaged parts

of a building is considered maintenance & repair; however, in a Character Frontage District,

CPIO, Conservation District, or Historic Preservation Overlay Zone, direct replacement may

have additional requirements and processes. Maintenance & repair includes repair of site

components such as restriping existing parking stripes, resealing parking lots, pothole repair,

or replanting plants.

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Sec. 14.2.15. (Project Activities) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

A. General

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

1. All portions of a lot between exterior walls of a building and a property line shall be designated

as one of the following yard designations, and no portions of a lot shall have more than one of

the following designations, as established in Subsection B. (Yard Designations) below:

a. Front yard

b. Special yard

c. Side street yard

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

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designation, and front yard designation shall be designated as a front yard.

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

C. Yard Categories

1. Frontage Yard

Frontage yard is a category of yards referring to all yards that abut a frontage lot line including:

a. Front yards;

b. Side street yards; and

c. Special yards.

2. Street Yard

Street yard is a category of yards referring to all yards that abut a street right-of-way including:

a. Front yards; and

b. Side street yards.

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

A public access easement is an easement, established between a lot owner or owners and the City of Los Angeles, as found on the Public Access Easement Map (Sec. 1.5.11.), affecting a lot or lots for the

purpose of ensuring public access to the portions of the lot covered by the easement.

A. Standards

1. Public access easements affecting a lot shall be considered a part of the whole lot for the

purposes of any standard or calculation which pertains to lot area or lot dimensions, unless

stated otherwise as a condition of the easement.

2. No structures may be constructed within a public access easement.

3. When determining yard area, the yard area shall be measured from the interior edge of the

easement rather than lot line.

B. Measurements

1. Building Setback

Buildings or structures to be constructed on a lot affected by a mapped public access

easement shall measure the nearest required yard setback from the interior edge of the public

access easement.

2. Lot Amenity Space

All portions of the public access easement area on a lot or lots may be calculated as part of

the lot amenity space. When the public access easement is counted as lot amenity space,

an accessway from the development on the lot must be ensured to the easement area. The

required accessway must meet the minimum standards as established in Sec. 4C.1.1.C.2.A.i.

(Linked) .

3. Build-to depth

Where a lot includes a public access easement that abuts the frontage lot line, the build-to

depth shall be measured to the front yard setback. The front yard setback is measured from

the interior edge of the easement as established in Paragraph 1. (Building Setback) above.

4. Pedestrian Amenity Allowance

Where a lot includes a public access easement that abuts the frontage lot line, the pedestrian

amenity shall be measured to the front yard setback. The front yard setback is measured from

the interior edge of the easement as established in Paragraph 1. (Building Setback) above.

Sec. 14.2.17. (Public Access Easements) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

5. Parking Setback

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

Where a lot includes a public access easement that abuts the frontage lot line, the parking

setback shall be measured to the front yard setback. The front yard setback is measured from

the interior edge of the easement as established in Subsection A. (Standards) above.

6. Frontage Planting Area

Area within the public access easement shall not be used to meet planting area required by a

frontage planting area, frontage screen, or transition screen.

7. Frontage Yard Fence & Wall

Where a lot includes a public access easement, fences and walls allowed by the applied

Frontage District (Part 3B.) may be constructed and maintained on the interior edge of the

public access easement, but shall not be constructed within the easement area nor on any lot line or portion of a lot line affected by the easement unless provided in the easement. A fence

or wall shall not be constructed in a manner which obstructs public access to the easement

area.

8. Frontage Screens and Transition Screens

Where a lot includes a public access easement, any required frontage screens and transition

screens may be constructed and maintained on the interior edge of the public access

easement, but shall not be constructed within the easement area nor on any lot line or portion of a lot line affected by the easement unless provided in the easement. A frontage screen or

transition screen shall not be constructed in a manner which obstructs public access to the

easement area.

Sec. 14.2.17. (Public Access Easements) Established by Ord. 188,418, Eff. 01/20/2025, Oper. 01/27/2025

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.2. (General Standards & Measurement)

A. Average Natural Slope

City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

Average natural slope is defined as the average of the ungraded slopes at selected contours within

a given parcel of land divided by its area as computed from either the City Engineer’s topographic

maps or a topographic map prepared by a registered civil engineer or land surveyor and meets all

the following standards:

1. Regardless of which map is used, calculations cannot be derived or interpolated from a map

that originally had contour intervals of greater than 25 feet for subdivisions or greater than five

feet for parcel maps.

2. Average natural slope shall be computed by the following formula:

S = [C ] [X] [ L ] X 100

A

Where:

S = average natural slope in percent.

C = contour interval in feet, at no greater than 25-foot intervals for subdivisions or fivefoot intervals for parcel maps, resulting in at least five contour lines.

L = total accumulated length of all contours of interval “C” in feet.

A = the area being considered in square feet.

3. Average natural slopes may be computed only by the entire subdivision or parcel map area.

The calculation “L” (contour lengths) and “A” (area in square feet) can be computed by 500 foot grid increments, as shown on the City Engineer’s topographic maps. The “L” for each grid

increment shall be added to the “L” for every other grid increment and the “A” for each grid

increment shall be added to the “A” for every other grid increment to determine the “L” and the

“A” for the entire subdivision or parcel map, prior to calculating the average natural slope for

that subdivision or parcel map.

4. In any matter where the average natural slope is used to calculate density pursuant to Sec.

11.1.3. (Subdivision Design Standards) or Sec. 11.4.1.D. (Slope Density), the subdivision file shall contain copies of all maps and all calculations so that the figures can be verified. All maps and all calculations are required to be submitted at the time of the filing of a subdivision application

or the application is deemed incomplete.

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City of Los Angeles Zoning Code Chapter 1A

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Maximum allowable residential density is defined as the greatest number of dwelling units allowed on a project site as defined in California Government Code Sec. 65915(o)(6).

A. Measurement

1. Pursuant to Government Code Sec. 65915(o)(6), a project site shall calculate its maximum

allowable residential density, before the application of a density bonus granted through

participation in an incentive program, using the maximum number of dwelling units allowed

under a project site’s applied Zoning Districts, Specifc Plani, Special Zone, or General Plan land

use designation.

2. If a range is permitted, the maximum number of dwelling units allowed by the specific zoning

range, Specifc Plani, Special Zone, or General Plan Land Use designation shall be applicable

when determining a site’s density prior to the application of a density bonus granted through

participation in an incentive program. Dwelling units added using an incentive program

contained in a Specifc Plani, Zoning District, Special Zone, or other City program granting

development bonuses, shall not count toward the calculation of maximum allowable

residential density.

3. When calculating a lot’s maximum allowable residential density, any number resulting in a

fraction shall be rounded up to the next whole number.

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General Rules | ARTICLE 14 Div. 14.3. (Glossary)